ライフサイエンスコーパス: sniff

1 r information up to approximately 0.5 s (2-6 sniffs).

2 o less than 150ms--the timescale of a single sniff.

3 ecules reaching different receptors during a sniff.

4 to attended sniffs as opposed to unattended sniffs.

5 clean air, the other focusing on odor-laden sniffs.

6 motor component of olfaction--that is, they sniffed.

7 turn may regulate odorant perception during sniffing.

8 re during low (2Hz) and high (5Hz) frequency sniffing.

9 tween the two odorants during high-frequency sniffing.

10 detection by a factor of up to 18 for active sniffing.

11 and respiration is superimposed by bouts of sniffing.

12 ntation further by the dynamic regulation of sniffing.

13 cells appear to be tuned to the frequency of sniffing.

14 ules along the olfactory air channels during sniffing.

15 ses during sleep, sleeping does not preclude sniffing.

16 presented with acetic acid awakened without sniffing.

17 ehavioral activity, specifically rearing and sniffing.

18 of behavioral significance during olfactory sniffing.

19 en by the olfactory bulb at the frequency of sniffing.

20 pinized rats, fenoldopam induced significant sniffing.

21 onsistent with passive respiration or active sniffing.

22 >5 Hz) respiration typically associated with sniffing.

23 s contrasted with eight normal subjects (Pdi(sniff), 111.77 +/- 13.35 cm H(2)O) of similar age.

24 diaphragm weakness of varying severity (Pdi(sniff), 31.74 +/- 3.75 cm H(2)O) as contrasted with eigh

25 5 versus 56 +/- 29 cm H2O, p < 0.01; Pdi(max sniff), 71 +/- 7 versus 46 +/- 27 cm H2O, p < 0.01; Pdi(

26 Sniffing, a behavior that enhances detection and localiz

27 Mammals sample odors by sniffing, a complex behavior that controls odorant acces

28 Sniffing, a high-frequency, highly rhythmic inhalation a

29 The relevance of sniffing ability to olfaction and a possible role of inc

30 niffing, demonstrating significantly reduced sniff airflow rate (P < 0.01) and volume (P < 0.002).

31 Subjects approached and sniffed all odors equally but preferentially licked prey

32 r social interactions (including ano-genital sniffs, allogrooming, and crawl-under/over behaviors) th

33 No measures of sniffing among interacting animals are available, howeve

34 SR tasks utilize the tendency for a male to sniff and interact with a novel individual more than a f

35 particular prepotent CS and to energetically sniff and nibble it in a nearly frenzied consummatory ma

36 also measured in six asthmatics, using both sniff and partially occluded airway technique.

37 that included decreased play, reduced social sniffing and allogrooming, and less aggressive behavior.

38 In an effort to determine whether sniffing and arousal are dissociable, dimethyl disulfide

39 , towards both males and females, as well as sniffing and close investigation.

40 of operation with the artificial nose-active sniffing and continuous inspiration-and demonstrated an

41 20 or 40 mg/kg cocaine caused highly focused sniffing and head bobbing, which occurred in conjunction

42 indicate that ghrelin stimulates exploratory sniffing and increases olfactory sensitivity, presumably

43 s that were alloparental showed increases in sniffing and latencies to lick and huddle.

44 red behaviors (in control kittens) including Sniffing and Licking (increased), and Grooming (decrease

45 ol exposure results in a tuned unconditioned sniffing and neurophysiological olfactory response to et

46 Whisking is thought to be coordinated with sniffing and normal respiratory behavior, but the precis

47 ta suggest an unexpected functional role for sniffing and show that sensory codes can be transformed

48 esponses were highly conserved between rapid sniffing and slow breathing.

49 t complements past studies on the locking of sniffing and the theta-rhythm as well as the relation of

50 nimal cranes and explores is phase-locked to sniffing and to movement of the nose.

