ライフサイエンスコーパス: severe

1 eye symptoms and signs (ranging from none to severe).

2 th medications but not with CBT and were not severe.

3 sence of calcium, enabling actin binding and severing.

4 rm elasticity, thereby accelerating filament severing.

5 Conversely, colectomy for severe acute colitis was associated with decreased risk

6 Sapovirus are important pathogens that cause severe acute gastroenteritis in both humans and animals.

7 T is predictive of subsequent development of severe acute GVHD in this study.

8 chronic hypoxia (MCH) mouse model and a new severe acute hypoxia (SAH) mouse model of DWMI activates

9 Severe acute kidney injury was associated with increased

10 l admission during sentinel surveillance for severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) hospitalization

11 tients with Middle East respiratory syndrome severe acute respiratory infection from other etiologies

12 diagnostic testing is essential component of severe acute respiratory infection investigation for at-

13 ing human pathogens hepatitis C virus (HCV), Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), coxsackie viru

14 ators (OR = 0.12; 95% CI: 0.06-0.26) against severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).

15 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)

16 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)

17 was associated with 22% of all episodes of (severe) acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) resulti

18 ghput proteomic assay to analyze moderate-to-severe AD (n = 59) compared to psoriasis (n = 22) and he

19 In the health registry study, moderate-severe AD patients had increased risk of antidepressant

20 Sera from 20 subjects with moderate to severe AD, 10 subjects with CD, 12 subjects with moderat

21 Adolescents who had more severe ADHD symptoms as children were more likely to ini

22 Axin mutant larvae are transparent and have severe adipocyte defects caused by up-regulation of beta

23 No severe adverse events were recorded.

24 other sedating medications for treatment of severe agitation that poses risk to patient or staff saf

25 arriers of the CFHR1 mutation presented with severe aHUS during adulthood; 57% of affected women in t

26 5) or susceptible (n = 64) to emphysema with severe airflow obstruction in the Pittsburgh Specialized

27 ate, 590 (22.6%) severe, and 111 (4.2%) very severe AL.

28 rase increases (HR, 0.52 [95% CI, .40-.66]), severe ALI (HR, 0.26 [95% CI, .13-.55]), and death (HR,

29 IgE antibody, is used to treat patients with severe allergic asthma.

30 f plant-food allergies often associated with severe allergic reactions.

31 d correction of chronic hyponatremia induces severe alterations in proteostasis characterized by diff

32 s (AgP; 651 cases, 4,001 controls), the most severe and early onset form of periodontitis.

33 consequences from the 2016 drought are more severe and extensive than the 2005 and 2010 droughts.

34 Anaphylaxis is the most severe and frightening of the allergic reactions, placin

35 ropics, where pollination limitation is most severe and land use change is rapid.

36 ociation was significant among cases of both severe and mild acute pancreatitis.

37 ic hypoglycaemia is the most common cause of severe and persistent hypoglycaemia in neonates and chil

38 e should be reserved for patients with truly severe and refractory LyP.

39 All causes of renal allograft injury, when severe and/or sustained, can result in chronic histologi

40 ad mild, 1,452 (55.5%) moderate, 590 (22.6%) severe, and 111 (4.2%) very severe AL.

41 emia (hemoglobin concentration <110 g/L) and severe anemia (hemoglobin concentration <70 g/L) and ind

42 e lacking Erf in the embryo proper exhibited severe anemia and died around embryonic day 14.5.

43 reduced renal allograft injury in a model of severe antibody-mediated damage in highly sensitized rec

44 e distinct subtypes of perinatal depression: severe anxious depression, moderate anxious depression,

45 For patients with asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis and normal left ventricular funct

46 KEY POINTS: Severe aortic valve diseases are common cardiac abnormal

47 ostic variable for survival in patients with severe ARDS due to pneumonia.

48 of decreased mortality in patients with very severe ARDS.

49 ed with type II collagen they developed more severe arthritis and had a greater percentage of affecte

50 Patients with NFLG had less severe AS and LV remodeling than patients with normal-fl

51 f AS diagnosis identifies patients with very severe AS at high risk of death.

