ライフサイエンスコーパス: soot

1 oke, forest fires, coal, gasoline and diesel soot).

2 pproximately 5% (lacey soot) to 14% (compact soot).

3 ass burning (charcoal, carbon spherules, and soot).

4 Of those, 3364 particles are soot.

5 strial, purified, pristine, and oxidized) or soot.

6 sed for LII of light-absorbing kerosene lamp soot.

7 prene to the atmospheric aging of combustion soot.

8 um absorption enhancement of 1.6x over fresh soot.

9 amorphous carbon present in arc-derived SWNT soot.

10 Printex XE2-B in relation to diesel and HVO soot.

11 ith diverse functional groups to NIST diesel soot.

12 f oxygenates that incorporate into incipient soot.

13 posed to mixtures of malathion and fullerene soot.

14 clic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content of soot.

15 s on the concentration of PAHs desorbed from soot.

16 -MS to the concentration of PAHs adsorbed on soot.

17 , C80-C2v(5), and C82-C2(5) in arc-discharge soots.

18 of the instrument (LOD(NO(2)) = 0.3 ppm, LOD(soot) = 0.54 mug m(-3), limit of detection/quantificatio

19 and the Hamaker constant was derived for the soot (1.4 x 10(-20) J) using the colloidal chemistry app

20 dioxin-like toxins from hospital incinerator soot, a common PCB oil standard and pure 2,3,7,8-tetrach

21 s measured using a three-wavelength particle soot absorption photometer (PSAP) and BC particle number

22 355 nm that correlated well with a particle-soot absorption photometer (PSAP) measuring visible ligh

23 h structural and chemical characteristics of soot account for the variability in ice nucleation effic

24 reduced further soot emissions and decreased soot activation energy.

25 dband absorption spectrum of flame generated soot aerosol at 5% and 70% RH.

26 tude were measured using nanoscale spherical soot aerosol composed of aggregates with approximately 1

27 d to great heights, resulting in a worldwide soot aerosol layer that lasts several years.

28 size- and mass-selected laboratory-generated soot aerosol.

29 n a fluoropolymer chamber on size-classified soot aerosols in the presence of isoprene, photolyticall

30 The atmospheric effects of soot aerosols include interference with radiative transf

31 Soot aerosols represent a major research focus as they i

32 pic growth enhance the optical properties of soot aerosols, increasing scattering by approximately 10

33 and indirect climate forcing of atmospheric soot aerosols.

34 The DPF probably promotes breakout of large soot agglomerates (mostly ash-bearing) by favoring sinte

35 Post-DPF soot agglomerates are very few, typically large (>1-5 mu

36 Soot agglomerates of variable sizes (<0.5-5 mum) are abu

37 ntermediate (flaming) phase was dominated by soot agglomerates with AAE 1.0-1.2 and 85-100% of absorp

38 models of light scattering and absorption by soot agglomerates.

39 of the primary particulates that make up the soot agglomerates.

40 ss growth factor indicate distinct stages in soot aggregate processing by SOA coatings.

41 When heated to 300 degrees C, the soot aggregate volatile mass fraction was approximately

42 t particles on the TEM image and the size of soot aggregates also become smaller.

43 ange of 50-400 nm were of two groups: porous soot aggregates and more dense particles.

44 ions, both the size of primary particles and soot aggregates are found to decrease with increasing in

45 aracterization tools, we observe that fluffy soot aggregates are the most sticky and unstable.

46 The size of primary particles and soot aggregates does not vary significantly by implement

47 Restructuring of monodisperse soot aggregates due to coatings of secondary organic aer

48 The restructuring of monodisperse soot aggregates due to coatings of secondary organic aer

49 pheric aggregates are more polydisperse than soot aggregates generated from a single laboratory sourc

50 Soot aggregates were generated by combustion of ethylene

51 Soot aggregates were generated by one of three sources (

52 latively stable over time, especially of the soot aggregates, which had effective densities similar t

53 also causes partial restructuring of fractal soot aggregates.

54 tion of large amounts of organic material on soot aggregates.

