ライフサイエンスコーパス: spikelet

1 ne duplication in the evolution of the grass spikelet.

2 of the lower floret from a maize (Zea mays) spikelet.

3 ion, resulting in two functional florets per spikelet.

4 genes in different regions of the floret and spikelet.

5 in the timing of initiation of the terminal spikelet.

6 as branches with production of higher order spikelets.

7 ontrol the variation of the number of seeded spikelets.

8 omplex spikes containing a greater number of spikelets.

9 ers are organized on small branches known as spikelets.

10 ave been involved in the evolution of paired spikelets.

11 ulting in homeotic conversion of bristles to spikelets.

12 by a number of secondary components, termed spikelets.

13 pikelets and in the secondary florets of ear spikelets.

14 fferences in the number of developed lateral spikelets.

15 nsitions from florets to glumes in the basal spikelets.

16 p, and present only in the developing median spikelets.

17 g indeterminate branches to form in place of spikelets.

18 nly in lemmas, paleas and awns of developing spikelets.

19 shoots and in the outer glumes of staminate spikelets.

20 ikelets, and in the secondary florets of ear spikelets.

21 Mutant tassels produce fewer branches and spikelets.

22 absent, and when present, are small with few spikelets.

23 e frequency of occurrence of the spontaneous spikelets.

24 reflected a relationship with non-propagated spikelets.

25 ecede complex spikes with greater numbers of spikelets.

26 e waveform is composed of varying numbers of spikelets.

27 at ears accumulated up to 40% fewer necrotic spikelets.

28 polar or bipolar deflections that are termed spikelets.

29 in the membrane potential of neurons, termed spikelets.

30 utant when applied during infection of wheat spikelets.

31 nal spikelet and a limited number of lateral spikelets.

32 transition from glumes to florets in apical spikelets.

33 d with two-rowed spikes with sterile lateral spikelets.

34 IDS1 (barley ortholog of maize INDETERMINATE SPIKELET 1) is a putative downstream target of COM2.

35 Cross-correlation of spikelet activity and membrane potential revealed direct

36 es of Cx36-KO mice displayed lower levels of spikelet activity compared to WT mice, indicating reduce

37 elet kinetics and lack of a direct effect on spikelet activity from hyperpolarizing current injection

38 stics and our functional characterization of spikelet activity indicate that spikelets originate from

39 d quantitatively as a saturating function of spikelet amplitude, rate of rise, or preceding interspik

40 cence is an unbranched spike with a terminal spikelet and a limited number of lateral spikelets.

41 Branch, spikelet and floral meristems that form in these lines a

42 pes of determinate meristems: spikelet pair, spikelet and floral meristems.

43 elet pair and spikelet meristem convert into spikelet and floret meristems, respectively.

44 acids accumulated over time in unpollinated spikelets and cobs, especially Asn.

45 d the abortion of pistils in both the tassel spikelets and in the secondary florets of ear spikelets.

46 Six-rowed spikes show fertile lateral spikelets and produce increased grain yield per spike, c

47 Next, the relationship between CS spikelets and SS activity was investigated.

48 thway results in the arrest of stamen in ear spikelets and the abortion of pistils in both the tassel

49 contrast, binocular disparity preferences of spikelets and the principal neuron were unrelated.

50 pair meristem initiates more than a pair of spikelets and the spikelet meristem initiates more than

51 sses produce florets on a structure called a spikelet, and variation in the number and arrangement of

52 and 18 d after silking; dissected into cob, spikelet, and/or pedicel and kernel fractions; then anal

53 s have a similar waveform to the spontaneous spikelets, and also show the ability to override the fre

54 primary and secondary florets of the tassel spikelets, and in the secondary florets of ear spikelets

55 vity, including subthreshold depolarization, spikelets, and suprathreshold responses with widely dist

56 expression in only the upper flowers of the spikelet appears to be the ancestral state; expression i

57 In most grasses, spikelets are borne singly on the inflorescence.

58 However, paired spikelets are characteristic of the Andropogoneae, a tri

59 Spikelets are indeterminate and give rise to a variable

60 that complex spikes with greater numbers of spikelets are preceded by higher simple spike firing rat

61 EED2 RNA but functional pistils found in ear spikelets are protected from cell death by the action of

62 isplay noncanonical spike-branching in which spikelets are replaced by lateral branch-like structures

63 three spikelets (one central and two lateral spikelets) are produced at each rachis internode.

64 bserved for very high frequencies or for the spikelets associated with complex spikes.

65 ies, which bear one to three single-flowered spikelets at each rachis internode.

