ライフサイエンスコーパス: slow

1 us quaternary SNARE complex assembly is very slow.

2 proliferation and G1/S cell-cycle transition slowed.

3 sacrifice acuity and leave images blurry and slow [3].

4 Mucociliary clearance was slowed 4 hours postchallenge in the placebo group but no

5 hod accurately predicted the top 10 fast and slow accumulating regions.

6 occupancy, globally reduce RNA content, and slow adaptation to new conditions by delaying chromatin

7 c parameters that vary by cell subtype - the slow afterhyperpolarization, the sag, and the spike freq

8 d TGF-beta1 signaling axis holds promise for slowing age- and disease-related degeneration of NMJs.

9 s approach with a number of murine models of slowed aging shows that, compared to controls, energetic

10 nositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2 ) enabled the slow AHP component (sAHP) in cortical pyramidal neurons.

11 A1 hippocampal pyramidal cells reveal that a slow AHP is reduced by blocking different components of

12 only limited molecular discrimination and is slow and costly.

13 epidemic, although ultimately effective, was slow and expensive.

14 Slow and fast bath dynamics, along with exciton transpor

15 proteomic and microRNA transcriptome of the slow and fast muscles of Chinese perch (Siniperca chuats

16 be exploited at a systems level by combining slow and fast myosin isoforms heterogeneously.

17 nted by cross-frequency interactions between slow and fast neuronal oscillations.

18 akdown in the communication across different slow and fast neurotransmitter systems through intracell

19 cale diagnostic test implementation has been slow and incomplete because of service delivery and othe

20 eous endothelial cell (EC) regeneration is a slow and insufficient process, it is of great interest t

21 s be transported to a central laboratory for slow and labor intensive tests.

22 ynthetic biology, strain engineering remains slow and laborious.

23 omogeneous nucleation mechanism can be quite slow and require specific solution conditions.

24 Red blood cell transit analysis revealed slow and stalled flow in the regenerated capillaries and

25 ral proteins, including myosin light chain-2 slow and troponin T and carbonylation of myosin heavy ch

26 on of phosphatidylserine externalization was slowed and delayed in Wallerian degeneration slow (Wld(S

27 suggesting fork remodeling as a global fork slowing and protection mechanism.

28 ion, as membrane tension increases, velocity slows, and the lamellipodium buckles upward in a myosin

29 Motor slowing appears in preclinical Alzheimer disease (AD), p

30 ated biphenyls (PCBs) is still challenged by slow approach to equilibrium.

31 phorylceramide (GIPC) sphingolipids has been slow as a result of challenges associated with the extra

32 ged from complete and fast to incomplete and slow as DeltarG values became less negative.

33 We find that diffusion is slow at low levels of disorder, while higher disorder al

34 covalently cross-linked network through the slow autoxidation and cross-linking of catechol moieties

35 e later phases of nerve repair, resulting in slowed axon regeneration, cutaneous reinnervation, and f

36 ased MDA levels became evident at 2 hours of slow BD induction at which increased superoxide levels,

37 dynamics (MD) simulations suggest that LSD's slow binding kinetics may be due to a "lid" formed by ex

38 binding studies reveal that AZ8838 exhibits slow binding kinetics, which is an attractive feature fo

39 A3G converts from a fast to a slow binding state through oligomerization, which sugges

40 Given their slow biodegradation and limited sorption affinities, IL

41 eases the efficacy of ATP to activate P2X4R, slows both receptor desensitization during sustained ATP

42 favour ongoing trait evolution by promoting slow but continuous reorganization of the adaptive lands

43 kG from established nodal complexes leads to slow but progressive nodal destabilization over 10 month

44 covering 0.97 km2 and 0.52 km2), we observed slow but steady spatial spread, at about 100-200 m per y

45 hains exposed by mechanical unfolding can be slowed by the addition of antioxidants such as ascorbic

46 suggest that the decay of platelet mRNAs is slowed by the natural loss of the mRNA surveillance and

47 Slowed cardiac conduction was associated with significan

48 Given the slow change during 1 year, BCVA is unlikely to be a sens

49 red in the temporal domain, and responses to slow changes in radiance (<0.9 Hz) and stationary images

50 ustained field amplitude, demonstrating that slow changes in synaptic efficacy, combined with sustain