55 tioned organic phases, respectively, whereas soot, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium chloride simulated

56 nstruments measuring aerosol concentrations, soot amount and solar fluxes.

57 icles are smallest and most reactive and the soot amount and volume are lowest.

58 nally, the sorptive-PBET was applied to wood soot and a kindergarten soil.

59 y remove engine-generated primary particles (soot and ash) and gaseous hydrocarbons.

60 al and optical signatures of the in-cylinder soot and associated low volatility organics change drama

61 tion of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) soot and enrichment in high aspect ratio nanotubes are e

62 nic aerosols of sulphate, nitrate, organics, soot and fly ash from the south Asian continent.

63 enriched in BC from historical emissions of soot and have high TOC concentrations, but the contribut

64 Kratschmer/Huffmann arc evaporated graphite soot and in the carbon material in the meteorite and imp

65 riations in the concentration ratios of char/soot and individual PACs.

66 on below about -15 degrees C is dominated by soot and mineral dusts.

67 ) the compounds were absorbed on surfaces of soot and non-tailpipe traffic dust.

68 ypress and pine wood) combustion were mainly soot and OM in the flaming phase, respectively.

69 tive information on the formation process of soot and on the impact of exhausts on the environment.

70 cts of binary mixtures composed of fullerene soot and organic co-contaminants as malathion, glyphosat

71 g and labor-intensive to obtain isotherms on soot and other BCs.

72 This study shows that both BC soot and PM levels in NYC's subways are considerably hig

73 ving rise to an oscillation in the amount of soot and radiative emission.

74 cies may also increase the hygroscopicity of soot and strongly influence the effects of soot on regio

75 es from as-produced (AP-grade) arc discharge soot and the simultaneous enrichment in unbundled, undam

76 se, we are able to quantifiably separate the soot and water absorption contributions.

77 ise to distinguish between incidental (e.g., soot) and engineered (e.g., SWCNTs) nanoparticles, which

78 BPCAs (soot) and PAHs (precursors of soot) trace fossil fuel-de

79 fference (due largely to solar absorption by soot) and the large magnitude of the observed surface fo

80 viously known co-occurrence of nanodiamonds, soot, and extinction is the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) im

81 ng PAHs from three source materials-solvent, soot, and fuel oil-to which (3)H-benzo(a)pyrene ((3)H-Ba

82 nal and global atmospheric dispersion of the soot, and the resulting physical, environmental, and cli

83 able tool for probing enhanced absorption by soot at atmospherically relevant concentrations.

84 maximally by <78% (industrial CNT) and <34% (soot) at 10.0 mg CNT/L, 5.0 mg soot/L, and diuron concen

85 We present five lake-sediment soot-BC (SBC) records from the Fennoscandian Arctic and

86 udes environmental black carbon (fossil fuel soot, biomass char), engineered carbons (biochar, activa

87 mportant to link health and climate-relevant soot (black carbon) emission characteristics to specific

88 to our estimations, atmospheric emissions of soot/black C might be a smaller fraction of total PyC (<

89 bonaceous particles were generated during a "sooting burn" experiment to explore how heterogeneity in

90 extracts are easily available from fullerene soot, but finding an efficient strategy to obtain them i

91 quantifying the production and injection of soot by large-scale fires, the regional and global atmos

92 Based on 102 soot-carbon normalized sorption coefficients (KsootC) ac

93 abled online measurements of the in-cylinder soot chemistry.

94 es of UV radiation for about a year once the soot clears, five years after the impact.

95 nstructed with common PAH sources (fuel oil, soot, coal tar based skeet particles) and direct spike w

96 lative humidity (RH); however, lab-generated soot coated with ammonium nitrate and held at 85% RH exh

97 catalysts (FBCs), were developed to catalyze soot combustion and support filter regeneration.

98 .C., m(2)/g) with 1 min time resolution when soot concentrations were in the low microgram per cubic

99 d with measured average outdoor and personal soot concentrations.