52 /=18 years) as compared with childhood-onset severe asthma (<18 years) were selected from the U-BIOPR

53 y profiled patients with mild, moderate, and severe asthma and nonatopic healthy control subjects.

54 be exposed to many risk factors facilitating severe asthma and wheezing, including airborne viruses,

55 ts relying on oral glucocorticoids to manage severe asthma associated with eosinophilia.

56 The pathogenesis of severe asthma in childhood remains poorly understood.

57 ed by the use of NPPV in children with acute severe asthma with respiratory muscle fatigue and failur

58 ssing CEACAM6 was significantly increased in severe asthma, suggesting the presence of an altered neu

59 pathogenicity of TH1 cells in patients with severe asthma.

60 elevated in moderate while downregulated in severe asthma.

61 s from controls and mild asthmatics (MAs) to severe asthmatics (SAs) in relation to exacerbation rate

62 vels of PP5 were increased in ASM cells from severe asthmatics and PP5 knockdown using siRNA restored

63 Symptom control in severe asthmatics was not associated with airway tissue

64 years or older with a history of moderate to severe attacks were included.

65 s into the bandgap and electrons suffer from severe back-scattering.

66 effects of antiretroviral therapy on risk of severe bacterial infections in people with high CD4 cell

67 ptomatic/minimally symptomatic patients with severe bioprosthetic PAS undergoing redo AVR, baseline L

68 he fatal events of SIDS are characterized by severe bradycardia and life-threatening apneas.

69 2) cause microcephaly and a wide spectrum of severe brain malformations.

70 ical consequences of this defaunation can be severe, but the evolutionary consequences are nearly unk

71 ve CAD (>/=50% stenosis) in 814 patients and severe CAD (>/=70% stenosis) in 708 patients.

72 Severe CAD was found in 136 patients (22.5%).

73 PAI-1-deficient (PAI-1(-/-)) mice developed severe cardiac fibrosis.

74 typically causes mild dengue fever, but, in severe cases, life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever

75 reased with age which showed rapid growth in severe cases.

76 D mutants causes constitutive activation and severe cellular toxicity.

77 uirement of an ataxic phenotype is linked to severe cerebellar cellular pathology, characterized by n

78 s generated during irradiation can result in severe changes in morphology and an overall degradation

79 recruited from a nationwide Swedish study on severe childhood asthma.

80 ng miR-34/449 display infertility as well as severe chronic airway disease leading to postnatal death

81 More severe clinical attachment loss (CAL) was observed in th

82 While it usually goes unnoticed, some rare severe clinical cases of primary HCMV infection have bee

83 that Ophn1 deficiency in the mouse generated severe cognitive impairments, characterized by both a hi

84 iously been linked to CO2 draw-down, but the severe cold climates of the Cryogenian have never been r

85 ich phage infections give rise to abrupt and severe collapses of bacterial populations whenever they

86 Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is characterized

87 onsortium (PIDTC) is enrolling children with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) to a prospective

88 in a significant proportion of patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).

89 tuted with a synthetic LAT gene bearing this severe combined immunodeficiency mutation.

90 Nonobese diabetic severe combined immunodeficient gammac(-/-) (NSG) mice r

91 ccus aureus bacteraemia is a common cause of severe community-acquired and hospital-acquired infectio

92 Infection of bone is a severe complication due to the variety of bacteria causi

93 any complication (73.7% vs 66.4%; P = .21), severe complications (Accordion grade >/=3, 23.05% vs 23

94 RSV can also cause severe complications in elderly and immunocompromised in

95 med causing diverticulitis, with potentially severe complications.

96 ally of Gram-negative bacteria, has become a severe concern for human health.

97 hours, inability to determine AKI status or severe congenital kidney abnormalities.

98 ver, because of its causal relationship with severe congenital malformations, the ZIKV epidemic becam

99 helial dysfunction in patients with moderate-severe COPD, and (2) to test whether low flow oxygen adm

100 helial dysfunction in patients with moderate-severe COPD.

101 Wnt1-Cre;Ift88fl/flpups died at birth due to severe craniofacial defects including bilateral cleft li

102 A severe critical event was defined as the occurrence of r

103 tions are often needed during RT, leading to severe damages to normal tissues adjacent to tumors.