51 with soil sorbents might lead to overlooking slow chemical reactions finally controlling a thermodyna

52 ; develop novel therapeutic interventions to slow CKD progression and reduce CKD complications; and i

53 tional model of a local RT network featuring slow Cl(-) extrusion kinetics, similar to those we found

54 report a mechanochemical synthesis in which slow compression at room temperature under uniaxial stre

55 Slow-compression room-temperature synthesis may allow di

56 In cardiac fibrosis models exhibiting slow conduction and ectopic activity, block of TGF-beta1

57 Ablation of the areas of slow conduction resulted in a high acute success.

58 Optical mapping of perfused hearts confirmed slowed conduction on atria and ventricles of MetS-VLDL m

59 Energy to power jumping was generated by slow contractions of hind leg depressor muscles and then

60 The faster phase of voltage-sensor return slowing correlated with the kinetics of pore opening.

61 ly dominate fracture toughness, strength and slow crack growth in ceramics.

62 induced a patent lumen in CRC spheroids, and slowed CRC cell invasion.

63 radual chromatin compaction by step-like and slow "creeping" dynamics consistent with a loop-extrusio

64 ws voltage sensor movement, which indirectly slows current deactivation.

65 on inversely correlated with the fraction of slow cycling and apoptotic cells within the four TPA sub

66 Slow-cycling cells with high Notch activity and histone

67 how that GSCs can reversibly transition to a slow-cycling, persistent state in response to targeted k

68 ased input resistance, enhanced spiking, and slowed decay of excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPS

69 duced a biphasic force decay with an initial slow decline (phase 1) and a subsequent 3-5-fold faster

70 Due to a very slow decline in the prevalence of stunting, the total nu

71 almost 5 times the rate of a cluster of 184 slow decliners.

72 Self-sorted gels can be formed by a slow decrease in pH, which leads to sequential assembly.

73 s to protect intact forests are necessary to slow deforestation rates and to avert a new wave of glob

74 the clinically relevant prediction that the slow delayed rectifier is better able to stabilize the a

75 In compliment, we show that slowing detachment from this vulnerable state by strengt

76 evelopment benefits parental fecundity while slow development benefits offspring fecundity.

77 anding this distinction is important because slow development due to evolved trade-offs can yield phe

78 -offs can yield phenotypic benefits, whereas slow development from low temperature can yield costs.

79 rmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties (slow development of KOP-r selectivity, extremely long du

80 treatment groups suffered motor disability, slowed development and reduced cocoons.

81 h DME, sustained intraocular delivery of FAc slows development of PDR and slows progression of diabet

82 The results suggest that slow dewatering would create more compact aggregates com

83 Slow diffusion of Et2O into CH3CN solutions of the salts

84 Finally, slow drug-target dissociation and slow diffusion out of cells act to prolong antibiotic ef

85 a large number of contributions ranging from slow diffusional modes to underdamped librations and int

86 ratio 1:2 were found to be optimum for SDS (slow digestible starch) product development.

87 poptosis axis in DKO prostate tumorigenesis, slowed disease progression and significantly extended su

88 Although a loss of DC autophagy slowed disease, the combined loss of autophagy in both c

89 This may be important in slowing disease progression and provides insight into th

90 lly among higher order polyploids, which may slow divergence and speciation in polyploid complexes.

91 ffects on neuronal pathways that are able to slow down the progression of Alzheimer's disease.

92 n-frame green fluorescent protein fusion may slow down the proteasome-mediated proteolysis.

93 stituent at the ortho or para position could slow down the tau torsion.

94 racking showed that the domains' mobility is slowed down by orders of magnitude compared with the unr

95 ard speed as too fast, so playback had to be slowed down in order for it to appear natural; conversel

96 Furthermore, 6C5 slowed down the progression of tau aggregation even afte

97 ed to increase when translation was globally slowed down, possibly due to increased cotranslational m

98 cid, the typical amino-carbonyl reaction was slowed down.

