ライフサイエンスコーパス: spicule

1 nonhistaminergic pruritogens (e.g., cowhage spicules).

2 urchin embryo forms an endoskeletal calcitic spicule.

3 onstitute the protein matrix of the skeletal spicule.

4 port via the primary mesenchyme cells to the spicule.

5 thus increasing the overall strength of each spicule.

6 tment, where they integrate into the growing spicule.

7 o mineralogically distinct layers within the spicules.

8 ower shocks that drive upward flows and form spicules.

9 rved occurrence and properties of individual spicules.

10 retory system, hermaphrodite vulva, and male spicules.

11 perimental manipulation of isolated skeletal spicules.

12 rant migrations and morphologically abnormal spicules.

13 ype male tail, including those that form the spicules.

14 from the endoderm and is concentrated in the spicules.

15 a-generated acanthocytes were imprinted with spicules.

16 ls (PMCs), which form the embryonic skeleton spicules.

17 e an endoskeleton consisting of two calcitic spicules.

18 deposition and integration into the forming spicules.

19 this taxon possessed a skeleton comprised of spicules.

20 t linear, "h"- and "H"-shaped, or triradiate spicules.

21 letal elements of the siliceous sponges, the spicules.

22 develop a structural mechanics model for the spicules.

23 together by organic matrix to form laminated spicules.

24 silicateins in silicification of the sponge spicule and offer the prospect of a new synthetic route

25 nd modern heteroscleromorphs, with hexactine spicules and a globose body form inherited from reticulo

26 re presented: (1) the formation of siliceous spicules and frustules in sponges and diatoms, respectiv

27 Studies of mineralization of embryonic spicules and of the sea urchin genome have identified se

28 lineage, the lineage that gives rise to the spicules and other male copulatory structures.

29 nd fine-scale surface features consisting of spicules and spines that scatter light into intense stra

30 larval eyes or ocelli, epidermal calcareous spicules, and a collection of serially reiterated epider

31 s to calcite (CaCO3) formation in sea urchin spicules, and not proto-aragonite or poorly crystalline

32 d morphogenesis of the posterior hypodermis, spicules, and proctodeum.

33 ct SM30 proteins are identified in embryonic spicules, and they have apparent molecular masses of app

34 tial filopodial cables within which skeletal spicules are deposited.

35 Spicules are dynamic jets propelled upwards (at speeds o

36 his observation, we found that lin-29 mutant spicules are on average 43% shorter than wild-type spicu

37 Spicules are shown to occur when magnetic tension is amp

38 PMCs and spicules are therefore directly exposed to strong change

39 materials (namely mollusk shells and sponge spicules) are discussed here.

40 The skeletal elements, known as spicules, are millimeter-long, axisymmetric, silica rods

41 , e.g., teeth, bones, shells, carapaces, and spicules, are of considerable interest to chemists and m

42 anics calculations and information about the spicules' arrangement within the sponge to develop a str

43 ir-2.1(0) males, the hypercontraction of the spicule-associated muscles pinch the vas deferens openin

44 We show that the SPV and SPD spicule-associated sensory neurons and the spicule socke

45 pressed in the protractor muscles and in the spicule-associated SPC and PCB cholinergic neurons.

46 nstruct an elaborate calcareous endoskeletal spicule beginning at gastrulation.

47 , containing the three molluscan groups with spicules but without true shells, and they support the m

48 50, SM30, and PM27, in the three-dimensional spicule by studying changes in protein localization duri

49 l slit to widen, so that the male copulatory spicules can easily insert.

50 The spicules can function as single-mode, few-mode, or multi

51 evelopment goes awry after the generation of spicule cells, when spicule morphogenesis occurs in wild

52 eticulate, tufted skeleton of minute monaxon spicules, characteristic of the fossil demosponge family

53 A minority of these aggregates had short spicule-coated membranes, which resembled the beginnings

54 e aggregates finally are introduced into the spicule compartment, where they integrate into the growi

55 , while SM30 may play a role in secretion of spicule components.

56 respectively; (2) the structure of skeletal spicules composed of amorphous calcium carbonate in some

57 The difference in spicule composition of the classes is interpreted throug

58 Silica spicules constitute 75% of the dry weight of the sponge

59 Each spicule contains a central protein filament, shown by x-

60 triggered rapid erythrocyte conversion into spicule-covered echinocytes, followed by MP shedding.

