ライフサイエンスコーパス: sex ratio

1 en predictions and observations of offspring sex ratio.

2 t sperm head abnormalities and female-biased sex ratio.

3 ude that mothers adaptively adjust offspring sex ratio.

4 uch as low-dose aspirin (LDA), may alter the sex ratio.

5 nctional Y-bearing sperm and a female-biased sex ratio.

6 genetic variants to the observed skew in the sex ratio.

7 tocytes per strain on the optimal gametocyte sex ratio.

8 complete fertilization on optimal gametocyte sex ratio.

9 sors to produce a rapidly changing mosaic of sex ratio.

10 of unregistered children, and a more normal sex ratio.

11 genotypic sex determination (GSD) and fixed sex ratios.

12 morphic autoimmune diseases exhibit unbiased sex ratios.

13 ty rates to identify countries with outlying sex ratios.

14 lity issues and assessing the uncertainty in sex ratios.

15 and selects for very extremely female-biased sex ratios.

16 r than one but sex discrimination can change sex ratios.

17 rous females and significantly female-biased sex ratios.

18 ities lead to female-biased total population sex ratios.

19 qually and produce broods with highly skewed sex ratios.

20 voices reduced accuracy, but only at extreme sex ratios.

21 the suppressor for the maintenance of equal sex ratios.

22 llus) population that suffers from distorted sex ratios.

23 nt plays a key role in determining offspring sex ratios.

24 e the main driver behind divergences in nest sex ratios.

25 cks occurring in 37 patients (male-to-female sex ratio, 1.05; mean +/- SD age, 51 +/- 11.4 yr) were i

26 a temperature that produces a female-biased sex ratio (30 degrees C), but not at a temperature that

27 at a temperature that produces a male-biased sex ratio (32.5 degrees C).

28 Further, the extremely biased sex ratios (97% female) are better explained by mutually

29 influence offspring fitness, thus favouring sex-ratio adjustment by parents.

30 eived sex ratios that correlated with actual sex ratios after 1500 ms exposures to groups of simultan

31 ons between maternal condition and offspring sex ratio alone are insufficient to conclude that mother

32 A recent experimental study finds that sex ratio also affects human economic behaviour, and in

33 The sex ratio among abnormal embryos is male-biased, and the

34 ong abnormal embryos is male-biased, and the sex ratio among normal embryos is female-biased.

35 nd significant variability in estimated nest sex ratios among mothers, but a high degree of consisten

36 We document male-biased sex ratios among U.S.-born children of Chinese, Korean,

37 the context of (1) my hormonal hypothesis of sex ratio and (2) the notion of multifactorial inheritan

38 model for European populations with a fixed sex ratio and a random mating scheme to assess the proba

39 "mating function" (the relationship between sex ratio and reproductive success) but this relationshi

40 ions et al. introduce the different kinds of sex ratio and their biology.

41 sought for selected countries with outlying sex ratios and action should be undertaken if sex discri

42 espread evidence of the relationship between sex ratios and behavior, we know little about whether or

43 BDE-47 exposed groups also had female-biased sex ratios and exposed males had fewer tubercles.

44 We measured sex ratios and fecundity, a proxy for Wolbachia fitness,

45 ption in frog populations, such as shifts in sex ratios and feminization of males, has predominantly

46 challenges to understanding the dynamics of sex ratios and host-pathogen interactions.

47 Here we present the sex ratios and mating dynamics of the free-living nemato

48 eously estimated the global relation between sex ratios and mortality levels and constructed estimate

49 udies over a recent decade, considering also sex ratios and mortality.