99 ational and experimental support of critical slowing down along natural stress gradients in tidal mar

100 We find critical slowing down in the data at the level of California and

101 approach remembers old tasks by selectively slowing down learning on the weights important for those

102 Critical slowing down starts growing appreciably several years be

103 "expanding", "shrinking", "speeding up" and "slowing down" ecological processes and interactions, and

104 tical and laboratory studies, this 'critical slowing down' remains largely untested in the complex se

105 This dynamical component slows down after transition into the low-density form at

106 e this high baseline rate, we show that NAGC slows down as duplicate sequences diverge-until an event

107 that the rate of serpentinization of olivine slows down as salinity increases and H2O activity decrea

108 The single-ring compound, vanillin, slightly slows down but cannot inhibit the formation of a U-shape

109 text of the membrane-embedded CitA construct slows down citrate-binding kinetics by at least a factor

110 fibrotic gene activation, whereas the other slows down matrix degradation by increased plasminogen a

111 interaction in the sub-nanometre regime also slows down the extravasation of sub-nanometre AuNCs from

112 r clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei and/or slows down the photic entrainment in nocturnal animals.

113 The lack of the s(2) modification also slows down the rearrangements in the ribosome-EF-Tu-GDP-

114 ctory transduction cascade of the mouse that slows down the response kinetics and, by doing so, it re

115 The rate of NFL thinning slowed dramatically in advanced PG, but GCC thinning rat

116 Finally, slow drug-target dissociation and slow diffusion out of

117 n of perovskites and addressing the issue of slow electron extraction.

118 Based on previous analyses of fast and slow elongating VASP proteins by in vitro total internal

119 Fhod binds tightly to barbed ends, where it slows elongation in the absence of profilin and allows,

120 locking ATP hydrolysis effectively abolished slow endocytosis and rapid endocytosis but only partiall

121 ess is assisted by thermal annealing and the slow evaporation of 1,8-diiodooctane, which we suggest,

122 te for the first time that efferent-mediated slow excitation of vestibular afferents is mediated by m

123 system, and protected cortical neurons from slow excitotoxic injury in vitro, without influencing NM

124 Overall, the data show that slow fluctuations in cortical state are selectively link

125 s rare, as it is generally assumed to be too slow for dynamic samples.

126 e findings suggest that enhancement of theta-slow gamma coupling reflects a compensatory mechanism to

127 women, whey-protein drinks load-dependently slow gastric emptying and alter gut hormone secretion co

128 Consistent with conduction slowing, genes encoding molecular determinants of atrial

129 ventral striatum, such that the normal (vs. slow) genotype individuals showed greater functional con

130 la: see text] or whether motion continues to slow gradually down to zero temperature.

131 We identified 70 DEGs by comparing rapid and slow groups at specific time points.

132 r showed the presence of clinically relevant slow growers like M. kansasii, M. szulgai, M. gordonae,

133 lanin, Cryptococcus neoformans (CN); and the slow-growing environmental rock-inhabiting ascomycete sy

134 of select P2 receptors, including P2Y2R, in slow-growing hCPCs compared with fast growers.

135 rity of pediatric gliomas present as benign, slow-growing lesions classified as grade I or II by the

136 thesized that AMF hyphae may be outcompeting slow-growing nitrifiers for ammonium.

137 Slow-growing prostate cancer (PC) can be aggressive in a

138 6 (encoding Eta) is possible, but results in slow growth and renders cells sensitive to DNA damaging

139 combined loss of RNase H2 and RAD51 induced slow growth and replication stress.

140 ic gliomas are brain tumors characterized by slow growth, progressive loss of vision, and limited the

141 the large size of these organisms and their slow growth.

142 tor kinase inhibitor canertinib; these drugs slowed growth of xenograft tumors from MAN2A1-FER cells

143 tution in budding yeast resulted in a strong slow-growth phenotype.

144 strates are present, S degrees is absent and slow H2 efflux causes growth inhibition.

145 owever, relatively little is known about how slow hemodynamic oscillations measured with fMRI relate

146 Given that wild-type mouse myosin VIIa is a slow, high-duty ratio, monomeric motor, this altered hyd

147 Slow host-guest exchange on the NMR time scale enabled t

148 ere pretreated with 10 g L(-1) urea, whereas slow hydrolysis occurred when they were pretreated with

149 opening of mechanosensitive ion channels for slow ICWs, which then propagated in the cytosol via a re

150 l fibrillation, S140G and V141M, drastically slow IKs deactivation.

151 erneurons into the developing hippocampus is slowed in Pafah1b1(+/-) mice.