61 cowhage, the nonhistaminergic itch-producing spicules covering the pod of the legume Mucuna pruriens.

62 longation: elongated spicules with defective spicule cuticle can be formed.

63 for both spicule elongation and formation of spicule cuticle.

64 nly necessary but also sufficient to produce spicule cuticle.

65 NA-mediated interference results in the same spicule defect as caused by overexpression of POP-1, a T

66 cues secreted by other cells in the embryo, spicules deposited in PMC culture lack the complex branc

67 in defining the extracellular space in which spicule deposition occurs, while SM30 may play a role in

68 In lin-29 mutants, spicule development goes awry after the generation of sp

69 A TGFbeta-like signal is required for spicule development in Caenorhabditis elegans males.

70 show that during Caenorhabditis elegans male spicule development, the specification of a glial versus

71 body size, but functional in sensory ray and spicule development.

72 LEV-11 (tropomyosin) regulates the spicules directly by controlling the male sex muscles an

73 etinal degeneration and the presence of bone spicules distributed throughout the retina at younger ag

74 eir role in the continued elaboration of the spicule during later stages of embryogenesis.

75 spicule socket cells are essential for both spicule elongation and formation of spicule cuticle.

76 beta signaling pathways might be involved in spicule elongation.

77 y separable from their function in mediating spicule elongation: elongated spicules with defective sp

78 the defecation cycle in hermaphrodites, and spicule eversion during mating in the male.

79 uncated PDGF receptor-beta inhibited gut and spicule formation and differentiation along the oral-abo

80 e role of proteases in these early events of spicule formation and their role in the continued elabor

81 lation (which has been considered before for spicule formation) and by p-modes (which are solar globa

82 ody size, male tail sensory ray identity and spicule formation.

83 chymal cells (PMCs) that are responsible for spicule formation.

84 d study of the optical properties of basalia spicules from the glass sponge Euplectella aspergillum a

85 Because cutaneous application of spicules from the plant Mucuna pruriens (cowhage) has be

86 on itch produced by intradermal insertion of spicules from the pods of a cowhage plant (Mucuna prurie

87 s elegans males to protract their copulatory spicules from their tail and insert them into the hermap

88 ons and sheath cells, although important for spicule function, are dispensable for spicule morphology

89 ate that unc-103 controls various aspects of spicule function.

90 emoval of the inhibitor allows resumption of spicule growth.

91 bonate and matrix proteins to the site(s) of spicule growth.

92 rs close to observational limits (< 500 km), spicules have been largely unexplained since their disco

93 rents to different chemical stimuli (cowhage spicules, histamine, capsaicin).

94 ponge monophyly and demosponge-hexactinellid spicule homology, and supports the primitive, stem-silic

95 Continued elaboration of the spicule, however, is completely stopped; addition of the

96 dylcholine into irregular, curved and knobby spicules; i.e., echinocytosis became acanthocytosis.

97 ubunits comprising the axial cores of silica spicules in a marine sponge chemically and spatially dir

98 We present a case of follicular spicules in a patient with MM, which is very reminiscent

99 The arrangement of these spicules in Eiffelia is shown to be precisely equivalent

100 n microscopy (PEEM), here we examine forming spicules in embryos of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus sea

101 Follicular spicules in MM are probably not caused by the trichodysp

102 The cause of follicular spicules in multiple myeloma (MM) is not known.

103 e chromosphere is permeated by jets known as spicules, in which plasma is propelled at speeds of 50 t

104 ore, urea converted the axisymmetric conical spicules induced by lysophosphatidylcholine into irregul

105 the subsequent steps of vulva attachment via spicule insertion and sperm transfer.

106 response, backing, turning, vulva location, spicule insertion and sperm transfer.

107 Here, we report that confinement of spicule insertion attempts to the vulva is facilitated b

108 ndependent spicule protraction show abnormal spicule insertion behavior during sex.

109 phrodites, backing, turning, vulva location, spicule insertion, and sperm transfer, culminating in cr

110 response, backing, turning, vulva location, spicule insertion, and sperm transfer.

111 rs undergo prolonged contraction to keep the spicules inside the hermaphrodite until sperm transfer i

112 how the presence of diagnostic hexactinellid spicules integrated into the skeletal mesh.

113 The assembly of these spicules into bundles, effected by the laminated silica-

114 muscle contractions to insert his copulatory spicules into his mate.