50 They can selfishly alter arthropod sex ratios and reproductive strategies to increase the p

51 A driving X causes highly female-biased sex ratios and the risk of extinction.

52 between isogenic males with sensitive (high sex ratio) and resistant (low sex ratio) Y chromosomes f

53 n in microdistribution, body size frequency, sex ratio, and ovarian and embryonic development, which

54 e exposure independently induced male-skewed sex ratios, and the effects of clotrimazole were greater

55 e often focused on males resulting in skewed sex-ratios, and for many ungulate species this strategy

56 bles, and we find that income inequality and sex ratio are better predictors than climate of cross-so

57 enetic sex-determination system on the adult sex ratio are likely to have profound effects on the dem

58 atios, suggesting that perceived operational sex ratios are adaptively linked to the reproductive via

59 When sex ratios are biased, the more numerous sex faces incre

60 contradiction to our claim that male-biased sex ratios are characteristically human, female-biased r

61 ehavior, we know little about whether or how sex ratios are encoded and perceived.

62 cal sex ratio information and that perceived sex ratios are influenced by characteristics of the loca

63 The effects of male-biased sex ratios are likely to cascade to dependent community

64 males and, consequently, extreme male-biased sex ratios are possible in a significant number of popul

65 es more males than females, we conclude that sex ratios are representative of operational sex ratios

66 Sex ratios are subject to distortion by a range of inher

67 , we examined the effect of PQ on gametocyte sex ratio as a possible explanation for this early steri

68 ns developmental phenotypes, body length and sex ratio, as examples, we showed that this method could

69 The adult sex ratio (ASR) has critical effects on behaviour, ecolo

70 Adult sex ratio (ASR) is a fundamental concept in population d

71 versal should be driven by male-biased adult sex ratio (ASR).

72 The final population fluctuated widely in sex ratio, associated with varying frequency of the male

73 The male-to-female sex ratio at birth is constant across world populations

74 four national indicators of gender equality (sex ratio at birth, Gender Development Index, Gender Ine

75 e X variants that could explain the observed sex ratio at birth.

76 mall proportion of women could influence the sex ratio at birth.

77 e and largest ever assembled to estimate the sex ratio at conception and the sex ratio trajectory and

78 Our estimate of the sex ratio at conception is 0.5 (proportion male), which

79 which contradicts the common claim that the sex ratio at conception is male-biased.

80 The unbiased sex ratio at conception, the increase in the sex ratio d

81 ferences in dispersal, which could alter the sex ratio at the expansion's leading edge.

82 sal generates increasingly male-biased adult sex ratios at low densities.

83 LETM-onset NMO were similar in age at onset, sex ratio, attack severity, relapse rate, and motor disa

84 nstrate that two estimators of the effective sex ratio based on population structure and nucleotide d

85 wenty-four hours after treatment, gametocyte sex ratio became male-biased and was not significantly d

86 A potential complication is that zygotic sex-ratios become biased when haploid selected loci beco

87 Mali, there was no significant difference in sex ratio between the DP and DP-PQ groups (>0.125 mg/kg)

88 between microsatellite markers and levels of sex ratio bias (meiotic drive) in 12 wild T. dalmanni po

89 vivo, mutating Indian Hedgehog results in a sex ratio bias against females, and the female lethality

90 netic development induces a new mechanism of sex ratio bias in midges, wasps and beetles.

91 Our data suggest an ancient female sex ratio bias that predates the loss of adults, perhaps

92 The observed increased performance and sex-ratio bias of infected whiteflies are sufficient to

93 These sex ratio biases are sufficient to impact local producti

94 n sing throughout the breeding season, local sex ratio biases could also be masking the true extent o

95 iation in abundance to explore the extent of sex ratio biases, their causes and implications.

96 th HFpEF were comparable to controls in age, sex ratio, blood pressure, and heart rate.

97 ariation to make inferences about historical sex ratios but reached seemingly contradictory conclusio

98 s, pair living, or changes in group size and sex ratio, but is successfully prevented by female sexua

99 Within-species variation in sex ratios can help to identify the demographic and beha

100 iological characteristics such as incidence, sex ratio, CFR, and seasonality differ substantially acr

101 er, the selective advantage of female-biased sex ratios comes from the resulting increase in total re

102 However, patterns such as sex ratios, comorbidity, and demographic associations we

103 theorized that inducing extreme reproductive sex ratios could be a method to suppress or eliminate pe

104 n the small SDR may be weak, but fluctuating sex ratios could favor elevated recombination in the PAR

105 ming world have increased because imbalanced sex ratios could potentially threaten population viabili

106 have been unable to locate direct supporting sex ratio data relating to any conflict before World War

107 , except at very low infant mortality, where sex ratios decreased with total mortality.

