1 on, particularly the use of a diaphragm plus spermicide and sexual intercourse.

2  intercourse, recent use of a diaphragm with spermicide, and a history of recurrent urinary tract inf

3                      Nonoxynol 9 is a proved spermicide, but whether it is also a microbicide is unce

4 history of UTI (OR = 2.64), and frequency of spermicide-coated condom exposure (OR = 3.34 for more th

5                         To determine whether spermicide-coated condoms are also associated with an in

6                                  Exposure to spermicide-coated condoms conferred a higher risk of UTI

7                                              Spermicide-coated condoms were responsible for 42% of th

8                                    Virucidal spermicides have been considered for this purpose, but t

9 candidate widely used as an over-the-counter spermicide, may actually increase human immunodeficiency

10                        A widely used vaginal spermicide, nonoxynol-9 (N-9), greatly increased suscept

11 ionic detergent and the structurally related spermicide, nonoxynol-9.

12 tion and both recent use of a diaphragm with spermicide (respective relative risks for one, three, an

13  did using a diaphragm, cervical cap, and/or spermicide (same uropathogen: OR = 1.53, 95% CI: 0.95, 2

14 r (odds ratio, 2.2 [CI, 1.4 to 3.6]), recent spermicide use (odds ratio, 1.7 [CI, 1.1 to 2.8]), and U

15 ained in case-patients after controlling for spermicide use (OR, 6.5; P = .02).

16                                    Diaphragm/spermicide use increases the risk of urinary tract infec

17                                              Spermicide use was associated with greater risk of vagin

18 ication, menses, greater number of partners, spermicide use, more frequent vaginal intercourse, and l