152 perimental hepatoblastomas was only modestly slowed in the face of 80%-90% reductions in AcCoA and si

153 w antituberculosis drug bedaquiline has been slow, in part reflecting concerns about spread of bedaqu

154 d triplet-triplet energy transfer (T-TET) is slow, in the tens of nanoseconds range, whereas it is ul

155 ting transition to accelerate entry into the slow inactivated state, resulting in use-dependent block

156 ide is unusual in binding selectively to the slow-inactivated state of sodium channels, in contrast t

157 ely 75% of the total IHC Ca(2+) current with slow inactivation and confer high sensitivity to nifedip

158 Our results show unexpectedly slow incubation (2.8 and 5.8 mo) like those of outgroup

159 vel analogues, the process can be relatively slow, inefficient, and frequently low-yielding.

160 ibition of light-evoked spike responses, the slow inhibition of spiking activity required the activat

161 The slow inhibitory response defined an optimum frequency of

162 In this novel mechanism, slow intracellular Na(+) dynamics endow AOB mitral cells

163 pocampus, where they prolong the duration of slow IPSCs in pyramidal cells.

164 entially at the trough of both CA1 theta and slow irregular oscillations, coincident with highest hip

165 xes bind through a two-step mechanism with a slow isomerization phase after the initial encounter.

166 , membrane-bound PI3Kalpha complex, modestly slows its off rate, and dramatically increases its equil

167 e via first-order phase transformations with slow kinetics largely restricted by the nucleation and g

168 oduct of TF-FVIIa can transiently escape the slow kinetics of Kunitz-type inhibition by TF pathway in

169 Whereas NMDA receptors gate channels with slow kinetics, responsible primarily for generating long

170 rent cell-enrichment technologies are either slow, lack specificity and/or require labelling.

171 Few such data exist for animals with slow life histories, particularly in the tropics, where

172 s driven by the protein tyrosine kinase Syk; slow, long-lived negative signals driven by the lipid ph

173 lied dynamic-pattern analysis to whole-brain slow (< 5 Hz) cortical dynamics recorded by magnetoencep

174 The slow maturation time of fluorescent proteins (FPs) limit

175 This slowing may be of importance in enhancing chemical decon

176 use of this method with compounds exhibiting slow membrane transport rates.

177 s used to identify participants as normal or slow metabolizers.

178 ated with severity of nicotine dependence in slow metabolizers.

179 in-activated ATPase activity of M2beta-S1 is slowed more than 4-fold in the presence of OM, whereas t

180 port that movements of the affected limb are slow, more effortful, and lack automaticity.

181 Viewing a video played in slow-motion for 30 seconds caused participants to percei

182 emyelination and axonal loss, which underlie slowed motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) and reduce

183 s cultured on compliant 2D ECMs but promotes slow MT growth speeds in ECs cultured on compliant 3D EC

184 omprised of anatomically segregated fast and slow muscle fibers that possess different metabolic and

185 Overnight orthokeratology was effective in slowing myopia progression over a twelve-year follow-up

186 This defect is associated with slowed nerve conduction, which could contribute to behav

187 d on Nicotine Metabolite Ratio (NMR) status (slow/normal metabolism) may improve smoking cessation ra

188 these results demonstrate that inhibition or slowing of canonical pre-mRNA processing events shifts t

189 site annihilation and reordering, and thus a slowing of cation transport.

190 it exhibit a phenotype including unexplained slowing of heart rate (bradycardia).

191 pment revealed an unexpected and substantial slowing of parasite maturation in acutely infected mice,

192 Guest exchange was slow on the NMR time scale, while tumbling was slow or c

193 During rhythmic twitch contractions, slow onset vasodilatation (10-15 s) in FAs remained inta

194 dministration of CTDP-32476 alone produced a slow-onset, long-lasting increase in extracellular nucle

195 at the activation of ELK channels involves a slow open-state dependent rearrangement of the direct in

196 by complex protocols, bulky peripherals, and slow operation.

197 ow on the NMR time scale, while tumbling was slow or close to the NMR time scale depending on the pos

198 vices have been used since 2001 but have not slowed or reversed population decline.

199 thought to interfere with DNA replication by slowing or impeding replication fork progression.

200 s (1-5 Hz) develop, distinct from concurrent slow oscillations (0.1-1 Hz).

