ライフサイエンスコーパス: second messenger

1 ly to eukaryotic G-proteins, using dUTP as a second messenger.

2 tly only Ca(2+) was considered to serve as a second messenger.

3 h both the backbone and bases of its cognate second messenger.

4 s therefore mediated by a readily diffusible second messenger.

5 es and is a highly potent calcium-mobilising second messenger.

6 volves Gq/11 and is mediated by a diffusible second messenger.

7 evel regulation that is coordinated by three second messengers.

8 tanding the regulation of effectors of these second messengers.

9 to a reevaluation of their role as potential second messengers.

10 l-to-cell diffusion of ions, metabolites and second messengers.

11 L2), a transfer protein for phosphoinositide second messengers.

12 egulates energy balance and release of lipid second messengers.

13 physiological and pathological conditions as second messengers.

14 y stimuli that induce cell-wide increases in second messengers.

15 H2O2 has an important role as a diffusible second messenger [2], and mediates its effects through o

16 OAS produces a unique oligonucleotide second messenger, 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2-5A), that bind

17 ress response, phosphate metabolism, and the second messenger 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP)

18 The bacterial second messenger (3'-5')-cyclic-di-guanosine-monophospha

19 by binding of a novel tetrameric form of the second messenger, 3-5 cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP)

20 hance signaling through canonical downstream second messengers, a phenomenon we term "GPCR priming."

21 r pathways independent of G-protein-mediated second messenger accumulation, a concept known as biased

22 nhibition by opioid receptor ligands require second-messenger accumulation over periods of 10-20 minu

23 Altogether, we propose that second messengers activate the Rac1 signal, which sets i

24 or receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) is a second messenger adaptor protein that plays an essential

25 hat increases in intracellular levels of the second messenger, adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate, and the

26 In all domains of life, nucleotide-based second messengers allow a rapid integration of external

27 at elevated levels of c-di-AMP, a ubiquitous second messenger among bacteria, result in significant s

28 The liberated copper(I) ion acts as a second messenger and changes the toggling state at nanos

29 c GMP (cyclic di-GMP [c-di-GMP]) serves as a second messenger and is involved in modulating virulence

30 Although calcium is a known potent second messenger and master regulator of wound-healing p

31 n monoxide (CO) has physiological roles as a second messenger and neuromodulator.

32 aryotic cells, including well-known roles as second messengers and cofactors that help regulate diver

33 Membrane lipids serve as second messengers and docking sites for proteins and pla

34 , as well as their coupling to intracellular second messengers and pathways, thus increasing the sign

35 serving as a substrate for the generation of second messengers and the remodeling of actin cytoskelet

36 vated by unusual 2,'5'-oligoadenylate (2-5A) second messengers and which impedes viral infections in

37 is general perception, concepts such as the "second messenger" and the "phosphorylation cascade" domi

38 ause it is a phospholipid precursor, a lipid second messenger, and a modulator of membrane shape, and

39 protein and diacyglycerol a lipid signaling second messenger, and efforts to develop small molecule

40 roids, and was affected by known inhibitors, second messengers, and bacterial enterotoxins.

41 onstitutively phosphorylated, insensitive to second messengers, and have relatively low activity.

42 ression upon binding to natural metabolites, second messengers, and inorganic ions, such as fluoride

43 RGC growth cones by regulating intracellular second messengers, and interact with Tolloid and ADAM me

44 n channels, steroids, immunological factors, second messengers, and prostaglandins.

45 sociation is disrupted by the binding of the second messenger Ap4A to HINT1.

46 function and metabolism of phosphoinositide second messengers are controlled by a specific transfer

47 that were activated by FTY720-P, we employed second messenger assays and impedance-based assays in co

48 Thus, complementing second messenger assays with unbiased label-free assays

49 ween family members using cell culture-based second messenger assays.

50 We used ligand binding and second-messenger assays to show that BMS-986187 is an ef

51 phages also showed greater cAMP induction, a second messenger associated with immunosuppression.