100 However, soot contributions to climate change do not alter the co

101 With the development of organic coating, the soot core is changed from a highly fractal to compact fo

102 umber fraction of the two groups were found: soot correlated with intense traffic in a diel pattern a

103 The soot covered cylinders achieved a 30% drag reduction whe

104 rbon is widespread in soil due to wildfires, soot deposition, and intentional amendment of pyrolyzed

105 was used for the analysis and collection of soot-derived carbon nanoparticles.

106 Fresh, ns-soot did not exhibit increased M.A.C. at high relative h

107 hydroxyl group in COME also reduced further soot emissions and decreased soot activation energy.

108 it in terms of the trade-off between NOX and soot emissions with respect to ULSD and biodiesel-diesel

109 rence with the climate system, then reducing soot emissions, thus restoring snow albedos to pristine

110 Wildfires contribute significantly to global soot emissions, yet their aerosol formation mechanisms a

111 even more, and the net effect was increased soot emissions.

112 Fresh kerosene nanosphere soot (ns-soot) exhibited a mean M.A.C and standard deviation of 9

113 in milligram yield when compared to control soot extracts (4% Sc3N@C80, 13 mg of Sc3N@C80).

114 Analysis of soot extracts indicate that percentages of C60 and Sc3N@

115 (96% Sc3N@C80, 12 mg) have been obtained in soot extracts without a significant penalty in milligram

116 he detailed morphological characteristics of soot for assessing environmental impacts.

117 This indirect soot forcing may have contributed to global warming of t

118 ervations help explain the larger values for soot forcing measured by others and will be used to obta

119 tility organics change dramatically from the soot formation dominated phase to the soot oxidation dom

120 The results show that EGR reduced the soot formation rate.

121 3)N@C(78) has been extracted from the carbon soot formed in the electric-arc generation of fullerenes

122 tely blue as a hydrocarbon flame, indicating soot-free burning.

123 ary creates the conditions leading to nearly soot-free combustion.

124 Whereas emission of soot from burning surface oil was large during the episo

125 exhibited the highest KD values, followed by soot, fuel oil, and solvent spiked soils.

126 nanoparticles was obtained starting with the soot generated during combustion of inexpensive paraffin

127 ack 4, and special black 6), spark discharge soot (GfG), and graphite powder was measured by a van de

128 carbon sequestration potential comparable to soot/graphite and uncharred plant biomass, respectively,

129 xicity to D. magna was as follows: fullerene soot > multiwall carbon nanotubes > graphene.

130 ations and mass accumulation rates (MARs) of soot have mainly occurred since ~1950, the establishment

131 BC, char, and soot have similar vertical concentration profiles as PAC

132 nd black carbon (BC, in the form of char and soot), have long been recognized in modern wildfire obse

133 590) and a hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) soot, have been investigated using heterogeneous chemist

134 The absorption of light by the soot heats the upper atmosphere by hundreds of degrees.

135 f markers, including nanodiamonds, aciniform soot, high-temperature melt-glass, and magnetic microsph

136 native method to reconstruct the atmospheric soot history in populated inland areas.

137 ht alterations in soot nanostructure, reduce soot ignition temperature and activation energy.

138 ght alterations in soot nanostructure, lower soot ignition temperature, and lower activation energy.

139 use of intraurban LUR models for especially soot in air pollution epidemiology.

140 pread in the freezing temperatures of ice on soot in experiments.

141 by the incomplete combustion of accumulated soot in the GPF during regeneration.

142 Vehicles represent a major source of soot in urban environments.

143 ained in pure form directly from as-prepared soots in a single facile step by taking advantage of the

144 ormation and properties of diesel combustion soot, including particle size distributions, effective d

145 The mass absorption cross-section of diesel soot increases with combustion temperature, being the hi

146 s new environmental problems associated with soot injection have been identified, including disruptio

147 For the most likely soot injections from a full-scale nuclear exchange, thre

148 actors for organic matter, elemental carbon (soot), inorganic species and a variety of organic compou

149 the flaming phase released large amounts of soot internally mixed with a small amount of OM, whereas

150 se dust cloud followed by fires that emitted soot into the air of New York City (NYC) well into Decem

151 e created by embedding carbon nanoparticles (soot) into Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).