201 Cortical slow oscillations (SO; 0.5-1 Hz) and thalamocortical spi

202 onnections within active neuronal assemblies.Slow oscillations between cortical Up and Down states ar

203 ndles, hippocampal ripples, and the cortical slow oscillations-is thought to be critical for memory c

204 opsins with kinetics that are accelerated or slowed over orders of magnitude, by discovering and desi

205 Decay of the HIV reservoir is slowed over time in part by expansion of the pool of HIV

206 The sealing ability of the ceramic's oxides, slow oxygen diffusion and a dense and gradient distribut

207 ngation and produced EADs, in particular, at slow pacing rates.

208 r D137L Tm showed prolonged durations of the slow phase of relaxation and decreased rates of the fast

209 ting both pathways will be more effective at slowing photoreceptor cell death caused by elevated cGMP

210 A transcrustal perspective must balance slow (plate tectonic) rates of melt generation and segre

211 reporter gene are increased in both fast and slow Pol II mutant strains and the magnitude of half-lif

212 ity ratio in men aged 20-69 years in fast vs slow privatised towns: 1.13, SMR 0.83, 95% CI 0.77-0.88

213 Despite slow progress in the field, the last few years have seen

214 ts to renin-angiotensin system inhibition to slow progression of DN.

215 ey tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites, and slowed progression of murine gliomas.

216 delivery of FAc slows development of PDR and slows progression of diabetic retinopathy.

217 treatment of older men with low testosterone slows progression of noncalcified coronary artery plaque

218 established a feline HFpEF model induced by slow-progressive pressure overload.

219 In contrast, on average, slow progressors would lose 0.8, 2.1, and 4.1 dB MD unde

220 Most of these methods are also relatively slow, prohibiting applications on the whole-genome scale

221 e poor performance for synthesis with a very slow rate of conversion and, often, low selectivity and

222 MLCP dephosphorylates pCPI-17 at a slow rate that is, nonetheless, both sufficient and nece

223 Observed outcomes are consistent with slow rates of disease progression (median doubling time:

224 abatic limitations requiring infinitesimally slow rates.

225 f (0.4 mM) NaBAr(F)4 as compared with a very slow reaction at 125 degrees C in the absence of NaBAr(F

226 t formation (the kinetic product), while the slow reaction corresponds to the formation of the delta-

227 site of PDI, we created PDI variants with a slowed reaction rate toward substrates.

228 served under perforated-patch conditions and slowed receptor deactivation.

229 A mutant with slow recovery from N deprivation, compromised hydrolysis

230 n, GPRC6A is recycled via the Rab11-positive slow recycling pathway, which may be responsible for ens

231 ect-but only when toxicodynamic recovery was slow relative to the interval between exposures.

232 Plant growth promotion was explained by slow release of nutrients, although a mechanistic unders

233 The ZnS shell also slowed release of Cd ions.

234 6 months in vitrectomized eyes treated with slow-release dexamethasone.

235 y of ridaforolimus-eluting stents (RESs) and slow-release zotarolimus-eluting stents among 1919 patie

236 ADX is inactivated, excessive RAD51 activity slows replication elongation and causes double-strand br

237 t on the first action potential but markedly slowed repolarization of late spikes during repetitive f

238 These data suggest H3-G34R slows resolution of HR-mediated repair and that unresolv

239 ment failures were detected after AL and one slow response to AP.

240 conclude that manual tracking utilises such slow serial decision making pathways up to several times

241 N-terminal hydrophobic core showed extremely slow solvent exchange, suggesting the trimer formed by t

242 brate to their stationary distribution while slow species are unlikely to be changed.

243 e 2 neurocognitive adverse events comprising slowed speech and mentation and word-finding difficulty)

244 However, the relatively slow speed of chiral separations has limited the use of

245 of PepQ by over 15-fold, we demonstrate that slow spontaneous folding of PepQ is not caused by aggreg

246 The slow spontaneous inactivation of potassium channels exhi

247 on multi-stage fluid release from subducting slow-spread oceanic lithosphere.