104 th the kinetochore, and its depletion causes severe defects in karyokinesis, loss of individual chrom

105 yper-reverse their moving direction and show severe defects in S-motility.

106 eficiency (activity = 30%-50%), and moderate-severe deficiency (activity </=30%).

107 so far (eg, the calculated prevalence of the severe deficiency in Europeans would be: 12.9 in 10(6)).

108 It is caused by a severe deficiency of the ubiquitously expressed Survival

109 ce, delamination, and opacity decreasing are severe degradation phenomena affecting oil paints with z

110 Cholera is a severe dehydrating illness of humans caused by toxigenic

111 or death were presence of blood in stool and severe dehydration.

112 -65 years screened with moderately severe to severe depression on the Patient Health Questionnaire 9

113 ngside CBT, for adolescents with moderate to severe depression who are attending routine specialist C

114 ICD-positive patients had more severe depression, poorer sleep quality and reduced qual

115 ment of 2 or more adjacent vertebral bodies, severe destruction of the vertebral body, focal/heteroge

116 andomized trial of patients with moderate to severe DG, relamorelin significantly reduced core sympto

117 mortality, whereas the icPC22A virus caused severe diarrhea and 100% mortality.

118 nuclear envelope gene SYNE1 in a child with severe dilated cardiomyopathy that underwent transplant,

119 ongenital visceral myopathy characterized by severe dilation of the urinary bladder and defective int

120 roved the predictive ability with respect to severe disease beyond that of individual questionnaire i

121 wn to enhance viral replication in vitro and severe disease in animal models.

122 are related to zoonotic pathogens that cause severe disease in humans.

123 sment is important to identify patients with severe disease-related damage who should avoid pregnancy

124 its stability (L299P and G267S), may predict severe disease.

125 Severe drought caused major declines in leaf water poten

126 hat in protected salt marshes experiencing a severe drought, plant-eating grazers eliminated drought-

127 tic conditions will be analogous to the most severe dry/heat spells causing dieback in the late 20th

128 m 0 to 4, with higher scores indicating more severe dysfunction) was greater in the angiotensin II gr

129 k-out mice without functional mGluR5 exhibit severe dysregulation of sleep-wake homeostasis, includin

130 neage, affecting swine species and provoking severe economic losses and health threats.

131 n in 11, gastrointestinal bleeding in 1, and severe electrolyte imbalance in 1, all of which were ass

132 and improves lung function for patients with severe eosinophilic asthma.

133 ess-sensitive Hsp40 whose degradation during severe ER stress provides a mechanism to promote BOK acc

134 Patients with severe extracranial injuries (AIS >/= 3), death within 7

135 We report a case of severe falciparum malaria following nosocomial Plasmodiu

136 on in fatigue severity in women with CFS and severe fatigue.

137 Surprisingly however, despite these severe features, a lack of functional ATM is still compa

138 ving (ADL) (defined as severe or moderate to severe) for adults aged 60 years or older (n = 16,770) o

139 The most severe form, X-linked CNM, is caused by myotubularin 1 (

140 r interface or selectivity filter often have severe functional consequences.

141 in patients older than 60 years of age with severe functional impairment.

142 Blood samples of 3 patients with severe G6PD deficiency were analyzed for G6PD enzyme act

143 sceptibility to infection in 3 siblings with severe G6PD deficiency.

144 with milder missense variants presented with severe global developmental delay, syndactyly of 2(nd) a

145 urbanization and industrialization causes a severe global health concern to both ecosystem and human

146 of CO2 and CH4 into the atmosphere, causing severe global warming and subsequent mass extinction.

147 LR was reduced significantly in the moderate-severe group (p = 0.008); (3) no significant differences

148 gnificantly reduced in the mild and moderate-severe groups (both p < 0.001); (2) the mean cone-mediat

149 n the pentose phosphate pathway, have a more severe growth phenotype than cells lacking zwf1 We propo

150 We then tested 39 patients with severe growth restriction of unknown etiology, and found

151 Severe growth retardation, distorted branches and up-cur

152 ore as minimal (< 10), moderate (10-20), and severe (> 20).

153 terovirus A71 (EV-A71) is the major cause of severe hand, foot, and mouth disease and viral encephali

154 attribution of direct effects of exposure on severe health outcomes.