152 The observed soot is believed to originate from global wildfires igni

153 dral species the complexity of the resultant soot is even greater because of the presence of multiple

154 The conventional view holds that soot is formed via the cluster-dilute aggregation mechan

155 eric circulations caused by solar heating of soot is found to stabilize the upper atmosphere against

156 Following injection into the atmosphere, the soot is heated by sunlight and lofted to great heights,

157 are highly sensitive to the manner by which soot is internally mixed with other aerosol constituents

158 t a characterization of the nanostructure of soot is needed to predict its ice nucleation efficiency.

159 om partially charred biomass and charcoal to soot) is a widely acknowledged C sink, with the latest e

160 ic black carbon (BC, in the form of char and soot) is still constrained for inland areas.

161 NT) and <34% (soot) at 10.0 mg CNT/L, 5.0 mg soot/L, and diuron concentrations in the range 0.73-2990

162 The recent discovery of an apparently global soot layer at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary indicates

163 ere against overturning, thus increasing the soot lifetime, and to accelerate interhemispheric transp

164 ted with a variety of biochars (n = 59), and soot-like black carbons.

165 aerosols (TC) and is typically dominated by soot-like elemental carbon (EC).

166 However, increased emissions of soot-like nanoparticles are also associated with GDI tec

167 Soot LUR models explained 39%, 44%, and 20% of personal

168 Soot LUR models were significantly correlated with measu

169 In HGY, soot MARs increased by ~7.7 times in the period 1980-201

170 The increase in soot MARs is also in line with the emission inventory re

171 The highest soot mass accumulation rates (MARs) occurred at the begi

172 bined measurements of optical properties and soot mass concentration allowed determination of mass ab

173 ybrid instrument for simultaneously tracking soot mass concentration and aerosol optical properties i

174 osol scattering, extinction coefficient, and soot mass concentration.

175 Particulate matter (PM) mass, number, and soot mass emissions showed strong reductions with increa

176 pproximately 2% of the starting raw nanotube soot material, significantly higher than previous method

177 However, the emissions of soot may even increase if the fuel injection system is o

178 Elemental carbon (EC) and soot measured with an AVL microsoot sensor (MSS) reflect

179 iques, respectively, for lacey and compacted soot morphologies.

180 ity of three carbon nanomaterials (fullerene-soot, multiwall carbon nanotubes, and graphene).

181 se PAHs and n-alkanes, slight alterations in soot nanostructure, lower soot ignition temperature, and

182 OC) in particles, show slight alterations in soot nanostructure, reduce soot ignition temperature and

183 ining fullerenic (high tortuosity or curved) soot nanostructures arising from decreased combustion te

184 (bovine serum albumin and methylcellulose), soot, natural coastal sediments, and SWCNT-amended sedim

185 pending upon local aqueous chemistry, single soot NPs could remain stable against self-aggregation in

186 examined the aggregation behavior for diesel soot NPs under aqueous condition in an effort to elucida

187 Fresh kerosene nanosphere soot (ns-soot) exhibited a mean M.A.C and standard devia

188 (6)-C(82), has been isolated from the carbon soot obtained by electric arc generation of fullerenes u

189 c2C2@Cs(hept)-C88, was isolated from the raw soot obtained by electric arc vaporization of graphite r

190 The uptake coefficient for naphthalene on soot of (1.11 +/- 0.06) x 10(-5) at 293 K was determined

191 nic matter (OM) in smoldering phase, whereas soot-OM internally mixed with K in flaming phase.

192 f soot and strongly influence the effects of soot on regional and global climate.

193 Plausible estimates for the effect of soot on snow and ice albedos (1.5% in the Arctic and 3%

194 FBCs-doped fuels are effective in promoting soot oxidation and reducing the DPM mass emissions, but

195 om the soot formation dominated phase to the soot oxidation dominated phase.

196 The obtained iron oxide particles catalyze soot oxidation in filters.

197 However, the late cycle soot oxidation rate (soot removal) was reduced even more

198 mbination of a fast gas-sampling valve and a soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) enabled

199 The current understanding of soot particle morphology in diesel engines and their dep

200 uces the highest amount of soot, the highest soot particle volume, and the largest and most crystalli

201 cidate the fundamental processes that govern soot particle-particle interactions in wet environments

202 of tar balls (80%) is 10 times greater than soot particles (8%).