248 ere we show that Lake Superior experienced a slow, steady increase in production throughout the Holoc

249 Ambient ionization ameliorates these slow steps by reducing or even eliminating sample prepar

250 This occurrence of slow structural modification with changes in trap state

251 The glassy state is known to undergo slow structural relaxation, where the system progressive

252 ramming of hepatic lipotoxicity and may help slow the advancing epidemic of NAFLD in the next generat

253 Aldosterone antagonists slow the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), bu

254 and suggest possible interventions that may slow the progression of cognitive dysfunction in PD.

255 stration, the capacity of land ecosystems to slow the rise in atmospheric CO2 concentrations may be s

256 s activation of the nuclear piston mechanism slowed the 3D movement of HT1080 cells.

257 OM slowed the actin-induced powerstroke, despite a twofold

258 aker depolarizing voltages and significantly slowed the activation but accelerated the deactivation o

259 ogenicity of malaria vaccine candidates have slowed the development of a Plasmodium falciparum multia

260 ons reduced actin-activated ATPase activity, slowed the in vitro sliding velocity and attenuated the

261 icular the levels of phosphorylated ERK, and slows the growth in soft agar of HCT116 cells.

262 In conclusion PDE5i slows the progression of DN in mice, improving hemodynam

263 Although PR1 slows the progression of retinal degeneration in models

264 oid isolated from the root of Panax ginseng, slows the rate of hERG1 deactivation, induces channels t

265 e dimer interface of GluK2/K5 heteromers and slow their desensitization.

266 units), but the inhibitor ubiquitin aldehyde slowed their dissociation.

267 to enhance muscle repair and function and to slow this pathological remodeling.

268 hat hungry mice lacking GPR88 (KO mice) were slow to acquire food-reinforced lever press but could le

269 iles, such as PDB or PDBx/mmCIF files can be slow to transfer, parse, and hard to incorporate into th

270 Slow toxicodynamic recovery caused carry-over toxicity i

271 d personalities than individuals following a slow trajectory.

272 Slow transcription also evoked a hyperphosphorylation of

273 outcomes that matter most to patients, thus slowing transformation to higher-value team-based care.

274 The prevailing model was that the slow translation of codons decoded by rare tRNAs reduces

275 reports outnumbering mechanistic studies and slow translation of experimental results obtained in ani

276 omplexes and identifies a novel regulator of slow transport.

277 ion with cyclophosphamide also significantly slowed tumor growth in DLBCL xenograft mice.

278 whether inhibiting cytokinesis in the liver slows tumor growth without compromising the health of no

279 findings indicate that R-ketorolac treatment slows tumor progression in an aggressive model of breast

280 ransport to trigger ferroptosis in vitro and slow tumour growth.

281 aused by the complexity of water currents or slow turnover rate.

282 nce of KCNE1, S140G, but not V141M, directly slows voltage sensor movement, which indirectly slows cu

283 vs. eye of origin) and dynamics (relatively slow vs. relatively fast).

284 or grip strength, low physical activity, and slowed walk speed (19.4%).

285 Baseline slow walkers who were able to improve the 6MWT distance

286 (assessed as a binary yes or no outcome) or slow walking speed (yes or no) during the 4-year follow-

287 D2 demonstrated a favorable biodistribution, slow washout, and excellent performance with respect to

288 ivity pattern and were confirmed for ongoing slow wave activity by independent component and seed-bas

289 derwent 5-14 days of actigraphy, followed by slow wave activity disruption during polysomnogram, and

290 This global increase in slow wave activity power was positively correlated with

291 ain states, respectively defined by cortical slow-wave activity (SWA) and activation.

292 contrast to humans, absolute NREM sleep EEG slow-wave activity (SWA, spectral power density between

293 This provides a mechanism by which slow-wave activity might bias synapses towards weakening

294 The coupled interaction between slow-wave oscillations and sleep spindles during non-rap

295 n chronically sleep restricted subjects, low slow-wave sleep intensity over the right prefrontal cort

296 ty and beta-cell function, for time spent in slow-wave sleep, and for EEG spectral power in the delta

297 al decrease in effective interactions during slow-wave sleep.

298 ics of individual electroencephalogram (EEG) slow waves in young and elderly humans.

299 ials, cross-linking of F57Bpa with KCNQ1 was slowed, which indicates that KCNE1 is displaced within t

300 slowed and delayed in Wallerian degeneration slow (Wld(S)) axons and this phenotype could be reproduc