52 The production of second messengers at multiple, spatially distinct locati

53 mbrane potential by providing Ca(2+) ions as second messengers at sufficiently high concentrations to

54 they serve as "sinks" for cAMP, making this second messenger available for downstream effectors as a

55 ible that reliance on a single intracellular second-messenger-based system, coupled with the requirem

56 ns occurred in all PKC subgroups and impeded second-messenger binding, phosphorylation, or catalysis.

57 Recent reports suggested the bacterial second messenger bis-(3'-5')-cyclic-dimeric-guanosine mo

58 ation that phospholipids could also serve as second messengers brought new interest to the field.

59 nosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP), a bacterial second messenger, by the host cytoplasmic surveillance p

60 The second messenger c-di-GMP (or cyclic diguanylate) regula

61 Elevated levels of the second messenger c-di-GMP activate biosynthesis of an un

62 ellar activity in response to binding of the second messenger c-di-GMP to a C-terminal extension.

63 ed process orchestrated by the intracellular second-messenger c-di-GMP.

64 he plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) and the second messenger Ca(2+) are central in such processes, a

65 city in cellular responses to the eukaryotic second messenger Ca(2+) is achieved.

66 fic, signaling compartmentalization, and the second messenger Ca(2+) We found that HIV-1 Nef specific

67 trafficking can be tightly regulated by the second messenger Ca(2+), allowing membrane protein trans

68 In vitro [second messenger (calcium, cAMP generation)], ex vivo (A

69 PDE10A is a key enzyme in the catabolism of second messenger cAMP and cGMP, whose synthesis is stimu

70 The vasodilator-induced second messenger cAMP can relax vascular smooth muscle v

71 bcellular compartmentation of the ubiquitous second messenger cAMP has been widely proposed as a mech

72 The second messenger cAMP is involved in axonal specificatio

73 The ubiquitous second messenger cAMP mediates signal transduction proce

74 It was recently shown that second messenger cAMP modulates the fusion pore, but the

75 Elevating neuronal levels of the second messenger cAMP overcomes this blocked axonal outg

76 vert intra- and extracellular stimuli into a second messenger cAMP signal.

77 nylate cyclases promote the synthesis of the second messenger cAMP under blue light.

78 e factors mediate the effects of the pivotal second messenger cAMP, thereby regulating a wide variety

79 eta2AR activation, a specific isoform of the second messenger cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKAalp

80 d receptors, leading to the elevation of the second messenger cAMP.

81 The second messengers cAMP and cGMP modulate attraction and

82 c-di-GMP, a universal bacterial second messenger, can trigger innate immunity in bacteri

83 nanoclustering might be under the control of second messenger cascades.

84 hat converts changes in bioelectric state to second-messenger cascades.

85 Accordingly, activation of STING by a second messenger cGAMP administration enhanced antitumor

86 which produces the cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) second messenger cGAMP to activate the signaling adaptor

87 cer cells use these channels to transfer the second messenger cGAMP to astrocytes, activating the STI

88 P-AMP (cGAMP) synthetase (cGAS) produces the second messenger cGAMP to initiate the stimulator of int

89 e immune responses through production of the second messenger cGAMP, which activates the adaptor STIN

90 thase (cGAS), resulting in production of the second messenger cGAMP, which directs the adaptor protei

91 Because the second messenger cGMP exerts a central role in LTP mecha

92 By generating the second messenger cGMP in retinal rods and cones, ROS-GC

93 Different ligands bind GCs, generating the second messenger cGMP, which in turn leads to a variety

94 nitric oxide (NO) leads to formation of the second messenger cGMP, which mediates numerous physiolog

95 hepatocytes requires signalling through two second-messengers - cGMP mediated by the parasite's cGMP

96 A (GC-A/NPRA) and produces the intracellular second messenger, cGMP, which regulates cardiovascular h

97 via 2',3' cGAMP, a cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) second messenger containing mixed 2'-5' and 3'-5' phosph

98 osphate (c-di-AMP) is a conserved nucleotide second messenger critical for bacterial growth and resis

99 esponses to carbon sources using CRP and the second messenger cyclic 3', 5'-AMP (cAMP), which combine

100 ls through a signaling pathway involving the second messenger cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR).