51 Our results suggest that sniffing and whisking may be under the control of interd

52 During bouts of exploration, sniffing and whisking showed strong one-to-one phase loc

53 Sniffing and whisking typify the exploratory behavior of

54 Here we studied the coordination between sniffing and whisking, the motor processes in rodents th

55 the theta-rhythm as well as the relation of sniffing and whisking.

56 e how these oscillators synergize to control sniffing and whisking.

57 alternative choice (TAC) tasks need only 1-2 sniffs and do not increase performance with longer sampl

58 g maximum static inspiratory efforts (Pdimax sniff) and bilateral supramaximal electrophrenic twitch

59 regions activated by olfactory exploration (sniffing) and regions activated by olfactory content (sm

60 minating the early odor sampling period (2-4 sniffs) and beta dominating later.

61 n that can be decoded within 110-518 ms of a sniff, and maximally within the theta frequency band.

62 erence, we assessed willingness to approach, sniff, and taste novel foods, and the duration of freeze

63 The DA-/- mice approached, sniffed, and chewed food during this second period of ac

64 ffect on odor representations during natural sniffing, and behaving rats do not modulate flow rate to

65 Quinpirole induced locomotion, sniffing, and oral behaviors, all of which were attenuat

66 te well, they do so with lower airflow, more sniffs, and lower frequency of sniffing than HS-detectin

67 rmacological tools to show that whisking and sniffing are coordinated by respiratory centres in the v

68 Whisking and sniffing are predominant aspects of exploratory behaviou

69 ions of the local field potential to signify sniffing as a sensorimotor process.

70 lfactory impairment in PD and further depict sniffing as an important component of human olfaction.

71 ubercle responded preferentially to attended sniffs as opposed to unattended sniffs.

72 for LS- vs 69 ms for HS-detecting rats) and sniff at lower frequencies (7.8 Hz for LS- vs 8.6 Hz for

73 take advantage of this property, modulating sniffing behavior to manipulate airflow and thereby dire

74 to smell persisted in displaying reciprocal sniffing behavior, demonstrating the independence of thi

75 High-frequency whisking and sniffing behaviors are not correlated.

76 se findings demonstrate that rodents utilize sniffing behaviors communicatively, not only to collect

77 ng behavior in rats, but not the licking and sniffing behaviors of a high dose (600 microgram/kg) of

78 odor discriminations that elicited different sniffing behaviors.

79 i.p.), without affecting the licking and the sniffing behaviors.

80 d grooming, locomotor activity, rearing, and sniffing behaviors.

81 etection thresholds and enhances exploratory sniffing, both being related to food seeking.

82 Odorants encountered later in a sniff bout were encoded as the combination of that odora

83 Although sniffing bouts are the same duration for each group ( ap

84 voked response were consistent from sniff to sniff but varied across cells.

85 the background odorant during low-frequency sniffing, but were encoded as the difference between the

86 easured GDX females' odor-sampling behavior (sniffing) by monitoring intranasal pressure transients d

87 rimotor or theta cycle, suggesting that each sniff can be considered a snapshot of the olfactory worl

88 of oxygen in the blood to determine whether sniffing can induce activation in the piriform of humans

89 utely dissociated cortical astrocytes using "sniff-cell" approach and demonstrated that release is ve

90 nated orofacial behaviors such as breathing, sniffing, chewing, licking, swallowing, vocalizing, and

91 analysis, use of poppers, amphetamines, and sniffed cocaine as well as heavy alcohol use in the prio

92 c drinks or use of poppers, amphetamines, or sniffed cocaine just before or during sex was independen

93 ted heavy alcohol use, 37% used poppers, 19% sniffed cocaine, and 13% used amphetamines.

94 Thus, sniffing controls an adaptive filter for detecting chang

95 In terrestrial vertebrates, sniffing controls odorant access to receptors, and there

96 ls did not contribute to baseline rhythms or sniff-coupled odor-evoked inhibition.