108 owed better accuracy than men, but only when sex ratios departed markedly from 50%.

109 This sex ratio did not differ significantly by participant's

110 The sex ratio did not differ significantly from unity (i.e.,

111 By comparing sexes, a possible sex ratio distorter was found but no sex chromosomes.

112 assayed for their resistance to the X-linked sex-ratio distorter gene Dox.

113 a genomic conflict with one or more X-linked sex-ratio distorter genes.

114 We conclude that sex ratio distorters, such as Wolbachia endosymbionts, c

115 de that asynchronous invasion and decline of sex-ratio distorters combines with the evolution of host

116 ting behavior can determine the frequency of sex-ratio distorters in populations.

117 X-linked sex-ratio distorters that disrupt spermatogenesis can ca

118 ation and includes forms linked to increased sex-ratio distorting parasites at polluted sites.

119 ura against extinction caused by a "selfish" sex-ratio-distorting element.

120 The gene network that modulates sex ratio distortion by the Y chromosome is poorly under

121 We have shown previously that sex ratio distortion can be generated synthetically in t

122 In many PI Wolbachia-infected species sex ratio distortion has reached its ultimate expression

123 a recently discovered maternally transmitted sex ratio distortion in an insect that is associated wit

124 Many of these consequences, particularly sex ratio distortion, have well-studied parallels in oth

125 or did we find that Cardinium caused progeny sex ratio distortion, leaving the role of Cardinium in E

126 do not induce cytoplasmic incompatibility or sex-ratio distortion, two parasitic reproductive phenoty

127 y occurring genetic variation at the Winters sex-ratio driver (Distorter on the X or Dox), its progen

128 sex ratio at conception, the increase in the sex ratio during the first trimester, and total mortalit

129 and the cultural factors that influence the sex ratio (e.g., sex-specific migration rates).

130 Together with the known sex-ratio effects of Yq/Sly deficiency, our results sugg

131 The sex ratio estimates were used to disaggregate published

132 itness returns from female production affect sex ratio evolution.

133 ing mortality was associated with increasing sex ratios, except at very low infant mortality, where s

134 No significant differences in sex ratio, familial recurrence, relapse rate, ethnicity

135 f five wild silverside populations exhibited sex ratios far from 50:50 and thus are predicted to be e

136 The typical dilemma with sex-ratio findings is that when they are real, they aren

137 nce of sparse populations and interacts with sex ratio fluctuations to shape extinction dynamics.

138 For many countries, sex ratios follow this pattern but important exceptions

139 ikely reflect mechanisms contributing to the sex ratio for autism observed in the general population

140 ant's age, the year the survey began, or the sex ratio for mortality due to myocardial infarction.

141 ly on, leading to an increased female-biased sex ratio for the whole brood.

142 del that highlights the importance of mating sex ratios for differences between birds and mammals and

143 sis, we estimated country-specific mortality sex ratios for infants, children aged 1-4 years, and chi

144 ming temperatures on hatchling output and on sex ratios for these species that exhibit TSD.

145 We describe the trajectory of the human sex ratio from conception to birth by analyzing data fro

146 volutionary "arms race." None of the Winters sex-ratio genes are fixed in D. simulans, and at all loc

147 For example, several sex-ratio genes were found to interact with brc-1 and br

148 presence-absence polymorphism in the Winters sex-ratio genes.

149 In addition, sex ratios have become male-biased over the last two dec

150 numerous studies have suggested that unequal sex ratios have existed in human evolutionary history, a

151 opulations may be more likely to have skewed sex ratios if sex differences in survival, recruitment o

152 in the modern era with interpretation of the sex ratio: If the decision to abort a pregnancy is influ

153 tly younger, had lower AMA titers, and lower sex-ratio imbalance.