101 The prototypic second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) is essential for cont

102 RATIONALE: Although the second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) is physiologically be

103 accelerated degradation of the prolipolytic second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP).

104 The bacterial second messenger cyclic di-3',5'-guanosine monophosphate

105 The recently identified second messenger cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP) is involved in

106 The bacterial second messenger cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) controls biofi

107 The second messenger cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) controls the t

108 The bacterial second messenger cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) has emerged as

109 ple types of bacteria employ the prokaryotic second messenger cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) to coordinate

110 output of Hk1-Rrp1 is the production of the second messenger cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP), which is indi

111 The universal second messenger cyclic di-GMP (cdG) is involved in the

112 The essential bacterial second messenger cyclic diadenylate monophosphate (c-di-

113 The second messenger cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) controls

114 The second messenger cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) plays a c

115 GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), which produces the second messenger cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP).

116 ncodes a phosphodiesterase that degrades the second messenger cyclic-di-AMP, and xdrA, the gene for a

117 nteracts with the asymmetrically partitioned second messenger cyclic-di-GMP, inhibiting kinase activi

118 ocess is regulated by the Lap system and the second messenger cyclic-di-GMP.

119 ded to the analysis of both a small molecule second messenger, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP),

120 , raffinose reduced the concentration of the second messenger, cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP), by incr

121 cGAS signals by synthesis of a second messenger, cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), which activate

122 duction required intracellular signaling via second messengers-cytosolic calcium, reactive oxygen spe

123 f PKC are activated by the membrane-embedded second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) through its intera

124 pase C (PLC) activation, which generates the second messengers diacylglycerol (DAG) and IP3 and ultim

125 osphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate into the second messengers diacylglycerol and 1,4,5-inositol tris

126 ed the ambit of inflammatory responses via a second messenger different from that used by stimuli tha

127 Recently, another second messenger dinucleotide, c-AMP-GMP, was found to c

128 e (NAADP), the most potent Ca(2+) mobilizing second messenger discovered to date, has been implicated

129 However, activation of second messengers downstream of PKCepsilon, such as the

130 Gaseous second messengers establish a functional ellipsoid body

131 As a second messenger, fluxes in intracellular Ca(2+) levels

132 2'3'-cGAMP acts as a second messenger for STING activation and triggers TBK1/

133 A key target for the lipid second messenger function of PA is mTOR, the mammalian/m

134 s andDrosophilaby divalent cations that have second messenger functions may reflect the physiological

135 her than free-radical species, perform major second messenger functions.

136 w that Csm6 proteins are activated through a second messenger generated by the type III interference

137 Second messengers generated by Fcgamma receptors activat

138 Indeed, PIP2 is a pivotal source for second messenger generation and controlling the activity

139 localized receptor activation; and localized second messenger generation and degradation-all of which

140 ced ligand-mediated G-protein activation and second-messenger generation as well as blunted GPCR kina

141 as accompanied by decreased synthesis of the second messenger guanosine tetraphosphate and limited in

142 Intriguingly, the second messenger, guanosine-tetraphosphate (ppGpp), whic

143 fusion, indicating a mechanism whereby this second messenger has an impact on MotCD function.

144 However, the role of this second messenger has not been investigated in P. gingiva

145 siological role of this apparently essential second messenger has remained unclear.

146 e 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) is a recognized second messenger; however, knowledge of cAMP involvement

147 r to dynamically control a cyclic nucleotide second messenger (i.e., cAMP) for the regulation of syna

148 eferentially captures and shuttles two lipid second messengers, i.e., phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bispho

149 molecular mechanisms by which this essential second messenger impacts bacterial physiology and adapta

150 Phosphatidic acid is a putative second messenger implicated in the regulation of vesicul

151 eric AMP nucleotide c-di-AMP is an essential second messenger in Bacillus subtilis.

152 ic diguanylate (c-di-GMP, another nucleotide second messenger in bacteria) did not form any complex w

153 Cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP) is an emerging second messenger in bacteria.

154 ly identified as an essential and widespread second messenger in bacterial signaling.

