ライフサイエンスコーパス: selfish

1 models assume that humans are fundamentally selfish.

2 nkeys was blocked, choices became strikingly selfish.

3 in this species begging may not be entirely selfish.

4 : (1) It is unclear in what sense goals are "selfish"; (2) We need an account of how selfish goals mo

5 In contrast, the "selfish" 2mu DNA was in 38 wild strains and the selfish

6 in which a society is unable to control the selfish actions of its members.

7 mitigation of the cost incurred by their own selfish activities.

8 imitation after individuals have carried out selfish acts (such as laying eggs).

9 suggest that in contexts where recipients of selfish acts are capable of resistance, the usual predic

10 envious agents, but affected if we introduce selfish agents that do not update their expectations.

11 optimal decision-making system can involve "selfish" agents that are in conflict with one another, e

12 n with the altruistic allele dominant to the selfish allele.

13 a stable equilibrium between altruistic and selfish alleles rather than the elimination of one allel

14 cruited for defense functions; the partially selfish and addictive behavior of the defense systems; a

15 genes, which rescue cooperative systems from selfish and destructive strategies.

16 Participants chose between selfish and generous alternatives, yielding either a lar

17 e social-distance-dependent conflict between selfish and generous motives during prosocial choice, co

18 nce a person as if the goals themselves were selfish and interested only in their own completion.

19 Selfish and mobile genetic elements, such as phages, pla

20 chopathic personality traits are linked with selfish and non-cooperative responses during economical

21 on would not replace but merely compete with selfish and other antisocial impulses.

22 ort-term gains oppose long-term aims or when selfish and prosocial interests collide.

23 In a different pairing, opposing selfish and purifying selection counterbalanced to give

24 gher-income individuals are necessarily more selfish, and suggesting a previously undocumented way in

25 evel conscious processes are as likely to be selfish as prosocial.

26 ative networks are competed directly against selfish autocatalytic cycles, the former grow faster, in

27 contain many copies of a 2-microm plasmid, a selfish autonomously replicating DNA that relies on two

28 A non-essential, selfish B chromosome known as Paternal Sex Ratio (PSR) i

29 that children begin to systematically punish selfish behavior around the age of 6 y, the development

30 have revealed that in non-cooperative games selfish behavior generally dominates over cooperation an

31 e transfer caused by the defense systems and selfish behavior of some of these systems, such as toxin

32 ly, since natural selection typically favors selfish behavior which is not socially optimal.

33 egulated by norms of fairness that constrain selfish behavior.

34 For example, third-party observers punish selfish behaviors committed by out-group members more ha

35 Diverse animal traits suppress selfish behaviors when cooperation is important for fitn

36 (1) promotion of individual fitness through selfish behaviour ("self-promotion") and (2) coercion of

37 er both behavioural contexts, or fixation of selfish behaviour under one context and altruistic behav

38 would appear to lead to a world dominated by selfish behaviour.

39 two functions, and provides support for the selfish brain hypothesis due to the relative preservatio

40 le-specific drive predicted by new models of selfish centromere turnover.

41 s undergoing an evolutionary tug-of-war with selfish centromeric DNA.

42 first 2 h following inhalation, OT increased selfish choices associated with delivery of reward to se

43 y generous choices are slower or faster than selfish choices, and why they produce greater response i

44 ntation to the partner during prosocial than selfish choices.

45 prevents the fixation or loss of D and that selfish chromosomal transmission may affect both individ

46 ilemma type of conflict, which predicts that selfish defection is favored over cooperation.

47 HEs) promote the evolutionary persistence of selfish DNA elements by catalyzing element lateral trans

48 es, called piRNAs, defend the genome against selfish DNA elements such as transposons.

49 iRNAs) in germline development, silencing of selfish DNA elements, and in maintaining germline DNA in

50 The selfish DNA hypothesis imagines the genome as an ecologi

51 The "selfish DNA" theory postulates that transposable element

52 th the hypothesis that RIP serves to control selfish DNA, an analysis of the Neurospora crassa genome

53 rganisms use DNA methylation to silence such selfish DNA, but the mechanisms that restrict the methyl

54 mosomes are parasitic elements comparable to selfish DNA, like transposons.

55 Our data suggest that transposition of selfish DNA, low effective population size, and high-fid

56 tic genomes are generally regarded either as selfish DNA, which is selectively neutral to the host or

57 d, ancient and may provide a defense against selfish DNA.

58 The 2 microm circle is a highly persistent "selfish" DNA element resident in the Saccharomyces cerev

59 ra suggests that this sequence represents a "selfish" DNA element whose existence itself is driven by

60 stable, high-copy-number, extrachromosomal "selfish" DNA element.

