ライフサイエンスコーパス: sex chromosome

1 and others yet with female heterogamety (ZW sex chromosomes).

2 targeting sequences exclusive to the female sex chromosome.

3 he chromosome carrying the insert is a new W sex chromosome.

4 al bias in favor of the dominant segregating sex chromosome.

5 and elevated genetic differentiation on both sex chromosomes.

6 more prevalent in species without dimorphic sex chromosomes.

7 raries showed no evidence for differentiated sex chromosomes.

8 f sexual dimorphism and genomic expansion of sex chromosomes.

9 allele may be degrading, similar to neo-Y/W sex chromosomes.

10 species with conspicuous heteromorphic ZW/ZZ sex chromosomes.

11 ture based on the comparison of gametologous sex chromosomes.

12 lly determined by genetic factors carried by sex chromosomes.

13 ination dynamics of young, homomorphic plant sex chromosomes.

14 markable mechanism underpinning the birth of sex chromosomes.

15 inimum age estimate for the evolution of its sex chromosomes.

16 understood, particularly in de novo evolving sex chromosomes.

17 will spur the origin and early evolution of sex chromosomes.

18 reduced recombination that characterize many sex chromosomes.

19 ects of gonadal hormones and to genes on the sex chromosomes.

20 sinensis (P. sinensis), which exhibits ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes.

21 y insects, determine sex using heteromorphic sex chromosomes.

22 mpact of this transition on the evolution of sex chromosomes.

23 have cytologically different (heteromorphic) sex chromosomes.

24 t a single locus, sometimes on heteromorphic sex chromosomes.

25 combination suppression evolves within young sex chromosomes.

26 in papaya is controlled by a pair of nascent sex chromosomes.

27 encing has had on the evolution of mammalian sex chromosomes.

28 of genetic degeneration in de novo evolving sex chromosomes.

29 X females and 46XY males), and three (47XXY) sex chromosomes.

30 al autosomes that gave rise to the mammalian sex chromosomes.

31 soon after recombination suppression between sex chromosomes.

32 teromorphic sex chromosomes and taxa without sex chromosomes.

33 nisms exists in nature, not always involving sex chromosomes.

34 ons with dynamics similar to those known for sex chromosomes.

35 elieved to be important for silencing of the sex chromosomes.

36 reveals that these snakes instead possess XY sex chromosomes.

37 cal for male meiosis and the inactivation of sex chromosomes.

38 ally favors recombination suppression on the sex chromosomes.

39 meiotic arrest and impaired inactivation of sex chromosomes.

40 nadal and dosage effects of genes encoded on sex chromosomes.

41 ing support that boas and pythons possess ZW sex chromosomes [2, 5].

42 entiation across roughly 20% of the Ostrinia sex chromosome (~4 Mb).

43 tional driver of gene transposition from the sex chromosomes, a phenomenon thought to be driven prima

44 Sex chromosome abnormalities also have been observed to

45 allow functional compensation during meiotic sex chromosome activation.

46 que opportunity to investigate the effect of sex chromosome age on patterns of divergence and gene de

47 range of animals and is often a function of sex chromosome age.

48 ed by complete or partial loss of the second sex chromosome and is characterized by spontaneous fetal

49 In the chicken, DMRT1 in located on the Z sex chromosome and is currently the best candidate maste

50 rid form characterised by an A. gambiae-like sex chromosome and massive introgression of A. coluzzii

51 l Drosophila melanogaster, generally have XY sex chromosomes and a conserved karyotype consisting of

52 ansmission generates similar asymmetries for sex chromosomes and cytoplasmic factors interacting with

53 ghlights the dynamic evolution of vertebrate sex chromosomes and further enhances the value of snakes

54 erved that sex-related genes are copied from sex chromosomes and inserted into autosomes, a process t

55 ciated with the abnormal/normal state of the sex chromosomes and of chromosomes 15 and 17.

56 st for our understanding of the evolution of sex chromosomes and other supergene complexes.