155 myeloid leukemia (AML) models at the cost of severe hematologic toxicity.

156 (EBV) treatment have demonstrated benefit in severe heterogeneous emphysema.

157 Africa, one of the populations with the most severe HIV epidemics in the world.

158 Severe human adenovirus (HAdV) infections are an increas

159 onsumption, disrupted agriculture and caused severe human discomfort.

160 e function, and a compelling explanation for severe Hunter syndrome phenotypes.

161 o lowered the insulin requirement to prevent severe hyperglycemia in STZ rats.

162 elevated lactate (>/= 2.2 to < 4 mmol/L), or severe hyperlactatemia (>/= 4 mmol/L), the frequency of

163 s defined as PaO2 between 120 and 200 mm Hg; severe hyperoxia as PaO2 greater than 200 mm Hg.

164 egnant control participants, with comparable severe hypoglycaemia episodes (18 CGM and 21 control) an

165 Primary outcomes were rates of severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis during the

166 Severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis were absen

167 Adjudicated severe hypoglycemia, as defined by the American Diabetes

168 l function during ischemic attacks and acute severe hypoglycemia.

169 ccurrence rate of ICU-acquired infection and severe hypoxemia are expected outcomes from RBC transfus

170 Inhibition of c-Myc mimicked the effects of severe hypoxia on CPC proliferation, also triggering qui

171 e inhibitor imatinib protected the mice from severe IgE-mediated anaphylaxis.

172 Development of severe IgE-mediated hypovolemia and shock required VE-re

173 These impacts are projected to be especially severe in high-latitude continental interiors.

174 Our findings suggest that a severe infectious disease of tadpoles caused by a protis

175 rted associations of IFITM3 SNP rs12252 with severe influenza, but evidence of association and the me

176 tion were significantly younger and had more severe intensive care medical conditions (hemodynamic, b

177 Moderate/severe interstitial fibrosis (ci>/=2) at 1 year was obse

178 ntal CRD in mice increased susceptibility to severe intestinal inflammation and epithelial dysregulat

179 osteoblasts fail to differentiate leading to severe intramembranous and perichondral ossification def

180 Failure to reduce the dose in patients with severe kidney disease may increase bleeding risk, wherea

181 dence of total knee replacement (TKR) due to severe KOA in the Singapore Chinese Health Study, a pros

182 ates and was associated with higher rates of severe life-threatening complications.

183 nt trend toward lower rates of GUSTO-defined severe/life-threatening bleeding with cangrelor alone co

184 cific disruption of Hif1alpha developed less-severe liver injury following administration of ethanol,

185 osis and indicate 20% as a threshold of more severe liver injury.

186 MARS was used to support patients with severe liver trauma (SLT), in ALF patients as a bridge t

187 a spectrum of smell dysfunction ranging from severe loss, as seen in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinso

188 Severe loss-of-function cases were incompatible with lif

189 biocrusts in black grama grassland suffered severe losses in cyanobacterial biomass and diversity, b

190 A total of 2,588 (65.5%) infants with severe LRTI were infected with RSV.

191 s in TRPML1 lead to mucolipidosis type IV, a severe lysosomal storage disorder.

192 We identified low but escalating risk of severe M. chimaera infection associated with heater-cool

193 This variant reduces the risk of severe malaria by 40% and has recently increased in freq

194 .6% vs 68.7%, P < .001) for the detection of severe malaria compared to algorithms that incorporate s

195 populations pauci-immune to malaria, risk of severe malaria increases with age.

196 Hemoglobin AC, which reduces severe malaria risk, reduced IE binding to the receptors

197 Obesity was strongly associated with severe malaria, both independently (aOR, 5.58 [95% CI, 2

198 1%), including 29 (18%) regarded as moderate-severe (mean pulmonary artery pressure, >/=35 mm Hg) and

199 d that autonomously heals after experiencing severe mechanical damage.

200 tformin-associated lactic acidosis (MALA), a severe medical condition with poor prognosis, especially

201 n for age and sex and results in moderate to severe mental deficiencies and decreased lifespan.