66 Fertility of the lateral spikelets at triple spikelet meristem gives row-type ide

67 ) with tri-partite clusters of uni-floretted spikelets attached alternately along its length.

68 nshattering domesticated rice (Oryza sativa) spikelet bases increased over this period from 27% to 39

69 ains of biphasic waves, which we have termed spikelets because of their similarity to truncated actio

70 ing photosynthate allocation to the grain by spikelet clipping significantly increased white root bio

71 tary experiments (variety, mutant study, and spikelet clipping) to examine the impacts of rice plant

72 number and arrangement of both branches and spikelets contributes to the great diversity of grass in

73 duction of TaFROG by F. graminearum in wheat spikelets correlated with the activation of the defense

74 The probability of propagation of individual spikelets could be described quantitatively as a saturat

75 The number of spikelets/CS correlated with the average SS firing rate

76 tassel with increased lateral branching and spikelet density compared with nontransgenic siblings.

77 -phosphate homeostasis implicated to control spikelet determinacy.

78 with lateral spikelet fertility and loss of spikelet determinacy.

79 iscovers a key regulatory mechanism of grass spikelet development and suggests that the role of JA in

80 six-rowed spike3 (vrs3) mutants with altered spikelet development for gene identification and functio

81 MOS1 may regulate the transition to terminal spikelet development in other closely related and agricu

82 ancestral role for TGA1-like genes in early spikelet development, but do not support the hypothesis

83 OI1b, to trigger OsJAZ1's degradation during spikelet development.

84 ting OsMADS1, an E-class gene crucial to the spikelet development.

85 Principal neurons and spikelets did not, however, generally share preferences

86 and recordings of fast prepotentials called 'spikelets', direct evidence for such coupling remains sp

87 eum vulgare L.) are characterized by sessile spikelets directly borne on the main axis, thus forming

88 creased numbers of flowers in tassel and ear spikelets, disrupted rowing in the ear, fused kernels, a

89 Spikelets exhibited matched orientation tuning preferenc

90 We found that spikelet expression is regulated by somatic, and not by

91 Our model predicts the occurrence of spikelets (fast prepotentials) in some pyramidal cells d

92 2) were specifically associated with lateral spikelet fertility and loss of spikelet determinacy.

93 s1 (HvHox1), a negative regulator of lateral spikelet fertility in barley.

94 ations in barley TB1 correlated with lateral spikelet fertility phenotypes.

95 ative trait loci (QTLs) responsible for rice spikelet fertility under high temperature at flowering s

96 ding rate, shoot biomass, stem strength, and spikelet fertility.

97 During complex spikes, where Na(+)-mediated spikelets fire atop slower depolarizing conductances, se

98 Sos1 mutants have fewer branches and spikelets for two reasons: (1) fewer spikelet pair meris

99 omatic-dendritic recordings that demonstrate spikelet generation at axosomatic membranes.

100 Salt treatment was found to reduce spikelet growth, silk growth, and kernel set.

101 Spikelets have been proposed to originate from various s

102 -like proteins were expressed throughout the spikelet in the early development of all grasses, and th

103 of Kcnc3-null Purkinje cells revealed fewer spikelets in complex spikes and a lower intraburst frequ

104 cited slow membrane current oscillations and spikelets in ET cells when synaptic transmission and int

105 ia also cause disease symptoms on inoculated spikelets in infection assays with barley and Brachypodi

106 lk1 (ba1) mutants produce fewer branches and spikelets in the inflorescence due to defects in auxin b

107 t of maize produces single instead of paired spikelets in the inflorescence.

108 pping gene expression patterns in leaves and spikelets indicate that FUL1 and FUL2 probably share som

109 (RR) metabolites to contain the pathogen to spikelet infection.

110 n the mutants, which produce two florets per spikelet instead of one.

111 Division of spikelets into likely axonally propagated and non-propag

112 In addition, the lower floret of each ear spikelet is aborted early in its development, leaving th

113 The spikelet is the basal unit of inflorescence in grasses,

114 efore suggest that one important function of spikelets is the modulation of Purkinje cell simple spik

115 Spikelet kinetics and lack of a direct effect on spikele

116 e examined the functional characteristics of spikelets measured in neurons from cat primary visual co

117 GABAergic IPSCs and/or depolarizing events (spikelets, mediated via electrical coupling) in a large

118 le for LHS1 in specifying determinacy of the spikelet meristem and also in determining the identity o

119 types of axillary meristem: branch meristem, spikelet meristem and floral meristem.