154 determine spatial and temporal variation in sex ratio in a interaction between a butterfly and male-

155 aluate, across time and participant age, the sex ratio in angina prevalence in countries that differ

156 We observed a heavily male-biased sex ratio in gametophyte plants (ramets) and in multiloc

157 ids during meiosis II, causing female-biased sex ratio in progeny.

158 on should favour adjustment of the offspring sex ratio in relation to the expected fitness return fro

159 our slight but predictable variations in the sex ratio in relation to the quality of offspring that p

160 ernal identity is the best predictor of nest sex ratio in univariate and multivariate predictive mode

161 Global sex ratios in 2012 were 1.13 (90% uncertainty interval 1

162 Adult sex ratios in a local environment are linked to a wide v

163 et out to systematically investigate whether sex ratios in case notifications reflect differences in

164 kably successful at explaining female-biased sex ratios in multicellular taxa, but has proved controv

165 from sex ratio theory predicts female-biased sex ratios in populations that are highly subdivided dur

166 ale's ability to plastically adjust her nest sex ratios in response to environmental conditions is co

167 These findings suggest that male-biased sex ratios in small and declining populations can arise

168 re-recovery, population surveys and age- and sex ratios in the harvest) and combined them into integr

169 extend our understanding of malaria parasite sex ratios in three main ways.

170 natural variation of Y-linked suppressors of sex-ratio in the Winters systems and the ability of thes

171 of this cross showed a strongly male-biased sex ratio, in agreement with Haldane's rule that postula

172 te is higher in species with a female-biased sex ratio, indicating that mate change by pair members a

173 ective harvest if population composition and sex-ratios influence overall survival and reproductive s

174 ut rising incidence as reflected by a rising sex ratio, influenced by gene-environment interaction, i

175 st that listeners automatically encode vocal sex ratio information and that perceived sex ratios are

176 biologically normal, as were White offspring sex ratios (irrespective of the elder siblings' sex).

177 Here we show that, as predicted by theory, sex ratio is an important fitness-determining trait and

178 The sex ratio is considered to be affected by numerous biolo

179 e sex-determining region because the zygotic sex ratio is determined by the relative number and fitne

180 ally hermaphroditic (sex-changing) fish, the sex ratio is typically skewed and biased towards the 'fi

181 Understanding environmental influences on sex ratios is important for the study of the evolution o

182 The argument that coital rate affects sex ratio just after wars seems to be supported by evide

183 ) chromosome and skew progeny and population sex ratios, leading to intense conflict among genomic co

184 ly influences who helps; a freely adjustable sex ratio magnifies sex biases and promotes helping; and

185 for age, gestational duration, birth weight, sex ratio, maternal age, education, and socioeconomic st

186 The sex ratio may decrease in the first week or so after con

187 This transgenerational effect on sex ratio may reflect an epigenetic influence on paterna

188 Sex-ratio meiotic drive occurs when males produce a pred

189 Y-linked modifiers that restore a normal sex ratio might be abundant and favored when a X-linked

190 h data availability and quality, and because sex ratios might vary naturally based on differences in

191 ne evolved from extremely female biased to a sex ratio near parity, resulting from the infection losi

192 The normal sex ratio observed in M. scalaris from control diets was

193 ive association between parasite density and sex ratio observed within and between some species.

194 Male-biased sex ratios occur in many bird species, particularly in t

195 P = 0.02), which was partially explained by sex (ratio of HRs = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.07).

196 l female excess with a pooled random-effects sex ratio of 1.20 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.28, P<0.0001).

197 The sex ratio of Buruli ulcer widely varied with age, with m

198 The sex ratio of each flock did not deviate from parity and

199 We find that the sex ratio of helpers (1) shows no significant correlatio

200 In eusocial species, the sex ratio of helpers varies from female only, in taxa su

201 Helper contributions are also related to the sex ratio of helpers, but neither group size nor the pro

202 ustralia, and New Zealand), I found that the sex ratio of infant mortality peaked in the 1970s or 198

203 igm is consistent with available data on the sex ratio of live births of women with SLE.