203 We find that the fractal dimension of soot particles (one of the most relevant morphological d

204 We present experimental studies to show that soot particles acquire a large mass fraction of sulfuric

205 When soot particles age, the increase in mass is accompanied

206 on in flaming phase released some Cl-rich-OM/soot particles and cardboard combustion released OM and

207 We quantify the morphology of soot particles and classify them into four categories: ~

208 ants alter the composition and properties of soot particles and lead to increased particle density, h

209 Soot particles and NO(2) are among the most hazardous em

210 Monodisperse soot particles are exposed to the oxidation products of

211 s, microscale pharmaceuticals, and nanoscale soot particles are made from rigid, aggregated subunits

212 soot produced during taxiing, where primary soot particles are smallest and most reactive and the so

213 Immediately after sunrise, soot particles begin to age by developing a coating of s

214 re and the fact that the submicrometer-sized soot particles can be dispersed regionally.

215 (<5 nm), nonabsorbing coatings on nanoscale soot particles demonstrate the sensitivity of this instr

216 Single scattering albedo of soot particles depends largely on their organic content,

217 Fresh fractal soot particles dominate the measured absorption during p

218 The morphology and internal structure of soot particles emitted from a CFM 56-7B26/3 turbofan eng

219 Soot particles exposed to subsaturated sulfuric acid vap

220 tic precipitator has been applied to deposit soot particles from the exhaust stream between interdigi

221 roscope imaging were applied to the in-flame soot particles inside the cylinder of a working diesel e

222 Aging transforms initially hydrophobic soot particles into efficient cloud condensation nuclei

223 Knowledge of the morphology and mixing of soot particles is fundamental to understand their potent

224 over 90% reduction of the projection area of soot particles on the TEM image and the size of soot agg

225 The results show that the number count of soot particles per image decreases by more than 80% when

226 iled analysis shows that the number count of soot particles per image increases with increasing injec

227 ork, in particular the small size of primary soot particles present in the exhaust (modes of 24, 20,

228 The relative abundance of soot particles shows a positive association with traffic

229 ation of the mixing state of freshly emitted soot particles shows that most of them are bare (or thin

230 warming than the volume-equivalent spherical soot particles simulated in climate models.

231 of internal dilation symmetry of individual soot particles subject to non-equilibrium aggregation, a

232 lts for the uptake of naphthalene (C10H8) by soot particles typical of those found in the exhaust of

233 n when polydisperse, laboratory-generated ns-soot particles were embedded within or coated with ammon

234 erated inside the engine or depict incipient soot particles which are partially carbonized in the exh

235 Furthermore, the mixing of soot particles with other material affects their optical

236 and the largest and most crystalline primary soot particles with the lowest oxidative reactivity.

237 In the example of different kinds of soot particles, the performance of the spectrometer was

238 M emissions that are associated with emitted soot particles, unlike the purely oil droplets observed

239 morphological and mixing properties of those soot particles.

240 e significant influence on the morphology of soot particles.

241 take of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by soot particles.

242 of oil burned on the surface was emitted as soot particles.

243 a gas and 1.5 x 10(-8) W cm(-1) Hz(-1/2) for soot particles.

244 optical properties, and aging timescales for soot particles.

245 The microscopic characteristics of soot particulate matter (PM) in gas turbine exhaust are

246 into the EGR loop to filter the recirculated soot particulates.

247 ce (HS-LII) instrument and a single particle soot photometer (SP2) were conducted upwind, downwind, a

248 rations were measured with a single particle soot photometer.

249 Soots prepared in the usual manner via a Kratschmer-Huff

250 Soot produced during incomplete combustion consists main

251 The opposite is the case for soot produced during taxiing, where primary soot particl

252 The soot produced from 13a shows a high abundance of onion-l

253 Altered soot properties are of key importance when designing emi

254 ts of secondary organic aerosol formation on soot properties from OH-initiated oxidation of toluene.