97 ming of olfactory activation relative to the sniff cycle ('sniff phase'), we used optogenetics in gen

98 light-evoked inputs that are shifted in the sniff cycle by as little as 10 milliseconds, which is si

99 phase locking with multiple whisks within a sniff cycle or multiple sniffs within a whisk cycle-alwa

100 ation, onset times tiled the duration of the sniff cycle.

101 th precise odor delivery synchronized to the sniffing cycle.

102 patients were also significantly impaired at sniffing, demonstrating significantly reduced sniff airf

103 abolished agonistic behaviors and reciprocal sniffing displays.

104 sis byproduct of cocaine, used to train drug-sniffing dogs).

105 Rodents whisk and sniff during exploratory behavior to sample odorants and

106 ly significantly associated with the maximal sniff esophageal pressure (p = 0.02).

107 ant changes in the temporal structure of the sniff-evoked MT cell response.

108 The dynamics of a sniff-evoked response were consistent from sniff to snif

109 In mammals, every sniff evokes a precise, odour-specific sequence of activ

110 However, whether sniff flow rates shape odor representations during natur

111 al gamma dominating the first 250 ms of odor sniffing, followed by systemwide beta as behavioral resp

112 SPME and for Purge and Trap extracts, or by sniffing for the aqueous SAFE extract.

113 inputs encoding that odorant, whereas lower sniff frequencies caused little attenuation.

114 n the MT cell population across the range of sniff frequencies expressed during behavior.

115 of short-term plasticity at breathing versus sniffing frequencies alters cortical spike responses.

116 , low breathing frequencies and at increased sniffing frequencies is not known, nor is it known if th

117 For inputs at sniffing frequencies, cortical neurons linearly encoded

118 Here, we ask how sniff frequency affects responses of mitral/tufted (MT)

119 ory bulb varies dynamically as a function of sniff frequency and that one function of the postsynapti

120 by the intrinsic properties of MTCs; and (4) sniff frequency IGC activation in vivo generates persist

121 uration and shorter rise-time spike burst as sniff frequency increased, reflecting increased temporal

122 Increasing sniff frequency led to moderate attenuation of MT respon

123 n of activated glomeruli, independent of the sniff frequency used to sample the odorant, and similar

124 tude and temporal structure as a function of sniff frequency.

125 ed previously from awake animals and varying sniff frequency.

126 hormone conditions, females decreased their sniffing frequency as the urinary odor concentration dec

127 of a conspecific often elicits a decrease in sniffing frequency in the conspecific.

128 OB-HPC coupling at the sniffing frequency is proposed as a mechanism underlying

129 Failure of subordinates to decrease their sniffing frequency shortened the latency for agonistic b

130 with subordinates reliably decreasing their sniffing frequency upon being investigated in the face b

131 ased odor detection thresholds and increased sniffing frequency.

132 It has been proposed that a single sniff generates a "snapshot" of the olfactory world.

133 unpleasant odors, suggesting that the act of sniffing has a functional role in creating of olfactory

134 -Botzinger complex, such that high-frequency sniffing has a one-to-one relationship with whisking, wh

135 ivity in the olfactory bulb (OB) relative to sniffing has been the object of many studies, the behavi

136 Sniffing, high-frequency respiratory bouts, and whisking

137 These findings implicate a sniffing impairment as a component of the olfactory impa

138 timing of photoactivation in relation to the sniff in both the timing and the amplitude of their resp

139 Rodents sniff in response to novel odors, reward expectation, an

140 Pups sniffed in response to the highest concentrations of DMD

141 in the dorsal hippocampus (HPC) during odor sniffing in a two-odor olfactory discrimination task.

142 nificantly improved duration of female urine sniffing in mice that had developed helplessness.

143 rhaps the earliest hypothesis of the role of sniffing in olfaction arises from the fact that odorants

144 ntations by imaging from ORNs during natural sniffing in the awake rat.