57 Homomorphic sex chromosomes and rapid turnover of sex-determining ge

58 of modern felid genomes and the influence of sex chromosomes and sex-biased dispersal in post-speciat

59 netic pathways underlying sex determination, sex chromosomes and sexual reproduction in eukaryotes ap

60 pattern compared to taxa with heteromorphic sex chromosomes and taxa without sex chromosomes.

61 ground (i.e., lacking the ancestral W female sex chromosome), and is hemizygous.

62 of Drosophila miranda, a species with young sex chromosomes, and compare it with Drosophila melanoga

63 of complex interactions among sex hormones, sex chromosomes, and immune response genes.

64 transitions retaining the ancestral pair of sex chromosomes, and in those creating a new pair.

65 osomal elements became incorporated into the sex chromosomes, and others yet with female heterogamety

66 In addition to sex hormones, the X and Y sex chromosomes, and their unique complements of genes,

67 Sex chromosome aneuploidies are a common group of disord

68 attention to emerging trends in research of sex chromosome aneuploidies is important for clinicians

69 Sex chromosome aneuploidies provide ideal models to exam

70 icipants included 137 youth with one of five sex-chromosome aneuploidies [SCAs; XXX (n = 28), XXY (n

71 ing of cerebellar organization in health and sex chromosome aneuploidy.

72 r the psychiatric phenotypes associated with sex-chromosome aneuploidy (SCA).

73 duals are viable in many species, suggesting sex chromosomes are at an incipient stage of their evolu

74 lution of sexual dimorphism and expansion of sex chromosomes are both driven through sexual conflict,

75 cy has evolved recently within Asparagus and sex chromosomes are cytogenetically identical with the Y

76 In many taxa, sex chromosomes are heteromorphic and largely non-recomb

77 re also necessary for efficient MSCI and the sex chromosomes are not correctly silenced in Zfy-defici

78 Sex chromosomes are particularly interesting regions of

79 Sex chromosomes are remarkably variable in origin and ca

80 s, and that the evolutionary trajectories of sex chromosomes are similar in the two kingdoms.

81 phic within species, suggesting that nascent sex chromosomes arise frequently over the course of evol

82 Evolution of sex chromosomes as a consequence of serial recombination

83 volution of recombination suppression on the sex chromosomes, as has been demonstrated for sex-specif

84 y-directed repair of the DDX4 locus on the Z sex chromosome at high (8.1%) efficiencies.

85 tor [1-3], with different species exhibiting sex chromosomes at varying stages of differentiation.

86 vels of postzygotic isolation than taxa with sex chromosomes, at a similar amount of genetic divergen

87 python (Python bivittatus) indeed possess XY sex chromosomes, based on the discovery of male-specific

88 fferences with the presence of an additional sex chromosome being associated with relatively decrease

89 pecies thus provide a rich resource to study sex chromosome biology in a comparative manner and show

90 RNA causes mitotic defects, not only of the sex chromosome but also in trans of all autosomes.

91 ion in gene expression observed on the avian sex chromosomes but could be the result of sampling bias

92 pid following the establishment of new (neo) sex chromosomes, but it is not known if neo-sex chromoso

93 Nascent sex chromosomes can arise if an existing sex chromosome

94 Sex chromosomes can display successive steps of recombin

95 empirical support for longstanding models of sex chromosome catalysis, and suggest an important role

96 e prevalence of Haldane's rule suggests that sex chromosomes commonly have a key role in reproductive

97 the mechanisms by which gonadal hormones and sex chromosome complement each contribute to lipid metab

98 e Ldlr(-/-) deficient mice with an XX and XY sex chromosome complement had similar sex organ weights

99 An XY sex chromosome complement in phenotypic females profound

100 autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice with an XY sex chromosome complement in the CNS, compared with XX,

101 d the effect of female (XX) versus male (XY) sex chromosome complement on angiotensin II-induced AAA

102 his is a demonstration of a direct effect of sex chromosome complement on neurodegeneration in a neur

103 eptor (Ldlr) deficient mice with an XX or XY sex chromosome complement were infused with angiotensin

104 to deconvolve the interwoven effects of sex, sex chromosome complement, and brain size on human cereb

105 that accompany interwoven variations in sex, sex chromosome complement, and brain size.SIGNIFICANCE S

106 ly determined by the presence of an XX or XY sex chromosome complement.