115 mating, the insertion of the male copulatory spicules into its mate, requires UNC-103 ERG (ether-a-go

116 ng behavior, the male inserts his copulatory spicules into the hermaphrodite by regulating periodic a

117 f the Caenorhabditis elegans male copulatory spicules into the hermaphrodite during mating.

118 The erythrocytes have numerous spicules irregularly distributed over the cell surface.

119 Each spicule is covered with recurved barbs and has an intern

120 chromospheric plasma in fountainlike jets or spicules is accelerated upward into the corona, with muc

121 The origin of the spicules is poorly understood, although they are expecte

122 spicule traces, in which the cuticle of the spicules is secreted.

123 , as well as other proteins found within the spicule, is central to understanding their function, we

124 he midperipheral retina, accompanied by bone spicule-like pigmentary deposits and a reduced or absent

125 Dilated funduscopy also showed bone spicule-like pigmented deposits, typical for retinitis p

126 apparatus consisting of thousands of anchor spicules (long, hair-like glassy fibers).

127 rize the proteins that comprise the integral spicule matrix of the Strongylocentrotus purpuratus embr

128 blotting analysis indicates that SM50 is the spicule matrix protein with the most alkaline isoelectri

129 Comparisons between embryonic spicule matrix proteins and adult spine integral matrix

130 eals that there are 12 strongly radiolabeled spicule matrix proteins and approximately three dozen le

131 ular matrix proteins, cell surface proteins, spicule matrix proteins and transcription factors.

132 we undertook to develop methods to localize spicule matrix proteins in intact spicules, using immuno

133 ctrophoresis of [35S]methionine radiolabeled spicule matrix proteins reveals that there are 12 strong

134 oelectric points; however, there are several spicule matrix proteins that have more alkaline isoelect

135 t prevent the continued synthesis of several spicule matrix proteins.

136 ately three dozen less strongly radiolabeled spicule matrix proteins.

137 of a gene, SM50, encoding a component of the spicule matrix, which plays an integral role in the form

138 position; small fossils containing putative spicules may specifically record the presence of sponges

139 after the generation of spicule cells, when spicule morphogenesis occurs in wild-type males.

140 Caenorhabditis elegans male spicule morphogenesis requires the coordinated cellular

141 During spicule morphogenesis, the expression of an egl-17::GFP

142 lt of failure of socket cell movement during spicule morphogenesis.

143 Cs), are important both for PMC guidance and spicule morphogenesis.

144 Similarly, the spicule morphology clearly differed between both treatme

145 in-31 result in identical cell migration and spicule morphology defects.

146 Calcification rate, spicule morphology, major biochemical constituents (prot

147 nt for spicule function, are dispensable for spicule morphology.

148 These repetitive spicule movements continue until the male shifts off the

149 is required for the male to sustain rhythmic spicule muscle contractions during attempts to breach th

150 hrodite by regulating periodic and prolonged spicule muscle contractions.

151 NAD(+) salvage pathway, cannot mate due to a spicule muscle defect.

152 nt ACh receptors and calcium channels in the spicule muscles to mediate these contractile behaviors.

153 opodia that elongates anteriorly towards the spicule muscles.

154 R-3(mAChR)/G alpha(q) pathway sensitizes the spicule neurons and muscles before and during mating so

155 We found that the spicule neurons and sheath cells, although important for

156 tocoelic cavity, as well as abnormalities in spicule number and shape.

157 scan shells; (4) the development of skeletal spicules of sea urchin embryos; and (5) the formation of

158 hat silicatein-a protein found in the silica spicules of the sponge Tethya aurantia--can hydrolyse an

159 organisms, including the primitive skeleton (spicule) of the sea urchin embryo, the structural and fu

160 rganic core of the glassy skeletal elements (spicules) of a marine sponge, has led to the development

161 monkey after topical application of cowhage spicules or intradermal injection of histamine and capsa

162 of eight shell plates (valves) surrounded by spicules or scales, and fossil evidence suggests that th

163 On the other hand, epidermal spicules originate from both pretrochal and postrochal c

164 nts of these parameters in the native sponge spicules, our modeling results correlate remarkably well

165 ive in TGF-beta signaling display a crumpled spicules phenotype as a result of failure of socket cell

166 ) amplitudes, cataract, and funduscopic bone spicule pigmentation.

167 thy volunteers with heat-inactivated cowhage spicules previously soaked in the peptide.