255 The in-cylinder evolution of soot properties over the combustion cycle and as a funct

256 g that even in the remote marine troposphere soot provided nuclei for heterogeneous sulfate formation

257 ences from atmospheric heating measurements, soot radiative forcing estimates currently differ by a f

258 The control of the soot recirculation penalty through filtered EGR (FEGR) r

259 ered EGR (FEGR) resulted in a 50% engine-out soot reduction, thus showing the possibility of extendin

260 ith a diameter smaller than 2.5 mum (PM2.5), soot (reflectance of PM2.5), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and

261 However, the late cycle soot oxidation rate (soot removal) was reduced even more, and the net effect

262 scopic characteristics of cruising condition soot resemble the ones of the approximately 100% thrust

263 final degree and coating mass dependence of soot restructuring were found to be the same for SOA coa

264 We present additional observations of soot SAs in wildfire smoke-laden air masses over Norther

265 of 6, ranging between 0.2-1.2 W/m(2), making soot second only to CO(2) in terms of global warming pot

266 f a conductometric measurement principle for soot sensing.

267 test vehicle was equipped with the AVL Micro Soot Sensor (photoacoustic soot sensor) to prove the con

268 ith the AVL Micro Soot Sensor (photoacoustic soot sensor) to prove the conductometric sensor principl

269 an important role in aging of anthropogenic soot, shortening its atmospheric lifetime and considerab

270 large proportion of absorbing black carbon ("soot"), similar to observed amounts.

271 efficient measurements from a Photo Acoustic Soot Spectrometer were used to estimate aerosol optical

272 heap analytical tool for characterization of soot structure.

273 Here we report the ubiquitous presence of soot superaggregates (SAs) in the outflow from a major w

274 gest oxidization of SO2 may have occurred on soot surfaces, implying that even in the remote marine t

275 orcing from aerosols is due to black carbon--soot--that is released from the burning of fossil fuel a

276 njection into the atmosphere of 15,000 Tg of soot, the amount estimated to be present at the Cretaceo

277 and NOx models were correlated with personal soot, the component least affected by indoor sources.

278 y 100% thrust produces the highest amount of soot, the highest soot particle volume, and the largest

279 compared to the results from diesel and HVO soot, the latter being the one with the largest abundanc

280 For wood soot, the SBE method yielded PAH bioaccessibility estima

281 groscopicity, and further exposure of coated soot to elevated relative humidity results in a more sph

282 ections ranging from approximately 5% (lacey soot) to 14% (compact soot).

283 BPCAs (soot) and PAHs (precursors of soot) trace fossil fuel-derived PyC.

284 the same level of EGR with an improved NO(X)/soot trade-off.

285 agnetic microspherules, (iii) charcoal, (iv) soot, (v) carbon spherules, (vi) glass-like carbon conta

286 fference in dispersive interactions with the soot versus with the water was the dominant factor encou

287 rapid dehydration that removes all remaining soot via wet deposition.

288 y stems from the fact that the actual amount soot warms our atmosphere strongly depends on the manner

289 ielded an average of 8.2 +/- 5.9 m(2)/g when soot was >0.25 mug/m(3).

290 Diesel traffic-related elemental carbon (EC) soot was also associated with IHD mortality (HR = 1.03;

291 The evolution in the mixing state of soot was monitored from simultaneous measurements of the

292 ited in Linsley Pond, Connecticut, USA while soot was more abundant during the warmer and drier early

293 a on emission factors of OC and EC (char and soot) was assessed for four cookstoves (advanced, improv

294 Using this relationship, soot-water and sediment-water or soil-water adsorption c

295 For soot, we observe an enhancement in the mass specific abs

296 in-like motifs with contiguous Hyp (SOOA and SOOT) were also found.

297 the different formation pathways of char and soot, which are governed by combustion efficiency.

298 obtained from the analysis of flame sampled soot with standard commercial GC-MS run in parallel vali

299 ism of atmospheric aging, internal mixing of soot with sulfuric acid has profound implications on vis

300 tion in terms of EFs for OC and EC (char and soot) within the cooking cycle was also found to be sign