145 heta band (6-12 Hz) associated with directed sniffing in the OB and type 1 theta in the HPC.

146 he case for temporal integration over >/=2-6 sniffs in both tasks.

147 in Pdi during AE directly correlated to Pdi(sniff) in the patients (r = 0.69, p = 0.004).

148 The source of the sniff-induced activation is the somatosensory stimulatio

149 In contrast, a smell, regardless of sniffing, induces activation mainly in the lateral and a

150 strils of hamsters, where it was immediately sniffed into the nasal cavity.

151 In olfaction, a single sniff is sufficient for fine odor discrimination but the

152 nced OB-HPC theta band coherence during odor sniffing is a significant decrease in lateral entorhinal

153 Sniffing is a specialized respiratory behavior that is e

154 We find that sniffing is accompanied by prominent lateral and vertica

155 Perhaps not independent of this, sniffing is commonly displayed during motivated [5-7] an

156 Sniffing, licking, and crouching behaviors were unaltere

157 ired design principle and making the device "sniff" like a dog.

158 of adaptation that occurs during repetitive sniffing-like inputs and may therefore play a critical r

159 nally modulated, in a homeostatic manner, by sniffing-like patterns of presynaptic activity.

160 We found that odorants evoked precisely sniff-locked activity in mitral/tufted cells in the olfa

161 tion for each group ( approximately 500 ms), sniffing longer and using more inhalations results in be

162 not rodents use temporal integration (i.e., sniffing longer to identify odors better).

163 s of two odors, rats needed to take only one sniff (<200 ms at theta frequency) to make a decision of

164 atients with greater diaphragm weakness (Pdi(sniff) < 30 cm H(2)O), abnormal respiratory muscle funct

165 mic ghrelin infusions significantly enhanced sniff magnitudes in response to both food and nonfood od

166 c recordings were performed during voluntary sniff maneuvers, normocapnic breathing, hypocapnia, and

167 ragmatic pressure with maximal sniff (Pdimax sniff), maximal oxygen consumption (V O2max), maximal mi

168 ely proportional to odorant concentration in sniff mean airflow velocity, maximum airflow velocity, v

169 e COSAC mass spectrometer took a spectrum in sniffing mode, which displayed a suite of 16 organic com

170 In addition, water shrews preferentially sniffed model prey fish and crickets underwater by exhal

171 spects of mating behavior such as time spent sniffing, mounting, rooting and without contact.

172 tion was Tw Pdi, but the predictive power of sniff nasal inspiratory pressure was also excellent.

173 By contrast, the action of sniffing nonodorized air induced significant activation

174 Surprisingly, sniffing occurred even while pups remained asleep.

175 During rapid sniffing, odor inhalation triggered rapid and reliable c

176 We found that naive rats continue to sniff odorants vigorously for up to 3 minutes, much long

177 he olfactory bulb indicate that, within each sniff, odour representation is not only spatially organi

178 piratory mouth pressures (MIP, MEP), maximal sniff oesophageal (sniff P(oes)), transdiaphragmatic (sn

179 High-frequency sniffing of an odorant attenuated inputs encoding that o

180 ted for chemoinvestigatory behavior (genital sniffing of females by male mice), lordosis (arched-back

181 s impairment, namely, that PD impairs active sniffing of odorants.

182 ontrast, AP5 enhanced the quinpirole-induced sniffing of reserpinized rats.

183 lomerular network, which is in turn tuned to sniffing of the animal in vivo.

184 Orthonasal sniffing of the hams was used to study how these substan

185 handshakes across gender, subjects increased sniffing of their own left non-shaking hand by more than

186 handshakes within gender, subjects increased sniffing of their own right shaking hand by more than 10

187 ss two experimental designs: one focusing on sniffs of clean air, the other focusing on odor-laden sn

188 25 microg) suppressed approach, nibbles, and sniffs of the prepotent CS.