168 ro, also using XANES-PEEM, assay to identify spicule proteins that may play a role in stabilizing var

169 itability levels that regulate the timing of spicule protraction and the success of male mating behav

170 unc-103-induced spicule protraction can be suppressed by killing the SPC

171 Additionally, unc-103-induced spicule protraction can be suppressed by reducing a phar

172 UNC-103 also regulates the timing of spicule protraction during mating behavior.

173 males that do not display mating-independent spicule protraction show abnormal spicule insertion beha

174 holinergic transmission reduces drug-induced spicule protraction, suggesting that drug-stimulated neu

175 elated gene/UNC-103 K(+) channels to control spicule protraction.

176 we show that specific slo-1 isoforms affect spicule protraction.

177 rg1); unc-103(lf) males restores spontaneous spicule protraction.

178 lopment is critical for function of the male spicule protractor muscles during adulthood, but these m

179 ACh (acetylcholine) activates nAChRs on the spicule protractor muscles to induce the attached spicul

180 Cowhage spicules provide an important model for histamine-indepe

181 te gonad and for the development of the male spicule, rays and gonad.

182 uniform silicon structures, the anisotropic spicule requires greater force for detachment from colla

183 aics, that the formation of wild-type-length spicules requires lin-29(+) in the AB.p lineage, the lin

184 ca cylinder progressively decreases from the spicule's core to its periphery, which we hypothesize is

185 nes serving as illumination points along the spicule shaft.

186 tor, induces spiculogenesis and controls the spicule shape in PMC culture.

187 same length and volume, we predict that the spicules' shape enhances this critical load by up to 30%

188 We also find that the spicules' shape is close to the shape of the column that

189 chanics model along with measurements of the spicules' shape to estimate the load they can transmit b

190 one of the matrix proteins of the sea urchin spicule, SM 30, has been shown to contain a carbohydrate

191 nt occluded matrix protein in the sea urchin spicules, SM50, stabilizes ACC . H(2)O in vitro.

192 an egl-17::GFP reporter gene is found in the spicule socket cells and its expression appears to be re

193 In contrast, the spicule socket cells are essential for both spicule elon

194 D spicule-associated sensory neurons and the spicule socket neuronal support cells function with intr

195 03(lf) alleles cause males to protract their spicules spontaneously in the absence of mating cues.

196 nhibitor during the active elongation of the spicule stops further elongation immediately.

197 ted from California purple sea urchin larval spicules, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) ACC were studie

198 To evaluate this hypothesis, we created a spicule structural mechanics model, in which we fixed th

199 e two antigens are widely distributed in the spicule, suggest that this technique should be applicabl

200 tein could not be detected on the surface of spicules that had been isolated from embryo homogenates

201 ptic sex muscles execute rhythmic copulatory spicule thrusts.

202 ment through cellular endings exposed at the spicule tips and regulate both sperm release into the he

203 When the spicule tips penetrate the vulva, the protractors underg

204 ules to extend from the male tail before the spicule tips penetrate the vulva.

205 xperiments emphasize the similarity of these spicules to commercial optical fibers, the absence of an

206 e premature prolonged contractions cause the spicules to extend from the male tail before the spicule

207 le protractor muscles to induce the attached spicules to extend from the tail.

208 s undergo periodic contractions to allow the spicules to reattempt insertion if a previous thrust fai

209 tal materials (bone, shark cartilage, sponge spicules) to attachment devices (mussel byssal threads),

210 ions of these cells form cellular molds, the spicule traces, in which the cuticle of the spicules is

211 We find, however, that the spicules use a completely new strategy.

212 o localize spicule matrix proteins in intact spicules, using immunogold techniques and scanning elect

213 However, when isolated spicules were etched for 2 min with dilute acetic acid (

214 isolated from the skin lesions; however, the spicules were positive for Merkel cell carcinoma virus,

215 the constraints imposed by neighboring bone spicules, which limit the amount of interstitium from wh

216 es are on average 43% shorter than wild-type spicules while other male mating structures appear unalt

217 tear and treated retinoblastoma scar), bone spicules, white without pressure, and peripheral drusen,

218 that results in oriented single-crystalline spicules with a complex branching shape and smoothly cur

219 n in mediating spicule elongation: elongated spicules with defective spicule cuticle can be formed.

220 e compare magnetohydrodynamic simulations of spicules with observations from the Interface Region Ima

221 -selective, producing mesostructured silicon spicules with skeletonlike morphology, 3D tectonic motif