155 (NAADP) is a Ca(2+) releasing intracellular second messenger in both mammals and echinoderms.

156 rts ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP), an important second messenger in cell signaling.

157 Of note, H2O2 is a second messenger in insulin signaling and in several gro

158 that guanylate cyclase-1, producing the cGMP second messenger in photoreceptors, requires rhodopsin f

159 Cyclic-GMP is a second messenger in phototransduction, a G-protein signa

160 Calcium is a second messenger in signal transduction pathways in plan

161 e activity, resulting in the production of a second messenger in the absence of an agonist; and natur

162 functions widely as a transmitter/diffusible second messenger in the central nervous system, exerting

163 These results indicate that Ca(2+) acts as a second messenger in the nitrate signaling pathway of Ara

164 How two extracellular cues using the same second messenger in the same cell elicit different trans

165 Calcium ions (Ca(2+)) are critical second messengers in cells for integrating environmental

166 physiological levels they play a key role as second messengers in cellular signaling pathways, plurip

167 Calcium ions (Ca(2+)) function as universal second messengers in eukaryotic cells, including immune

168 We review here the roles of these cations as second messengers in light of recent advances in Ca(2+),

169 es, which are known to function as important second messengers in many inter- and intracellular signa

170 Sphingolipids are emerging as second messengers in programmed cell death and plant def

171 vity in vivo, whereas optogenetic control of second messengers in vivo has not been examined in depth

172 Thus, second messengers, including Ca(2+), or accessory protei

173 well-characterized function as an endogenous second messenger inducing type I interferons in the cyto

174 On the other hand, the induction of the second messenger inositol trisphosphate and the mobiliza

175 at couple to phospholipase C to generate the second messenger inositol trisphosphate often evokes rep

176 e (PIP2), the source of the Ca(2+)-releasing second messenger inositol trisphosphate.

177 se function and subsequent production of the second messengers inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacy

178 In addition to its ability to generate the second messengers inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacy

179 phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate to the second messengers inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacy

180 PhyAmm) in complex with the known eukaryotic second messengers Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 and Ins(1,4,5)P3 Both e

181 Sustained agonist-induced production of the second messengers InsP3 and diacylglycerol requires stea

182 he structure of c-di-GMP-complexed FleQ, the second messenger interacts with the AAA+ ATPase domain a

183 ndothelial communication define the specific second messenger involved in exacerbating proinflammator

184 The universal cyclic-di-GMP second messenger is instrumental in the switch from a mo

185 erential intercellular diffusion of specific second messengers is unclear.

186 Often viewed as a second messenger, its generation can modulate the struct

187 ated whether beta-arrestins are able to bind second messenger kinase-phosphorylated, but inactive rec

188 sults strongly suggest that a key diffusible second messenger mediating the MOR-signaling pathway in

189 Two important second messengers modulated by mitochondria are calcium

190 V. cholerae employs the second messenger molecule 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid (

191 The second messenger molecule cAMP regulates the activation

192 olled conversion of cytosolic ATP to the key second messenger molecule cAMP.

193 lated conversion of cytosolic ATP to the key second messenger molecule cAMP.

194 The widespread second messenger molecule cyclic di-GMP (cdG) regulates

195 The second messenger molecule cyclic diguanylate is essentia

196 zes the production of cyclic AMP, which is a second messenger molecule involved in cell signaling and

197 ester linkages (2'3'-cGAMP) is an endogenous second messenger molecule that activates the type-I IFN

198 Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a second messenger molecule that transduces nitric-oxide-

199 e oxygen species (ROS) are now recognised as second messenger molecules that regulate cellular functi

200 a inositol phosphates, in particular via the second messenger myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, and p

201 The second messenger NAADP triggers Ca(2+) release from endo

202 Hence, the second messenger NAADP, promoting efflux of calcium from

203 ersion of l-arginine to l-citrulline and the second messenger nitric oxide.