204 Under natural circumstances, the sex ratio of male to female mortality up to the age of 5

205 one abscisic acid (ABA), which regulates the sex ratio of male to hermaphrodite tissues during the re

206 The high female-to-male sex ratio of multiple sclerosis (MS) prevalence has cont

207 The Trivers-Willard theory proposes that the sex ratio of offspring should vary with maternal conditi

208 ed an unexpectedly strong female bias in the sex ratio of pre-breeding European Storm Petrels (Hydrob

209 (Ficus racemosa) can influence the offspring sex ratio of the pollinator wasp.

210 ellular symbionts that distort the offspring sex ratio of their hosts toward a female bias.

211 Many animals can adjust the sex ratio of their offspring according to their parental

212 fully captured; all model projections of the sex ratio of women to men on ART were lower than the sur

213 uld likely produce fairly balanced hatchling sex ratios of 53% and 63% male hatchlings, respectively,

214 By contrast, the sex ratios of eldest and younger children with an older

215 t nest depths and implications for hatchling sex ratios of hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata)

216 Here, we show that sex ratios of metamorphosing frogs become increasingly f

217 In many developing countries, I found that sex ratios of mortality have changed in the same directi

218 The sex ratios of observed resident and migrant shags did no

219 anation for the high variation in gametocyte sex ratios of P. falciparum observed in nature.

220 rtunities of subordinates and the number and sex ratios of subsequent litters of pups.

221 nd the degree to which mothers influence the sex ratios of their offspring, we use 24 years of nestin

222 We collected two data sets: (a) brood sex ratios of wild-caught males mated to standard labora

223 dentified 15 countries with outlying under-5 sex ratios, of which ten countries had female mortality

224 deletion develop normally but with a skewed sex ratio, one male per litter, revealing its sex-biased

225 oalescent effective population size, such as sex ratio or fecundity and survival schedules.

226 y be an important factor in influencing host sex ratios or fitness in a diversity of pollinators.

227 sex ratios are representative of operational sex ratios or of different flight activities.

228 tween a positive ELISA Lam332 score and age; sex ratio; oral, ocular, genital, skin, or esophageal/la

229 g strain of Spiroplasma (strain Melanogaster Sex Ratio Organism (MSRO)) co-occurs with Wolbachia (str

230 Adults showed a highly female biased sex ratio, out-breeding behaviour, and sex-role reversal

231 However, there are differences in sex ratios, patterns of comorbidity, and the results of

232 stochasticity could also affect leading-edge sex ratios, perhaps overwhelming sex-biased dispersal.

233 Canada implied by longitudinal increases in sex ratio place this effect in temporal context and narr

234 -4972 m) revealed spatial variability in the sex ratios, population structure, size, and development

235 A recent study comparing sex ratios produced by experimental evolution in spider

236 Sex ratio (proportion of males (males/males+females)) at

237 belligerent countries in World Wars 1 and 2, sex ratios (proportions male at birth) rose during and j

238 tial, selfish B chromosome known as Paternal Sex Ratio (PSR) induces complete elimination of the sper

239 Fishers equal-investment conclusion for the sex ratio remains valid because the total reproductive v

240 nerate 1:1 male:female or male:hermaphrodite sex ratios, respectively, regardless of the ploidy level

241 We showed that sex ratio response to elevated temperature is family-spe

242 ging from 80.8% to 89.7% female (mean annual sex ratio +/- SD = 85.5% female +/-4.1%).

243 We discuss the dynamics of sex ratio selection in PI Wolbachia-infected populations

244 light the interaction between mating system, sex-ratio selection and intragenomic conflict.

245 r male heterogamety, owing to countervailing sex-ratio selection.

246 metries in life history or behaviour (skewed sex ratio, sex-biased dispersal, and sex-specific mating

247 Selection led to a male-biased sex ratio, shortened oviposition period, and decreased l

248 Our data indicate for PBC a sex ratio significantly lower than previously cited, a r

249 sites declines significantly with increasing sex ratio skew.

250 sex differences in survival increasing with sex ratio skew.