107 ellar subcomponents are sensitive to sex and sex chromosome complement.

108 oimaging of humans with typical and atypical sex-chromosome complements has established the marked in

109 th defective X chromosome gene silencing and sex chromosome condensation.

110 We identify over a dozen different sex chromosome configurations, and the small dot chromos

111 le, and both the female (U) and the male (V) sex chromosomes contain nonrecombining regions.

112 n dosage compensation strategy for balancing sex chromosome content between females and males.

113 Sex chromosomes contribute disproportionately to species

114 targeting one specific site, we found that a sex chromosome could be selectively eliminated in cultur

115 ce, age of onset, progression and prognosis; sex chromosomes could play a role in these differences.

116 Highly differentiated sex chromosomes create a lethal imbalance in gene expres

117 lant species, Silene latifolia, that evolved sex chromosomes de novo in the last 10 million years.

118 some 19 of Populus trichocarpa, an incipient sex chromosome, deciphering two, yet unknown, evolutiona

119 ted that all extant snakes share the same ZW sex chromosomes derived from a common ancestor [1-3], wi

120 Sex chromosomes differentiated from different ancestral

121 We also show that the structure of the sex chromosomes differs strikingly, with a larger sex-li

122 Complete sex chromosome dosage compensation has more often been o

123 some-specific forms of regulation, including sex chromosome dosage compensation in the soma and meiot

124 Sex chromosome dosage compensation is essential in most

125 ation occurs that is distinct from canonical sex chromosome dosage compensation or meiotic inactivati

126 xual selection plays a major role in shaping sex chromosome dosage compensation.

127 lecular bases and functional consequences of sex chromosome dosage effects on CT asymmetry.

128 s that the evolutionary pressures imposed by sex chromosome dosage reductions in different amniotes w

129 dy provides a novel understanding of sex and sex-chromosome dosage effects on subcortical organizatio

130 ents RNF2-dependent ubiquitination of H2A on sex chromosomes during meiosis, thereby enabling unique

131 CI) ensure the selective silencing of female sex chromosomes during mouse embryogenesis.

132 raw cerebellar volume, (2) compare these to sex chromosome effects estimated across five rare sex (X

133 These results suggest that sex chromosome effects on neurodegeneration in the CNS r

134 s that allow distinction between gonadal and sex chromosome effects.

135 ersality of the underlying processes shaping sex chromosome evolution across distant lineages.

136 Our results suggest that neo-sex chromosome evolution can drive rapid functional dive

137 y, snakes have been a well-studied model for sex chromosome evolution in animals [1, 4].

138 Here, we investigate sex chromosome evolution in the dioecious plant Rumex ha

139 sex chromosomes, but it is not known if neo-sex chromosome evolution plays an important role in spec

140 The dominant model of sex chromosome evolution posits that recombination is su

141 ex-specific life cycle stages that can drive sex chromosome evolution to include gametic competition

142 ess have several advantages for the study of sex chromosome evolution, as genetic sex determination h

143 d reproductive mode may affect the course of sex chromosome evolution, for instance by altering the s

144 gus officinalis) serves as a model for plant sex chromosome evolution, given that it has recently evo

145 on, and inversions are sometimes involved in sex chromosome evolution, gradual expansion of the non-r

146 ed recombination is a critical change during sex chromosome evolution, leading to such properties as

147 f broad significance to our understanding of sex chromosome evolution, the genetic changes that occur

148 r the opportunity to study the full range of sex chromosome evolution.

149 to understanding the history and dynamics of sex chromosome evolution.

150 verall, we unveil a complex history of avian sex chromosome evolution.

151 the value of snakes as a model for studying sex chromosome evolution.

152 ific region, supporting a two-gene model for sex chromosome evolution.