189 which a rat prefers to approach, nibble, and sniff one of two reward-associated stimuli (its prepoten

190 that odors evoke transient bursts locked to sniff onset and that odor identity can be better decoded

191 e-dependent stereotypies such as locomotion, sniffing, or gnawing, while the remainder of behaviors w

192 Sniffing our hand after a handshake may allow us to dete

193 CMS P(di), sniff P(di) and per cent predicted SNP were significantl

194 ents without significant bulbar involvement, sniff P(di) had greatest predictive power [odds ratio (O

195 ophageal (sniff P(oes)), transdiaphragmatic (sniff P(di)) and nasal (SNP) pressure, cough gastric (co

196 sures (MIP, MEP), maximal sniff oesophageal (sniff P(oes)), transdiaphragmatic (sniff P(di)) and nasa

197 orced-choice detection paradigm during which sniff parameters (airflow peak rate, mean rate, volume,

198 monstrates that the automatic adjustments in sniffing patterns to pleasant and unpleasant odors may p

199 strength (PImax, Pdi(max combined), Pdi(max sniff), Pdi(max), Pdi(twitch)), was unchanged after reha

200 in transdiaphragmatic pressure with maximal sniff (Pdimax sniff), maximal oxygen consumption (V O2ma

201 tory deficit is unlikely due to difficulties sniffing, per se.

202 In addition, precise locking to sniff phase may facilitate ensemble coding by making syn

203 show that mice can behaviourally report the sniff phase of optogenetically driven activation of olfa

204 sponses were more tightly time-locked to the sniff phase than to the time after inhalation onset.

205 ory activation relative to the sniff cycle ('sniff phase'), we used optogenetics in gene-targeted mic

206 id of temporal dynamics-independently of the sniff-phase.

207 ted to often identify people by repetitively sniffing pieces of clothing or the body odor of family m

208 e ionization detector (FID) or an olfactory (sniffing) port.

209 Furthermore, a patient's ability to sniff predicted his or her performance on olfactory task

210 in VT directly correlated with baseline Pdi(sniff) (r = 0.59, p = 0.02) and Pdi(max) (r = 0.81, p =

211 nships across neurons robust to variation in sniff rate.

212 ent manner which is controlled by the chosen sniffing rate.

213 generally accompanied by marked increases in sniffing, rearing, locomotion, and grooming as well as b

214 cells in anesthetized rats while reproducing sniffs recorded previously from awake animals and varyin

215 es shape odor representations during natural sniffing remains untested, and whether animals make use

216 In mammals, a sniff represents the basic unit of odor sampling, yet ho

217 rols, fetal exposure altered: the adolescent sniffing response to ethanol odor consistent with the pr

218 granule cells, was reliably recruited across sniff rhythms, and scaled in strength with excitation as

219 dominant rats, reflecting that decreases in sniffing serve as appeasement signals during social inte

220 Sniffing serves olfaction [13, 14], while whisking synch

221 ion [13, 14], while whisking synchronized to sniffing serves vibrissa-based touch [6, 15, 16].

222 nts the basic unit of odor sampling, yet how sniffing shapes odor representations remains poorly unde

223 Whether sniffing shapes the neural code for odors remains unclea

224 GC/SNIFFING showed that linalool oxide, 2-ethyl hexanol, ph

225 d transdiaphragmatic pressure during maximal sniffs (Sn Pes, Sn Pdi) and cervical magnetic phrenic ne

226 These data show that rats adjust sniff strategies as a function of odorant sorptiveness a

227 under conditions that prevented compensatory sniffing strategies, the patients also exhibited a contr

228 These data suggest that modulating sniff strength does not shape odor representations suffi

229 ird, we asked whether rats actively modulate sniff strength during an odor discrimination task.