204 , and calcium influx through them is the key second messenger of electrical signaling, initiating sec

205 cAMP is the second messenger of hormones that enhance NaCl absorptio

206 These data suggest that the pH is a second messenger of the glucose-sensing pathways.

207 biosensor technologies, as well as canonical second-messenger or biochemical assays.

208 The stringent response, mediated by second messenger (p)ppGpp, results in swift and massive

209 um-imaging methods, we describe a diffusible second messenger pathway stimulated by the MOR that inhi

210 ng as a result of differential activation of second messenger pathways in response to light.

211 novel pathway involving PTPD2 and the lipid second messenger phosphatidic acid that promotes ERBB2 f

212 We also found that a lipid second messenger, phosphatidic acid, bound PTPD2 in vitr

213 by interfering with its interaction with the second messenger phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate

214 y known: (i) binding of the phosphoinositide second messenger PIP3, (ii) binding of the Gbetagamma su

215 way connected to the production of the lipid second messenger PIP3/PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 (phosphatidylinosi

216 1 and PREX2 GEF activity is activated by the second messengers PIP3 and Gbetagamma, and further regul

217 ing PREX2-mediated activation of Rac1 by the second messengers PIP3 or Gbetagamma, we found that PREX

218 gesia induced by activation of intracellular second messengers, PKA and PKCepsilon, indicating that H

219 Calcium, as a ubiquitous second messenger, plays essential roles in tip-growing c

220 The nucleotide second messengers pppGpp and ppGpp [(p)ppGpp] are respon

221 Cyclic di-AMP (cdiA) is a second messenger predicted to be widespread in Gram-posi

222 e I (RIG-I) in response to cyclic GMP-AMP, a second messenger produced by cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cG

223 in leucine-rich repeat recognition activity, second messenger production and protein kinase cascades.

224 ally by moving the location of intracellular second messenger production relative to effectors.

225 dimerization, protein-protein interactions, second messenger production, and downstream signaling ev

226 tegrated roles of CL and iPLA2gamma in lipid second-messenger production and mitochondrial bioenerget

227 Ca(2+), a broad intracellular second messenger, promotes both Rac1 activation and neur

228 AMP is an evolutionary conserved, prototypic second messenger regulating numerous cellular functions.

229 C-di-GMP is a bacterial second messenger regulating various cellular functions.

230 The cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) second messenger represents a signaling system that regu

231 ophosphate (c-di-AMP) is a broadly conserved second messenger required for bacterial growth and infec

232 Calcium (Ca(2+)) is an essential second messenger required for diverse signaling processe

233 heterotrimeric G proteins and generation of second messenger response.

234 On the basis of second messenger responses in cells expressing other rec

235 ) focuses and insulates termination of local second messenger responses.

236 cAMP is a ubiquitous second messenger responsible for the cellular effects of

237 AKAP79/150 is essential for coordinating second messenger-responsive enzymes in processes includi

238 ignalling in D. discoideum originated from a second messenger role in amoebozoan encystation.

239 Nucleotide-based second messengers serve in the response of living organi

240 Compartmental second messenger signaling and interendothelial communic

241 ein phosphatase 2B (calcineurin) to modulate second messenger signaling events.

242 n interaction, with consequent modulation of second messenger signaling for cognate interactions.

243 mbrane receptors initiates compartmentalized second messenger signaling.

244 P concentration and converts them into lipid second messenger signaling.

245 ity, Ca(2+) concentration dynamics and other second-messenger signaling activities.

246 ess, TRs also rapidly activate intracellular second-messenger signaling pathways independently of gen

247 e, CNO-independent excitatory and inhibitory second-messenger signaling was also altered in these mic

248 ependent changes in ion channel activity and second-messenger signaling.

249 mediator TGF-beta remained the same and the second messenger, Smad2/3, accumulated in the nucleus.

250 Second messengers such as phosphoinositides and calcium

251 Furthermore, second messengers, such as [Ca(2+)]i, or posttranslation

252 (cADPR) is a Ca(2+)-mobilizing intracellular second messenger synthesized from NAD by ADP-ribosyl cyc

253 rate a novel regulation of CaMKII by another second messenger system and indicate its involvement in

254 ductive-related hypothalamic physiology, via second messenger systems with dopamine-induced cell sign

255 clude hormonal regulation, calcium channels, second messenger systems, and glutamate signaling.