61 spread in populations, as predicted by the "selfish-DNA" mechanism; (ii) nonautonomous copies act as

62 mes have been likened to an "arms race." The selfish drive of TEs to replicate, in turn, elicits the

63 adaptation, which illustrates the power of a selfish element (a plasmid in this case) to exploit the

64 We discovered a selfish element causing embryonic lethality in crosses b

65 consistent with population genetic theory of selfish element evolution under different mating systems

66 These include the Medea1 selfish element of Tribolium that spreads via post-zygot

67 is type II R-M system showed attributes of a selfish element.

68 n be engineered into site-specific synthetic selfish elements (SSEs) and demonstrate their transmissi

69 Viruses and/or virus-like selfish elements are associated with all cellular life f

70 te that some self-splicing ribozymes are not selfish elements but are harnessed by cells as metabolit

71 e that amplified repetitive sequences act as selfish elements by promoting expansion of CENP-A chroma

72 Selfish elements can enhance their transmission through

73 It has been suggested that selfish elements could be exploited to modify the genome

74 In female meiosis, selfish elements drive by preferentially attaching to th

75 tic regulatory system through recruitment of selfish elements in a eukaryotic lineage, and describes

76 The presence of three selfish elements in C. burnetii's 23S rRNA gene is very

77 Two RNAi systems exist to control repetitive selfish elements in Neurospora crassa.

78 toxins for defense, offense or addiction of selfish elements is widely encountered across all life f

79 alism implies a hitchhiking role for viruses-selfish elements just along for the ride.

80 widely regarded as harmful genetic parasites-selfish elements that are rarely co-opted by the genome

81 Homing endonucleases (HEs) are ancient selfish elements that catalyze double-stranded DNA break

82 Transposable elements (TEs) are selfish elements that cause harmful mutations, contribut

83 These selfish elements use microRNA-mediated silencing of a ma

84 ction of the population (due to selection of selfish elements) to extreme cooperation.

85 her inteins are primordial enzymes or simply selfish elements, whereas biochemists seek to understand

86 us collection of viruses, plasmids and other selfish elements, which are in constant exchange with mo

87 s one further factor-interference with other selfish elements-that could affect their prevalence.

88 utators of hyper-variable genes, viruses and selfish elements.

89 tic screens may turn out to be components of selfish elements.

90 SD is thus evolutionarily "selfish," enhancing its own transmission at the expense

91 Supernumerary or B chromosomes are selfish entities that maintain themselves in populations

92 for such games, reputation destabilizes the selfish equilibrium through a novel and robust feedback

93 of biological life but can be threatened by selfish evolutionary strategies.

94 The "tragedy of the commons," that is, the selfish exploitation of resources in the public domain,

95 property of the reaction it is resistant to selfish exploitation.

96 epitomizes the evolutionary optimization of selfish extra-chromosomal genomes for stable persistence

97 Mouse t haplotypes are a 'selfish' form of chromosome 17 that show non-mendelian t

98 conscious goals evolved from unconscious and selfish forms of pursuit.

99 he pressure for coregulation or formation of selfish gene clusters, thus supporting the role of the b

100 ions of evolution, and more particularly the selfish gene expression of those interpretations, form b

101 The selfish gene idea is not useful in the physiological sci

102 n an unproven biological paradigm (Dawkins's selfish gene theory) and overemphasizes the role of unco

103 ary psychology is typically associated with "selfish gene theory," numerous other approaches to the s

104 of the publication of Richard Dawkins's The Selfish Gene, we explore the origins of cynical, strateg

105 The connection between selfish genes and selfish goals is not merely metaphoric

106 Selfish genes are DNA elements that increase their rate

107 ne effective strategy by which TEs and other selfish genes can escape host-mediated silencing mechani

108 ection at a higher level than for individual selfish genes could power the cooperative macromolecular

109 The analogy with selfish genes pushes the authors towards the former inte

110 Meiotic drivers are selfish genes that bias their transmission into gametes,

111 In addition, spermatogenesis is afflicted by selfish genes that promote their transmission to progeny

112 to meiotic drive and highlights the power of selfish genes to shape genomes, even while imposing trem

113 Sexual selection, selfish genes, and genetic conflict provide compelling e

114 that these genes, classically considered as selfish genes, outnumber essential or housekeeping genes

115 Selfish genes, such as meiotic drive elements, propagate

116 Maternally acting selfish genes, termed 'Medea' factors, were found to be

117 rting an epidemic model for the evolution of selfish genes, where new mutations repeatedly arise and

118 licing introns associate to form a composite selfish genetic element is a question of long-standing i

119 herefore, widespread prion whose activity as selfish genetic element is counteracted by balancing sel

120 cterized mode of germ-line transmission by a selfish genetic element signifies a mechanistic variatio

121 torical pattern of selection on a well known selfish genetic element, cytoplasmic male sterility.