153 sequence brings to light dramatic forces in sex chromosome evolution: lineage-specific convergent ac

154 I show that taxa that do not have sex chromosomes evolve lower levels of postzygotic isola

155 Sex chromosomes evolve once recombination is halted betw

156 Sex chromosomes evolved from autosomes many times across

157 ant species, one in which separate sexes and sex chromosomes evolved recently and one which maintaine

158 icate that at least three different types of sex chromosomes exist: Y, W, and Z, observed in YZ, YW,

159 by enabling unique epigenetic programming of sex chromosomes for male reproduction.

160 speciation', and emphasize the importance of sex chromosomes for the evolution of intrinsic postzygot

161 The sex chromosome fragment in question represents a fascina

162 gene dose that accompanied the evolution of sex chromosomes from autosomes.

163 Our findings will aid studies of sex chromosome function and enable the development of ma

164 ent sex chromosomes can arise if an existing sex chromosome fuses to an autosome or an autosome acqui

165 ese disorders allows us to determine whether sex chromosome gene dosage effects exist.

166 We infer that sex chromosome gene expression directly influences brain

167 Sex chromosome genes may serve as novel targets for sex-

168 notypes, including a putative dose effect of sex chromosome genes on neuroanatomical structures and c

169 Most models for how sex chromosome genes specify size dimorphism have emphas

170 somes themselves or found to be regulated by sex chromosome genes.

171 on becomes suppressed between two homologous sex chromosomes, genes on the non-recombining Y chromoso

172 arbitrarily small fitness differences among sex chromosome genotypes can determine the system to whi

173 We show that avian sex chromosomes harbor tremendous diversity among specie

174 To date, research on the evolution of sex chromosomes has focused on sexually antagonistic sel

175 The belief that all snakes possess ZW sex chromosomes has prevailed for decades, despite no ev

176 The evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes has repeatedly resulted in the evolution

177 Sex chromosomes have evolved from a pair of homologous a

178 Sex chromosomes have evolved independently in numerous a

179 Sex chromosomes have evolved independently in phylogenet

180 Heteromorphic sex chromosomes have originated independently in many sp

181 The mammalian sex chromosomes have undergone profound changes during t

182 Sex-chromosomes have formed repeatedly across Diptera fr

183 sed strains uncoupled sex determination from sex chromosome identity and revealed gender-specific rol

184 d detect strata even if only the sequence of sex chromosome in the homogametic sex (i.e. X or Z chrom

185 It can be used to reconstruct sex chromosomes in a heterogametic sex of any species.

186 fic gene regulation has been observed across sex chromosomes in a range of animals and is often a fun

187 tomic and genomic data, to identify distinct sex chromosomes in boas and pythons, demonstrating that

188 e forces have shaped the unique evolution of sex chromosomes in diverse fly taxa.

189 , different ancestral autosomes evolved into sex chromosomes in each lineage.

190 hromosomes, whereas H3K9me3 was increased on sex chromosomes in Fancb mutant spermatocytes.

191 Our data suggest that heteromorphic sex chromosomes in males (that is, a hypertranscribed X

192 However, there have been few studies of sex chromosomes in systems where such transitions have b

193 ns very small, despite ancient origin of the sex chromosomes in the Aedes lineage.

194 ses, but did not address a potential role of sex chromosomes in the CNS response to immune-mediated i

195 endosymbionts triggered the evolution of new sex chromosomes in the common pillbug Armadillidium vulg

196 These studies demonstrated an effect of sex chromosomes in the induction of immune responses, bu

197 in the meiotic progression and silencing of sex chromosomes in the male germline, which may explain

198 -W, does not exist in X. tropicalis, and the sex chromosomes in the two species are not homologous.

199 nd a compensatory mechanism based on meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI) [6, 8-11].

200 their chromosomes or fail to undergo meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI) are eliminated via ap

201 f all X-linked genes is repressed by meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI) during the meiotic ph

202 ound that X-linked genes that escape meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI) show rapid adaptive e

203 dosage compensation in the soma and meiotic sex chromosome inactivation in the germline.

204 erized example of meiotic silencing, meiotic sex chromosome inactivation, we reveal this AAD-containi

205 on thought to be driven primarily by meiotic sex chromosome inactivation.