202 We defined severe mental illness as a clinical diagnosis of schizop

203 INTERPRETATION: People with severe mental illness have excess mortality relative to

204 ciation between smoking during pregnancy and severe mental illness in offspring, adjusting for measur

205 Conclusion Patients with severe mental illness may need assistance with coordinat

206 confounding influences shared by smoking and severe mental illness.

207 g obesity and insulin resistance can lead to severe metabolic diseases, while calorie-restricted (CR)

208 ose tissue compartments is tightly linked to severe metabolic disorders, including obesity, metabolic

209 These studies revealed severe mislocalization and aggregation of NUPs and defec

210 to be hospitalized but less likely to suffer severe morbidity and mortality during the 2009 influenza

211 also show that Zfp106 knockout mice develop severe motor neuron degeneration, which can be suppresse

212 BALF may be a valuable biomarker to identify severe MPP in children.

213 tial therapeutic option for the treatment of severe MR.

214 lay, syndactyly of 2(nd) and 3(rd) toes, and severe muscle hypotonia resulting in incapacity to stand

215 100A8 to S100A9 knockout CVB3 mice induced a severe myocarditis similar to wild-type CVB3 mice.

216 47) and nonsevere (n = 99) knowlesi malaria, severe (n = 21) and nonsevere (n = 109) falciparum malar

217 In Malaysian patients aged >/=12 years with severe (n = 47) and nonsevere (n = 99) knowlesi malaria,

218 mild, n=432 [9.4%]; moderate, n=217 [4.7%]; severe, n=365 [7.9%]; CAC: normal, n=1457 [34.6%]; mild,

219 ld, n=1340 [31.8%]; moderate, n=772 [18.3%]; severe, n=640 [15.2%]; P<0.0001).

220 ferentiate between simple steatosis and more severe NASH, based on a set of short-chain TAGs and FFAs

221 fore a gestational age of 32 weeks developed severe necrotising enterocolitis, of whom 222 (48.1%) di

222 ic syndrome in one patient (p.Pro210Leu), to severe neurodevelopmental delay with brain atrophy (p.Se

223 elow 50% at distances greater than 26 km for severe neurological disease and at distances greater tha

224 e factors plus gastrointestinal disturbance, severe neutropenia, and prior beta-lactam antibiotic use

225 n was significantly greater among those with severe NPDR or PDR than among those with no retinopathy.

226 Severe obesity was defined as a body-mass index (BMI, th

227 n all F0-F3 patients with mild, moderate, or severe obesity were $48,836/QALY, $24,949/QALY, and $19,

228 nital Zika syndrome in the current study had severe ocular abnormalities, and all patients had bilate

229 activities of daily living (ADL) (defined as severe or moderate to severe) for adults aged 60 years o

230 ildren had World Health Organization-defined severe or very severe pneumonia or were age-frequency-ma

231 proves endothelial function in patients with severe OSA.

232 or mild OSA and 3.8% to 6.5% for moderate to severe OSA; current prevalence may be higher, given the

233 rity, emerging human pathogen that can cause severe outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever with high mortalit

234 ce of altered gene expression patterns under severe OXPHOS deficiency comparing several mouse models,

235 e seen in 6 patients; 8 patients experienced severe pain.

236 rainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV1) also causes severe pediatric respiratory illness, especially croup.

237 undred eighty-four patients with moderate-to-severe periodontitis were randomly allocated to one of f

238 Severe Perkinsea infections (SPI) were systemic and led

239 The severe phenotype emerged as a latent condition with sign

240 are not rare and are associated with a more severe phenotype.

241 us methotrexate in patients with moderate to severe plaque-type psoriasis.

242 d Health Organization-defined severe or very severe pneumonia or were age-frequency-matched community

243 t of inhalational anesthetic dose on risk of severe postoperative respiratory complications.

244 ll-established alternative for patients with severe primary mitral regurgitation (MR) considered at h

245 RPGR interacts with and activates the actin-severing protein gelsolin, and that gelsolin regulates a

246 bjects with CD, 12 subjects with moderate to severe PS, 10 subjects with both AD and CD, and 10 HC wi

247 ive risks of systemic agents for moderate to severe psoriasis in children.

248 ts with treated retinoblastoma who developed severe PVR and required enucleation.