256 ition enhancement, we tested the role of key second-messenger systems in maintaining such long-lastin

257 er, we showed that LTC4 was also a cytosolic second messenger that activated store-independent LTC4-r

258 se (cGAS) in macrophages to produce cGAMP, a second messenger that activates the adaptor protein stim

259 phosphate (c-di-AMP) is a widely distributed second messenger that appears to be essential in multipl

260 the synthesis of cGAMP, which functions as a second messenger that binds and activates the adaptor pr

261 the synthesis of cGAMP, which functions as a second messenger that binds and activates the adaptor pr

262 to cyclic di-GMP, an intracellular bacterial second messenger that controls cellular motility and bio

263 ic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is a second messenger that controls diverse functions in bact

264 (c-di-AMP) is a broadly conserved bacterial second messenger that has been implicated in a wide rang

265 Ca(2+) is a ubiquitous second messenger that influences numerous cellular proce

266 ic diadenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) is a second messenger that is essential for growth and homeos

267 c di-guanylate (c-di-GMP) is a key bacterial second messenger that is implicated in the regulation of

268 eotide ppGpp ('magic spot') is a pleiotropic second messenger that mediates the response to nutrient

269 yclases that produce cyclic di-GMP (cdiG), a second messenger that modulates the key bacterial lifest

270 Cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) is a widespread second messenger that plays a key role in bacterial biof

271 cAMP is a universal second messenger that plays central roles in cardiovascu

272 anosine monophosphate (cGMP) is an important second messenger that regulates cardiac contractility an

273 adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a pivotal second messenger that regulates numerous biological proc

274 However, PA also serves as a critical lipid second messenger that regulates several proteins implica

275 ',5')-cyclic-dimeric-guanosine (c-di-GMP), a second messenger that stimulates matrix production, in r

276 sine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is a bacterial second messenger that typically regulates the switch fro

277 mbrane asymmetry is essential for generating second messengers that act in the cytosol and for traffi

278 s a mitochondrial enzyme that produces lipid second messengers that facilitate opening of the mitocho

279 in response to cell stimuli, and function as second messengers that oxidize target proteins.

280 is the transfer protein of phosphoinositide second messengers that promote cancer.

281 0 (CYP) monooxygenase pathway serve as vital second messengers that regulate a number of hormones and

282 Cyclic nucleotides are second messengers that regulate cardiomyocyte function t

283 tive enzymes that function to generate lipid second messengers through hydrolysis of membrane-associa

284 Eukaryotes utilize Ca(2+) as a universal second messenger to convert and multiply environmental a

285 te Ca(2+) levels, which provide the critical second messenger to drive steroid hormone production.

286 ) effectors is a conserved interplay between second messengers to control critical intracellular Ca(2

287 magnesium, and zinc have important roles as second messengers to regulate intracellular signaling pa

288 piny neurons that degrades the intracellular second messengers triggered by dopamine signaling.

289 Phosphatidic acid (PA), a second messenger typically derived from the lipid-hydrol

290 Because calcium is the main intracellular second messenger used by the efferent medial olivocochle

291 calcium and CaM are ubiquitous intracellular second messengers used by virtually all cell types.

292 lar microdomains, which greatly enhances its second messenger versatility.

293 ecode and relay information encrypted by the second messenger via differential interactions with a wi

294 w that the amount of this biofilm-regulating second messenger was dynamic with time and colony size,

295 Calcium is a second messenger which is required for regulation of man

296 ion of stomatal closure through synthesis of second messengers, which include reactive oxygen species

297 Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a second messenger with pleiotropic effects, including reg

298 cAMP is a pleiotropic second messenger with the ability to generate multiple f

299 g cytosolic free Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+) ]cyt ) as a second messenger, with activation of plasma membrane Ca(

300 ivates protein kinase C and Ca(2+)-dependent second messengers, with effects on cellular proliferatio