122 tem, a modified DNA donor molecule acts as a selfish genetic element, replaces the targeted site and

123 development and instead is a component of a selfish genetic element.

124 ore are a unique combination of pathogen and selfish genetic element.

125 Genomes are vulnerable to selfish genetic elements (SGEs), which enhance their own

126 of internal evolutionary arms races between selfish genetic elements and the genes of the host genom

127 Maternally inherited selfish genetic elements are common in animals.

128 hypothesis that the incidence of particular selfish genetic elements can limit the presence of compe

129 These so-called selfish genetic elements comprise a substantial portion

130 volutionary study of gene collectives; these selfish genetic elements evolve rapidly, they usually co

131 Although several types of selfish genetic elements exist in nature, few have been

132 e, we report the creation of maternal-effect selfish genetic elements in Drosophila that drive popula

133 e a trois' highlights potential relevance of selfish genetic elements in facilitating lateral gene tr

134 e is known about the evolutionary history of selfish genetic elements in natural populations, or thei

135 This may also be true for many other selfish genetic elements in natural populations.

136 As generated by the fly RNAi pathway silence selfish genetic elements in the soma, much as Piwi-inter

137 lian inheritance phenomenon in which certain selfish genetic elements skew sexual transmission in the

138 Selfish genetic elements spread in natural populations a

139 re genomic stability by silencing endogenous selfish genetic elements such as retrotransposons and re

140 o acquire sequence-specific immunity against selfish genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, b

141 Selfish genetic elements that distort the sex ratio are

142 Because selfish genetic elements that reduce sperm competitive a

143 ch to disease prevention involves the use of selfish genetic elements to drive disease-refractory gen

144 ions of horizontal gene transfer and diverse selfish genetic elements to genome evolution undermine t

145 Female meiosis provides an opportunity for selfish genetic elements to violate Mendel's law of segr

146 progeny phage, consistent with their role as selfish genetic elements, and also provide a mechanism b

147 ses of viruses might descend from primordial selfish genetic elements, bona fide viruses evolved on m

148 endonuclease genes (HEGs), a class of simple selfish genetic elements, could be exploited for this pu

149 Coxiella burnetii contains a large number of selfish genetic elements, including two group I introns

150 tains an unusually high number of conserved, selfish genetic elements, including two group I introns,

151 tem that defends the germline genome against selfish genetic elements.

152 somal domains, and to restrain the spread of selfish genetic elements.

153 belies the concept of plasmids as apparently selfish genetic elements.

154 Then they were recruited and modified by selfish genetic parasites (viruses; transposons) to help

155 Transposable elements are selfish genetic sequences which only occasionally provid

156 Transposable elements (TEs) are selfish genetic units that typically encode proteins tha

157 selection for the horizontal transfer of a "selfish" genetic element from cell to cell via membrane

158 yces cerevisiae 2-mum plasmid is a multicopy selfish genome that resides in the nucleus.

159 ae 2 micron plasmid exemplifies a benign but selfish genome, whose stability approaches that of the c

160 ing feature among otherwise widely differing selfish genomes suggests their evolutionary convergence

161 Here we argue that the selfish goal concept may well be suitable to explain inc

162 The selfish goal metaphor is interesting and intriguing.

163 The Selfish Goal model challenges traditional agentic models

164 ological core of information processing, the Selfish Goal model denies the kind of locus of control i

165 We discuss the implications of the Selfish Goal model for moral responsibility, arguing it

166 We propose the Selfish Goal model, which holds that a person's behavior

167 ing the contributions and limitations of the Selfish Goal model.

168 ) metaphoric description of the unconscious, selfish goal on three points.

169 Although the proposed Selfish Goal Theory constitutes a major theoretical tour

170 Selfish Goal Theory is compatible with a behaviorally ba

171 Integrating Selfish Goal Theory with evolutionary theory can explain

172 Conceptually integrating Selfish Goal Theory with modern evolutionary psychology

173 Inconsistency, a key principle of Selfish Goal Theory, illustrates this insight.

174 argue that it is possible to go beyond the "selfish goal" metaphor and make an even stronger case fo

175 The selfish goal, at some point in evolution, gave rise to a

176 cified and integrated with the notion of the selfish goal.