230 hanges in flow rate can alter ORN responses, sniff strength has negligible effect on odor representat

231 Second, we asked whether sniff strength shapes odor representations by imaging fr

232 First, we asked whether sniff strength shapes odor representations in vivo by im

233 This review paper investigates artificial sniffing technologies used as chemical sensors for point

234 (LH) paradigm-as well as in the female urine sniffing test (FUST), a measure of sex-related reward-se

235 ed in two different models, the female urine sniffing test and the saccharine preference test.

236 airflow, more sniffs, and lower frequency of sniffing than HS-detecting counterparts.

237 n, imagery of pleasant odors involved larger sniffs than imagery of unpleasant odors, suggesting that

238 ion, a healthy olfactomotor system generates sniffs that are (1) sufficiently vigorous and (2) invers

239 Patients used sniffs that were concentration invariant.

240 gered pursuit behaviors (e.g., investigatory sniffing) that interfered with goal-directed lever press

241 positive correlation between the tendency to sniff the stimulus mouse and size of the CC relative to

242 The average time spent sniffing the intruder was indistinguishable between the

243 actory tasks, i.e., the more poorly patients sniffed, the worse their performance on olfaction tests

244 cs of receptor neuron activation by the same sniffs, the MT response was shorter and faster, reflecti

245 We found that humans often sniff their own hands, and selectively increase this beh

246 young controls used concentration-dependent sniffs, there was a trend in that direction only for age

247 al trace detection technology, dogs actively sniff to acquire an odor sample.

248 a sniff-evoked response were consistent from sniff to sniff but varied across cells.

249 y studied in a few cases, we have used patch sniffing to examine ATP release from Xenopus spinal neur

250 rmation from the outside world, with rodents sniffing to smell and whisking to feel.

251 se it is impossible for them to inspire air (sniff) to convey odorants to the olfactory epithelium.

252 In multivariate analysis sniff trans-diaphragmatic and esophageal pressure, twitc

253 Here we show, using sniff-triggered, dynamic, 2-D, optogenetic stimulation o

254 ors, including head up head bobbing, rearing/sniffing, turning, and grooming behavior.

255 Here I describe a mechanism for underwater sniffing used by the semi-aquatic star-nosed mole (Condy

256 To test this, we monitored sniffing using a thermocouple in the nasal cavity and wh

257 Furthermore, reduced sniff velocity predicted poorer detection thresholds in

258 Finally, increasing sniff vigor improved olfactory performance in those pati

259 ested the effect of intentionally increasing sniff vigor on olfactory performance in 20 additional pa

260 aintains a feedback mechanism that regulates sniff volume in relation to odor concentration.

261 lenged this view in suggesting that a single sniff was sufficient for optimal olfactory discriminatio

262 This reciprocal display of sniffing was found to be dependent upon the rat's social

263 Sniffing was mediated by the olfactory system, as eviden

264 ensities and the timing of input relative to sniffing were discriminated through one glomerulus.

265 Patients' sniffs were lower in overall airflow velocity and volume

266 ory system, as evidenced by the abolition of sniffing when the lateral olfactory tracts, were cut and

267 aled the external aerodynamics during canine sniffing, where ventral-laterally expired air jets entra

268 ly increased locomotion, head movements, and sniffing, whereas after 5.0 mg/kg behavioral responding

269 ot a static one, but rather evolves across a sniff, whereby for difficult discriminations of similar

270 g, rat, rabbit, dog and monkey indicate that sniffing (whether or not an odorant is present) induces

271 We find that sniffing, whether odorant is present or absent, induces

272 f smell (olfaction) are largely dependent on sniffing, which is an active stage of stimulus transport

273 D1 antagonist inhibited apomorphine-induced sniffing/whisking, whereas other motor behaviors were un

274 inuous passive exposures by monitoring their sniffing with whole-body plethysmography.

275 ased locomotor activity, oral movements, and sniffing) with an onset ranging from immediate to 20 min

276 iple whisks within a sniff cycle or multiple sniffs within a whisk cycle-always at the same preferred