206 In plants, multiple lineages have evolved sex chromosomes independently, providing a powerful comp

207 rmline and soma offer unique perspectives on sex chromosome infertility.

208 tially represent copy number variants of the sex chromosomes, investigation of brain structure across

209 t this important but elusive heterochromatic sex chromosome is evolving extremely rapidly and harbors

210 A potential heterogametic sex chromosome is identified in the female arowana karyo

211 A common feature of sex chromosomes is coordinated regulation of X-linked ge

212 The localization of FANCB on sex chromosomes is dependent on MDC1, a binding partner

213 Recombination in ancient, heteromorphic sex chromosomes is typically suppressed at the sex-deter

214 tic drive, the non-Mendelian transmission of sex chromosomes, is the expression of an intragenomic co

215 requires zygotic gene expression to read the sex chromosome karyotype, early embryos must remain gend

216 a and uncover tremendous hidden diversity in sex chromosome karyotypes among flies.

217 cessible software tool for identification of sex chromosome linked genes in species without an existi

218 ooth enamel and subsequent identification of sex chromosome-linked isoforms of amelogenin, an enamel-

219 ious or monoecious populations, autosomal or sex chromosomes, local adaptation, dominance, epistasis,

220 Sex chromosome loss is comparatively infrequent during m

221 However, more recent evidence suggests that sex chromosomes may also have direct upstream effects th

222 acquisition of reproduction-related genes on sex chromosomes may be specific to the male germ line.

223 Sex chromosome meiotic drive, the non-Mendelian transmis

224 In contrast to highly differentiated sex chromosomes, nascent sex chromosome pairs are homomo

225 r analyses point to a complex origin for the sex chromosome of C. gomesi and highlight the utility of

226 ciated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) to study the sex chromosomes of Characidium gomesi, a species with co

227 henomenon is exemplified by the heterologous sex chromosomes of male mammals, where the ATR DNA damag

228 Sex chromosomes of some plants evolved much more recentl

229 loss from Y chromosomes, but recent work on sex chromosomes of two plant species has estimated that

230 Sex chromosomes often differ between closely related spe

231 able elements (TEs), developmental genes and sex chromosomes onto the snake phylogeny.

232 a different chromosome replaced the dot as a sex chromosome or in which up to three chromosomal eleme

233 king degree of sex-biased expression without sex chromosomes or epigenetic differences in methylation

234 r, we identify species with undifferentiated sex chromosomes, others in which a different chromosome

235 tions involve changes to both members of the sex chromosome pair (X and Y, or Z and W).

236 provides a mechanism for how one member of a sex chromosome pair can experience evolutionary turnover

237 Finally, we infer that the ZW sex chromosome pair had undergone at least three recombi

238 genes were added to an ancestral PAR of the sex chromosome pair in two distinct events probably invo

239 ghly differentiated sex chromosomes, nascent sex chromosome pairs are homomorphic or very similar in

240 Canonical ancient sex chromosome pairs consist of a gene rich X (or Z) Chr

241 he degree of genetic differentiation between sex chromosome pairs, and therefore offer the opportunit

242 During meiotic prophase in males, the sex chromosomes partially synapse to form the XY body, a

243 lation, and have led to the realization that sex chromosomes play an important role in this process.

244 Sex chromosomes present a genomic region which to some e

245 Because some combinations of parental sex chromosomes produce unisex offspring and other disto

246 rus determined the sex of their offspring by sex chromosomes rather than by environmental temperature

247 Our results demonstrate that genes on the sex chromosomes regulate aortic vascular biology and con

248 Our analyses show that Anolis sex chromosomes represent an ancient XY system that orig

249 Based on our models, sex chromosomes should become enriched for genes that ex

250 Taxa with young homomorphic sex chromosomes show an intermediate pattern compared to

251 ifies TOPBP1 as a critical factor in meiotic sex chromosome silencing.

252 ble high-throughput methods for detection of sex chromosomes specific markers are needed, especially

253 an present an ideal tool to map and identify sex chromosome-specific expressed markers.