249 , -0.37 to -0.09 logMAR, P = .003), and more severe quantitative metamorphopsia (mean M-score differe

250 ome Test score might be able to predict more severe reactions and merits further study.

251 perior to CRD alone in assessing the risk of severe reactions to hazelnut, particular in ruling out s

252 ctions to hazelnut, particular in ruling out severe reactions.

253 NKT-specific deletion of Hdac3 results in a severe reduction in the number of iNKT cells, particular

254 ermediates with 3' end extension, leading to severe reduction of mature piwi-interacting RNAs in the

255 Loss of DONSON leads to severe replication-associated DNA damage arising from nu

256 with chest indrawing pneumonia and signs of severe respiratory distress, oxygen saturation <93% (whe

257 d to prophylaxis in neonates at high risk of severe RSV disease.

258 via email were generated for all moderate to severe scores for symptoms and quality of life.

259 pact of a quality improvement initiative for severe sepsis and septic shock focused on the resuscitat

260 adult medical and surgical ICU patients with severe sepsis and septic shock.

261 tal mortality was lowest among patients with severe sepsis who were transferred to high-volume hospit

262 o clinical practice and the association with severe sequels, there is an imperative need for new JIA

263 nderstanding of this still underinvestigated severe skin disease in a European and largely white stud

264 ) and extend the clinical outcomes to a more severe spectrum with infantile lethality (p.Val112Glu).

265 tory tract infections and ovalbumin-induced, severe, steroid-insensitive allergic airway disease (SSI

266 RATIONALE: Severe, steroid-resistant asthma is the major unmet need

267 Whereas severe stress is detrimental, mild stress can be benefic

268 Patients with documented moderate or severe symptoms and villous atrophy (villous height:cryp

269 he EMR for patients who reported moderate to severe symptoms on the ESQ.

270 s able to discriminate between patients with severe symptoms, patients with mild/moderate symptoms, a

271 becoming more commonly used in patients with severe symptoms.

272 e complete normalization of bleeding after a severe tail clip injury in these mice.

273 rder, or a mood disorder who had moderate or severe tardive dyskinesia.

274 u ratio were higher in individuals with more severe TBI (GCS, </=12 vs 13-15).

275 Moderate to severe TBI elicits neuroinflammation and c-Jun-N-termina

276 mproved functional survival of children with severe TBI.

277 The more severe testis dysgenesis in DBP-MPW animals may result f

278 nd the IL-17A pathway in mediating pediatric severe therapy-resistant asthma (STRA).

279 ansfusion in solid tumors or chronic, stable severe thrombocytopenia) or that were addressed partiall

280 lular level and how cell fate is affected by severe tissue damage.

281 tection of hepatic fibrosis in patients with severe to morbid obesity.

282 es aged 18-65 years screened with moderately severe to severe depression on the Patient Health Questi

283 Mediterranean, these forests are undergoing severe transformations due to pressures from global chan

284 oembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in patients with severe traumatic brain injuries (TBI).

285 Treatment of secondary injury after severe traumatic brain injury based on brain tissue oxyg

286 pment of systolic dysfunction among moderate-severe traumatic brain injury patients.

287 across Canadian provinces, specifically for severe traumatic brain injury.

288 le biases in the simulated biomass and in k (severe underestimations by all models except JeDi and VI

289 f disease complication and its potential for severe VA impairment and blindness.

290 No severe vaccine-related adverse events were reported.

291 and environmental factors that promote more severe viral illnesses might lead to new strategies for

292 ls to estimate the proportion of moderate or severe vision impairment (defined as presenting visual a

293 are and characterized by rapidly progressive severe visual impairment.

294 se data suggest that the previously reported severe visual phenotype seen in syndromic USH2A patients

295 igated the serum proteome alterations in non-severe vivax malaria patients before and during patient

296 iciencies confer increased susceptibility to severe VZV disease in otherwise healthy children, provid

297 a presplenectomized 30-year-old patient with severe WAS manifesting as cutaneous vasculitis, inflamma

298 The homogeneity of these severe weather events and their association with the oce

299 t be a distinct disease that is particularly severe when its onset affects children aged 6 years or y

300 n chow, JAK2L mice had hepatic steatosis and severe whole-body and hepatic insulin resistance.