120 quired for specifying a single floret on the spikelet meristem and for floret organ development, but

121 In the absence of ids1 gene function, the spikelet meristem becomes indeterminate and produces add

122 itiating one meristem, the spikelet pair and spikelet meristem convert into spikelet and floret meris

123 In addition, spikelet meristem determinacy is altered in the mutants,

124 kelet1 (ids1), an APETALA2 gene required for spikelet meristem determinacy, is a key target of ts4.

125 specifying bristle identity and maintaining spikelet meristem determinacy.

126 to initiate floral meristems and to control spikelet meristem determinacy.

127 pikelet1 (ids1) that specifies a determinate spikelet meristem fate and thereby limits the number of

128 hat the function of this gene in determining spikelet meristem fate is conserved with distantly relat

129 peating unit of the maize inflorescence, the spikelet meristem gives rise to an upper and a lower flo

130 Fertility of the lateral spikelets at triple spikelet meristem gives row-type identity to barley spik

131 APETALA2 transcription factor related to the spikelet meristem identity genes branched silkless1 (bd1

132 data support similar roles for both genes in spikelet meristem identity, a general role for FUL1 in f

133 he transition to flowering, specification of spikelet meristem identity, and specification of floral

134 tiates more than a pair of spikelets and the spikelet meristem initiates more than the normal two flo

135 is required for the timely conversion of the spikelet meristem into the floral meristem.

136 In maize, the spikelet meristem is determinate, producing one floral m

137 Triple spikelet meristem is one of the unique features of barle

138 ize mutation that alters the identity of the spikelet meristem, causing indeterminate branches to for

139 increased number of floret meristems by each spikelet meristem.

140 ereas the male floral meristem converts to a spikelet meristem.

141 and is expressed in a distinct domain of the spikelet meristem.

142 eristem identity from lateral domains of the spikelet meristem.

143 suppressing indeterminate growth within the spikelet meristem.

144 spikelet1 (ids1) ifa1 double mutants, female spikelet meristems convert to branch meristems and male

145 ristems convert to branch meristems and male spikelet meristems convert to spikelet pair meristems.

146 ower number; it is strongly expressed in all spikelet meristems even as they are producing flowers, a

147 These in turn initiate spikelet meristems which finally produce the floret meri

148 ion of axillary meristems (spikelet-pair and spikelet meristems) that are unique to grasses.

149 ed, the spikelet pair meristem, produces two spikelet meristems, each of which produces two floral me

150 ed by determinate axillary spikelet-pair and spikelet meristems.

151 ms that are produced make one instead of two spikelet meristems.

152 types of lateral organ primordia as well as spikelet meristems.

153 acid (JA) in determining rice (Oryza sativa) spikelet morphogenesis.

154 lume 1 (eg1) and eg2 mutants exhibit altered spikelet morphology with changed floral organ identity a

155 Other spikelet-neuron pairs revealed indirect effects, likely

156 In this study, we identified a gene, SPIKELET NUMBER (SPIKE), from a tropical japonica rice l

157 The extent to which differences in spikelet number affect simple spike activity (and vice v

158 extent to which differences in complex spike spikelet number affects simple spike activity (and vice

159 eased indica cultivar IRRI146, and increased spikelet number in the genetic background of other popul

160 processing, and suggests that complex spike spikelet number may maintain Purkinje cells within their

161 let interval) showed that the correlation of spikelet number with SS firing rate primarily reflected

162 hanges in primary branch number and density, spikelet number, and bristle (sterile branchlet) number;

163 nd overexpressor lines revealed increases in spikelet number, leaf size, root system, and the number

164 are reduced in a manner that is graded with spikelet number.

165 In contrast, correlations across CSs between spikelet numbers and the amplitudes of the SS modulation

166 pagation of high-frequency simple spikes and spikelets of complex spikes is likely to regulate inhibi

167 re required for generation of the repetitive spikelets of the complex spike.

168 assel and a single pistillate floret in each spikelet on the ear includes a pistil abortion process t

169 e formation of two staminate florets in each spikelet on the tassel and a single pistillate floret in

170 barley control the fertility of the lateral spikelets on the barley inflorescence.

171 Finally, we examined the impact of spikelets on the principal neuron's membrane potential;

172 ue features of barley spikes, in which three spikelets (one central and two lateral spikelets) are pr

173 inflorescence branches terminate in either a spikelet or a sterile bristle, and these structures appe

174 an FUL2, but both genes are expressed in all spikelet organs in some cereals.

175 , FUL1 has a wider expression pattern in all spikelet organs than FUL2, but both genes are expressed

176 erization of spikelet activity indicate that spikelets originate from a separate, nearby cell.