177 If selfish goals are not in the replication business, then

178 The metaphor of selfish goals is misguided.

179 The connection between selfish genes and selfish goals is not merely metaphorical.

180 are "selfish"; (2) We need an account of how selfish goals motivate people.

181 The metaphor of selfish goals provides no purchase on this problem.

182 Proximate selfish goals reflect the machinations of more fundament

183 dd depth and nuance to our understanding of "selfish goals" and their implications for human cognitio

184 not only value motivation, which relates to "selfish goals," but also truth motivation and control mo

185 Our results lend support for the idea that selfish herd behavior can arise from localized movement

186 Not all movement rules based on the selfish herd hypothesis are consistent with observed ani

187 The selfish herd hypothesis predicts that aggregations form

188 on for these aggregations is provided by the selfish herd hypothesis, which states that aggregations

189 st neighbour strategy proposed by Hamilton's selfish herd model, whereas a random strategy confers no

190 The "dilemma of the selfish herd" is that movement rules that are easy for i

191 iberative self-control necessary to reign in selfish impulses, or does self-interested deliberation r

192 vors agents who use deliberation to override selfish impulses: Deliberation only serves to undermine

193 ndividuals (i.e., 1/1), and the other being "selfish" in that it rewarded the chooser only (i.e., 1/0

194 ce of repeated cooperative interactions with selfish incentives.

195 of social conflicts between cooperative and selfish individuals (cheaters).

196 ce in reports of anger between prosocial and selfish individuals after finding out that others use mo

197 y outcome was a stable equilibrium involving selfish individuals and both discriminating and non-disc

198 Selfish individuals are motivated by anger to retaliate

199 e emergence of cooperation in populations of selfish individuals is a fascinating topic that has insp

200 ative systems are susceptible to invasion by selfish individuals that profit from receiving the socia

201 s that counter evolutionary transitions from selfish individuals to cooperative societies.

202 crimination reduced the benefits obtained by selfish individuals, more so as the number of discrimina

203 nsight into how natural selection, acting on selfish individuals, results in the highly effective col

204 espite this vulnerability to exploitation by selfish individuals.

205 n the same population of both altruistic and selfish individuals.

206 second-order interactions by punishing other selfish individuals.

207 whether cooperation can evolve in a group of selfish individuals.

208 olicing can serve a collective rather than a selfish interest.

209 sm toward host offspring simply promotes its selfish interests in exploiting host parents.

210 Selfish interests usually preclude resource sharing, but

211 moval of imported DNA and protection against selfish invading DNA elements are also important.

212 cruited when altruistic choices prevail over selfish material interests.

213 Thus, selfish meiotic drivers exploit the asymmetry inherent i

214 Second, we situate evaluations of the selfish metaphor within the similarities and differences

215 fied as PPRs is consistent with a history of selfish mitochondrial evolution and compensatory nuclear

216 ribozymes commonly function as components of selfish mobile genetic elements.

217 w genes by recycling of coding material from selfish mobile genetic elements.

218 st mannan by B. thetaiotaomicron presents a 'selfish' model for the catabolism of this difficult to b

219 be predicted without knowing which types of selfish mutations and interactions can arise.

220 stasis and neurogenesis, the consequences of selfish mutations that hijack this process within the te

221 s show a dramatic paternal age effect due to selfish mutations: substitutions that grant spermatogoni

222 rs, who match the cooperation of others, and selfish noncooperators.

223 inant Embryonic Arrest ("Medea") factors are selfish nuclear elements that combine maternal-lethal an

224 ignaling and regulatory mechanisms for their selfish oncogenic goals of unlimited proliferation, perp

225 eed to invoke long-range conservation or the selfish operon concept(7).

226 More recently, the "selfish operon" model, in which operons are formed by re

227 Moreover, the mobility of selfish operons may facilitate bacterial speciation.

228 For those games in which the selfish optimal contribution to the common good increase

229 so-called dictator game--they preferred the selfish option.

230 h a partner, subjects could select either a "selfish" option that rewarded only themselves, or a "pro

231 equilibrium conditions including fixation of selfish or altruistic behaviour under both behavioural c

232 aradigms that restriction systems are either selfish or function to confer protection from invasion b

233 Despite often being classified as selfish or junk DNA, transposable elements (TEs) are a g

234 r' in the genome, they are often quoted as a selfish or junk DNA.