254 has repeatedly resulted in the evolution of sex chromosome-specific forms of regulation, including s

255 In species with genetic sex determination, sex chromosome-specific processes, such as dosage compen

256 aster, a novel but poorly understood form of sex chromosome-specific transcriptional regulation occur

257 r a broad community of scientists focused on sex chromosome structure and evolution.

258 Remarkably, these genes are clustered on the sex chromosome, suggesting that short lifespan might hav

259 ant meiocytes showed a significant defect in sex chromosome synapsis, which likely contributed to the

260 plained by boas and pythons possessing an XY sex chromosome system [6, 7].

261 mpensation mechanism in an ancient reptilian sex chromosome system and highlights that the evolutiona

262 Here we identify X. tropicalis' sex chromosome system by integrating data from (i) breed

263 a closely related dioecious plants whose XY sex chromosome system is inherited from a common ancesto

264 Mammals have the oldest sex chromosome system known: the mammalian X and Y chrom

265 mining genes can complicate establishing the sex chromosome system operating in a given species.

266 In chicken, which has a Z/W sex chromosome system, expression output of genes on the

267 given that it has recently evolved an XX/XY sex chromosome system.

268 d by this species, little is known about its sex chromosome system.

269 tes to our understanding of the evolution of sex chromosome systems in higher plants.

270 redictions that can be evaluated in emerging sex chromosome systems.

271 aths of intermediate equilibria link the two sex chromosome systems.

272 or studying the composition and evolution of sex chromosomes systems in wild populations.

273 with the ages of the avian and two mammalian sex chromosomes systems.

274 ges were more common in genes located on the sex chromosomes than the autosomes and led to feminizati

275 The house fly has sex chromosomes that resemble the ancestral fly karyotyp

276 nts of genes originally present on the proto-sex-chromosome that escaped degeneration, but instead we

277 Unlike other sequenced sex chromosomes, the chicken W chromosome did not acquir

278 immune response genes have been localized to sex chromosomes themselves or found to be regulated by s

279 ile trisomic XXY and XYY mice lose the extra sex chromosome through a phenomenon we term trisomy-bias

280 ovides evidence that gene transposition from sex chromosomes to autosomes is a conserved phenomenon a

281 somes, particularly the heterochromatin-rich sex chromosomes, to separate on the first mitotic spindl

282 Previously documented sex chromosome transitions involve changes to both membe

283 s been most influential are the evolution of sex chromosomes, transposable elements, deleterious muta

284 Sex chromosome trisomy affects 0.1% of the human populat

285 The evolutionary causes underlying sex chromosome turnover are poorly understood, however.

286 ur results provide further evidence that the sex chromosomes undergo mosaic events more frequently th

287 r, most sequencing projects have ignored the sex chromosomes unique to the heterogametic sex - Y and

288 lied this approach to the recently sequenced sex chromosome V of the brown alga Ectocarpus sp. that h

289 ar karyotypes may conceal the true extent of sex chromosome variation.

290 suppressed on non-homologous portions of the sex chromosomes via the DSB-responsive kinase ATM, which

291 nts involving individuals with a recombinant sex chromosome we found developmental abnormalities lead

292 different species with independently formed sex-chromosomes, we find that Y-linked genes have evolve

293 Contrary to the pattern seen in mammalian sex chromosomes, where most Y-linked genes have X-linked

294 , a silent epigenetic mark, was decreased on sex chromosomes, whereas H3K9me3 was increased on sex ch

295 s usually exhibit dosage effects, except for sex chromosomes which tend to be dosage compensated.

296 all dot chromosome is repeatedly used as the sex chromosome, which presumably reflects the ancestral

297 In wild-type testes, this sex chromosome-wide transcriptional suppression is gener

298 , I test the hypothesis that the presence of sex chromosomes will contribute to a faster evolution of

299 The recombination dynamics of this nascent sex chromosome with a modestly diverged SDR may be typic

300 Sex chromosome X (OR = 0.18[0.16-0.20]) and Y (OR = 0.00