177 After initiating one meristem, the spikelet pair and spikelet meristem convert into spikele

178 The spikelet pair meristem initiates more than a pair of spi

179 The first meristem formed, the spikelet pair meristem, produces two spikelet meristems,

180 e and the outer layer and glume primordia of spikelet pair meristems and floral meristems, respective

181 hes and spikelets for two reasons: (1) fewer spikelet pair meristems are produced due to defects in i

182 s in inflorescence meristem size and (2) the spikelet pair meristems that are produced make one inste

183 ouble mutants extra branching is observed in spikelet pair meristems, a meristem that is not affected

184 y localized in specific cells at the base of spikelet pair meristems.

185 The inflorescence meristem initiates spikelet pair meristems.

186 stems and male spikelet meristems convert to spikelet pair meristems.

187 oduces three types of determinate meristems: spikelet pair, spikelet and floral meristems.

188 explain the formation of axillary meristems (spikelet-pair and spikelet meristems) that are unique to

189 structures, produced by determinate axillary spikelet-pair and spikelet meristems.

190 e si1 zag1 double mutant produces a striking spikelet phenotype where normal glumes enclose reiterate

191 potentials in fast-spiking interneurones and spikelet potentials in both pyramidal and stellate princ

192 e pistil in each floret was fertile, but the spikelet produced just one kernel composed of a fused en

193 In normal maize (Zea mays), each spikelet produces an upper and lower floral meristem, wh

194 ain events increased B. tectorum biomass and spikelet production in INTR plots only.

195 elayed emergence, yet there was no change in spikelet production or biomass accumulation at the time

196 These observations suggest that the spikelets result from electrotonic coupling between the

197 ion in the presence of a naked caryopsis and spikelet row number between eastern and western barley a

198 Spikelets shared a number sensory selectivities with the

199 Among these branches are the spikelets, short grass-specific structures, produced by

200 ion factors within the lateral organs of the spikelet, similar to the function of AP2 in Arabidopsis,

201 Spikelet statistics and functional properties suggest th

202 nce, and tolerance to cold- and heat-induced spikelet sterility could provide benefits similar to tho

203 y vary in the number of florets within their spikelets, suggesting that ids1 may play a role in inflo

204 -activated inward currents and subthreshold "spikelets," suggestive of electrical coupling.

205 e development suggests a role in pedicellate spikelet suppression.

206 Within the spikelet, the basic repeating unit of the maize inflores

207 h as the presence/absence of the pedicellate spikelet, the data indicate multigenic inheritance with

208 t are borne in a unique structure called the spikelet, the fundamental unit of inflorescence architec

209 s to assess amino acid metabolism in cob and spikelet tissues during the critical 2 weeks following s

210 tity gene, show its role in facilitating the spikelet-to-floret meristem transition.

211 ffects of shared synaptic depolarization and spikelet transmission.

212 Second, fast spike-triggered spikelets transmitted through gap junctions conditionall

213 ion of neurons that generates Ca(2+) -driven spikelets upon depolarization and stimulation with odora

214 osa mutants, which produce more branches and spikelets, was investigated.

215 local interneurons, in which Ca(2+) -driven spikelets were absent, had no ChAT-like immunoreactivity

216 ion, complex spikes with a greater number of spikelets were associated with a subsequent reduction in

217 ood of bursts and the interval between their spikelets were controlled by Ca(2+) acting across two na

218 ntial; we did observe some records for which spikelets were correlated with the membrane potential of

219 The spikelets were inhibited by TTX and anaesthetics such as

220 al findings, gap junction-dependent feedback spikelets were only observed in Hb9(+) DSGCs.

221 cted to inoculated wheat (Triticum aestivum) spikelets, whereas the wild-type strain colonized the wh

222 The spikelet, which is a short branch bearing the florets, i

223 In cereals, flowers and grain are borne from spikelets, which differentiate in the final iteration of

224 barley, Lem1 mRNA was absent in the lateral spikelets, which fail to develop, and present only in th

225 urrent oscillations associated with rhythmic spikelets, which were sensitive to the gap junction bloc

226 s in vascular bundles of directly inoculated spikelets, while these callose deposits were not observe

227 dividual amino acid levels in young cobs and spikelets, with Asn being the most notably enhanced.

228 2+) channel block can decrease the number of spikelets within a complex spike and can even block sing

229 Relative fertility of lateral spikelets within each cluster leads to spikes with two o

230 The number of spikelets within individual complex spikes is highly var