235 ify led to their initial characterization as selfish or junk DNA; however, it is now known that they

236 wing people to blend into the group (so that selfish or lazy efforts are not punished), but it may al

237 giving and taking can be motivated either by selfish or otherish concerns, we next consider the costs

238 particular, this review considers inteins as selfish or parasitic genetic elements, a point of view t

239 f transposable elements (TEs) as 'useless', 'selfish' or 'junk' pieces of DNA is not an accurate one.

240 Although 8-y-olds also punished selfish out-group members more harshly, they were equall

241 ionary theory because selection should favor selfish over caring strategies.

242 pwards shift in generosity from an initially selfish partner.

243 Laying workers therefore show a mix of selfish personal reproduction and altruistic cooperative

244 ve derived from the partitioning elements of selfish plasmids.

245 ng generous play and decreased for inferring selfish play.

246 Selfish players are preferentially elected and are hence

247 Across all treatments, we identify the selfish players as extortioners.

248 Thus, our evolved populations function as selfish police that inhibit cheaters, both to their own

249 sical proximity of genes may be considered a selfish property of the operon since it affects the prob

250 that is supposed to be attributable to the 'selfish' property.

251 This model identifies a strategy called "selfish punisher" that involves behaving selfishly in fi

252 Selfish punishers cause selfishness to be a self-limitin

253 Examples of selfish punishment can be found in organisms as diverse

254 negatively correlated, leading to a form of selfish punishment.

255 s survive in Arabidopsis by a combination of selfish replication and of amplification of highly diver

256 Strict selfish replication does not explain all the patterns ob

257 Cooperation means that selfish replicators forgo some of their reproductive pot

258 quence signature, appears to have evolved in selfish replicons, such as bacteriophages, and was subse

259 worker caste), is potentially undermined by selfish reproduction among group members.

260 nd workers enforce cooperation by "policing" selfish reproduction by workers.

261 males use the threat of infanticide to deter selfish reproduction by younger females, but that female

262 hat by age 6, punishment was already biased: Selfish resource allocations received more punishment wh

263 .g., prosocial decisions) and hedonic (e.g., selfish rewards and risky decisions) rewards differentia

264 fish" 2mu DNA was in 38 wild strains and the selfish RNA replicons L-BC, 20S, and 23S were found in 8

265 d rewriting of DNA enables dissemination of 'selfish' RNAs associated with successful outcomes.

266 to show how both intrinsic mutation rate and selfish selection contribute to the mutational burden bo

267 These results support proposed selfish selection of spermatogonial mutations affecting

268 Exhibiting powerful selfish selection, a genome carrying a detrimental mutat

269 negative or lethal consequences, indicating selfish selection.

270 In humans, this selfish self might exert influence over goals, deciding

271 , at some point in evolution, gave rise to a selfish self.

272 Hamilton noted that the spread of "selfish" sex ratio-distorting elements could be rapid an

273 seudoobscura against extinction caused by a "selfish" sex-ratio-distorting element.

274 o engage in costly third-party punishment of selfish sharing behavior.

275 of anger and guilt, as well as prosocial or selfish social preferences in a repeated social dilemma

276 ough a process akin to tumorigenesis, termed selfish spermatogonial selection.

277 , achondroplasia), this process is known as "selfish spermatogonial selection." This mechanism favors

278 ality, because individual selection favoring selfish strategies should act more rapidly than group se

279 intestinal ecosystem, microbes often enforce selfish strategies that limit resource loss to neighbori

280 t that aggression is favoured primarily as a selfish strategy to compete for resources, despite causi

281 pendent of the individual player's strength: Selfish subjects tend to be voted out of their agency an

282 stinct from those of their hosts, leading to selfish tendencies.

283 ishness in order to signal that they are not selfish themselves.

284 ire a shift in personal priorities away from selfish to more altruistic behaviors.

285 between two differently colored tokens: one "selfish" token resulting in a reward for the actor only

286 of genetic drift and potential selection for selfish traits.

287 , containing origins of replication, governs selfish transmission.

288 of animals from the deleterious activity of selfish transposable elements (TEs) through small-RNA me

289 We aimed to examine the effects of primary (selfish, uncaring) and secondary (impulsive, irresponsib

290 procal altruism can become established among selfish, unrelated individuals if they use responsive st

291 dict distinct optimal couplings in groups of selfish vs. altruistic agents, reflecting how it can be

292 ls assume that people are fully rational and selfish, while experiments often point to different conc

293 ventionally assumed to favour the strong and selfish who maximize their own resources at the expense

294 inseminated queen's colony declined because selfish workers invested in personal reproduction at the

295 sed investment in reproductive physiology by selfish workers might result from greater incentive for

296 How can cooperation thrive in a selfish world?

297 People are selfish, yet morally motivated.