251 Male sex ratio skews also occurred for the lower clotrimazole

252 1D2, plays a key role in the classical Paris sex-ratio (SR) meiotic drive occurring in Drosophila sim

253 er age also significantly affected perceived sex ratios, suggesting that perceived operational sex ra

254 mosome has polymorphic phenotypic effects on sex ratio, temperature sensitivity, behavior, and fitnes

255 lt in spatial and temporal variation in host sex ratio, testing of this hypothesis has been constrain

256 mission bottlenecks favor less female-biased sex ratios than those predicted under LMC.

257 Fernandez et al. describe a deviation of the sex ratio that is apparently both large and real.

258 ovides an algebraic solution for the optimal sex ratio that will maximize parasite fitness.

259 f human pair bonds to the male-biased mating sex ratios that accompanied the evolution of human life

260 h populations can be threatened by distorted sex ratios that arise during sex differentiation.

261 o experiments men and women showed perceived sex ratios that correlated with actual sex ratios after

262 gic theory regarding maternal stress and the sex ratio, the data are consistent with results from the

263 did not differ in their age at presentation, sex ratio, the presence of oligoclonal bands, clinical s

264 the vast majority of countries with outlying sex ratios, the ratios of estimated to expected female m

265 The local mate competition model from sex ratio theory predicts female-biased sex ratios in po

266 Sex ratio theory, a mainstay of evolutionary biology, ac

267 Determining historical sex ratios throughout human evolution can provide insigh

268 ated both endosymbionts and restored an even sex ratio to subsequent generations.

269 he grandmother hypothesis, compare simulated sex ratios to data on great apes and human hunter-gather

270 mental stages exhibited significantly skewed sex ratios toward males.

271 One strategy is to bias the reproductive sex ratio towards males so that a population decreases i

272 estimate the sex ratio at conception and the sex ratio trajectory and is the first, to our knowledge,

273 By modeling expected sex ratios under different conditions, we also show that

274 lations already show female-biased offspring sex ratios, understanding maternal behavioral responses

275 produce unisex offspring and other distorted sex ratios, understanding the sex-determination systems

276 ibility of stable transgenic manipulation of sex ratios using an endogenous gene from the male-determ

277 differences in survival could influence this sex ratio variation, but we find little evidence for sex

278 Lastly, sex ratio varies substantially with DOG, though the expl

279 Here, we test whether offspring sex ratios vary according to predictions of the TWM in t

280 ulations is relaxed in our model, population sex ratios vary from highly female-biased to slightly ma

281 rbler, Phylloscopus trochilus), we show that sex ratios vary greatly across Britain and that male-bia

282 The result of frog sex ratios varying as a function of human land use impli

283 The male-female sex ratio was 1.17.

284 Female-to-male sex ratio was 1.6:1.

285 Gametocyte sex ratio was examined in relation to time since treatme

286 kg) 48 hours after treatment, and gametocyte sex ratio was not associated with mosquito infection rat

287 Despite causing biased zygotic sex-ratios, we find that a period of sex-specific haploi

288 Regional average sex ratios weighted by numbers of births were found to b

289 Two age groups with an equal sex ratio were examined: those aged <30 years (younger)

290 ence is offered to suggest why such rises in sex ratio were not reported in other conflicts.

291 Sex ratios were lowest in southern Asia for 1990 and 201

292 Parents rearing broods with 1:1 sex ratios were more productive than parents rearing bro

293 Highest sex ratios were seen in developed regions and the Caucas

294 F1 sex ratios were significantly influenced by elevated tem

295 undity and population size on the gametocyte sex ratio when strains maximize their individual fitness

296 sclerosis similarly exhibit a female-biased sex ratio, whereas families of probands affected with no

297 ased dispersal created spatial clines in the sex ratio, which influenced offspring production at the

298 ip between mortality rates in the vector and sex ratios, which appears to be supported by the little

299 This implies that small changes in the sex ratio will reduce reproductive success.

300 The variation of sex ratio with each of these four variables has usually

301 ensitive (high sex ratio) and resistant (low sex ratio) Y chromosomes from the same population.