ライフサイエンスコーパス: subsidy

1 time, the tax would become cheaper than the subsidy.

2 meet their needs in the absence of a discard subsidy.

3 72% received the Medicare Part D low-income subsidy.

4 sufficient environmental advantages to merit subsidy.

5 re forest sparing and GHG abatement than the subsidy.

6 nd providing technical support and financial subsidies.

7 y, market access, catch value and government subsidies.

8 ncy, land endowments, wage labor, and policy subsidies.

9 and by providing farmers with grain and cash subsidies.

10 ion costs made biofuels unprofitable without subsidies.

11 d the greatest benefit because of low-income subsidies.

12 ndor populations independent of direct human subsidies.

13 ings was among those eligible for low-income subsidies.

14 o did not, despite the equal availability of subsidies.

15 s like California and New York, even without subsidies.

16 and ecosystem degradation related to active subsidies.

17 able boundaries that are crossed by resource subsidies.

18 strategy employed by animals that transport subsidies.

19 leukemia (CML) with and without cost-sharing subsidies.

20 patiotemporal dynamics of stream-terrestrial subsidies.

21 rberate throughout ecosystems that depend on subsidies.

22 e subsidies rather than upfront capital cost subsidies.

23 l research suggests a crucial role for heavy subsidies.

24 In the absence of energy subsidies [1], bottom-heavy trophic pyramids are expecte

25 c charging infrastructure, and no government subsidy; 2) reducing battery cost has the largest impact

26 Of these, 25.9% of children received public subsidies; 21.7% were commercially insured with househol

27 such trophic structure is maintained through subsidies [5-9], and empirical evidence suggests that sh

28 tments-community motivation and information; subsidies; a supply-side market access intervention; and

29 udinal changes in utilisation of the aquatic subsidy according to species traits.

30 t exhibit variability in aquatic/terrestrial subsidies across the ecotone.

31 and the final approach provides time-limited subsidies allowing workers and their families to purchas

32 es and conclude that targeted food taxes and subsidies alone are unlikely to substantially affect obe

33 Subsidies also reduced open defecation by 14 percentage

34 Given the seasonality and pulsed nature of subsidies, alterations of the temporal and spatial synch

35 biogeochemical processes, affecting trophic subsidies and conditions in fish-spawning habitats.

36 ata on everyday clinical practice, financial subsidies and incentives that do not encourage cost savi

37 However, after accounting for social subsidies and regional variation in Medicare spending, r

38 However, after accounting for social subsidies and regional variation in Medicare spending, r

39 ed with increased beef consumption under the subsidy and reduced deforestation associated with reduce

40 ble dispersers showed minimal use of aquatic subsidy and switched to a terrestrial diet under moderat

41 al distributions from characteristics of the subsidy and the movement strategy employed by animals th

42 (1) HUD-VASH, with Section 8 vouchers (rent subsidies) and intensive case management (n = 182); (2)

43 ling and consumer information; (3) taxation, subsidies, and other economic incentives; (4) school and

44 ubstantially for persons ineligible for such subsidies, and pharmaceutical company assistance may be

45 and maintenance (i.e., food stamps, housing subsidies, and Supplemental Security Income payments).

46 achycardia, low-income prescription benefits subsidy, and less recent left ventricular ejection fract

47 criteria for the MMA drug benefit low-income subsidy, and used a selected Medicare population.

48 GHG abatement from either the tax or subsidy appears inexpensive but, over time, the tax woul

49 Active subsidies are fundamentally different from passive subsi

50 for numerous fish, and unless outside energy subsidies are greater than in-stream food resources for

51 Leaf litter subsidies are important resources for aquatic consumers

52 fs, our results show that water conservation subsidies are unlikely to reduce water use under conditi

53 most populations, although these population subsidies are very limited in particular systems.

54 ll alter the use and fluxes of allochthonous subsidies associated with stream ecosystems.

55 ies are fundamentally different from passive subsidies, because animals can respond to the process of

56 Although cross-ecosystem subsidies between terrestrial and aquatic systems have b

57 Such nutritional subsidies by intracellular symbionts have been well stud

58 sified charging opportunities; 3) government subsidies can be more effective to increase the VMT elec

59 reover, these findings show that terrestrial subsidies can enhance MeHg bioaccumulation of consumers

60 hanges in the timing of a pulsed terrestrial subsidy can alter stream dynamics from the individual to

61 tions (learning rate = 25%), a modest public subsidy can make SOFC investment profitable for 20-160 m

62 Cross-boundary subsidy cascades may be widespread in both terrestrial a

63 INTERPRETATION: Subsidies combined with supporting interventions can be

64 tion of low yield farmland, and agricultural subsidies), combined with improved cultivation practices

65 spanic and 70% of the black women received a subsidy compared with 21% of the white women.

66 rance marketplaces were collected; the after-subsidy cost of premiums for the least-expensive bronze

67 exempt from paying this penalty if the after-subsidy cost of the least-expensive plan available to th

68 The ACA's low-income subsidies could reduce these barriers for many families,

69 ed by policy makers to inform regulatory and subsidy decisions, but the validity of these studies in

70 ecause animals can respond to the process of subsidy deposition and ecosystem changes caused by subsi

71 y deposition and ecosystem changes caused by subsidy deposition.

72 se contexts, such as agricultural and energy subsidy design, national income accounts, and corporate

73 ral sanitation intervention with no monetary subsidies, diarrhoeal prevalence remained similar to con

74 Zealand rocky shores, the magnitude of such subsidies differs profoundly between contrasting oceanog

75 Research on the effects of spatial subsidy disruptions on ecosystems has not yet examined i

76 ocal government perspective, current federal subsidies distort the levelized cost of electricity such

77 Overall, these carrion subsidy-driven networks respond to resource pulses with

78 Also, novel species interactions can modify subsidy dynamics via complex bottom-up and top-down effe

79 Future research should aim to understand how subsidy dynamics will be affected by key drivers of glob

80 These data suggest that direct terrestrial subsidy (e.g., terrestrial invertebrates falling into wa

81 d those whose children were receiving public subsidies (eg, Medicaid) were also less likely to forego

82 isk for cost-related problems because of ACA subsidy eligibility rules.

83 Given high subsidy enrollment among black and Hispanic women, polic

84 Results indicated that-although marketplace subsidies ensure affordable health insurance for most pe

85 ent of adoption to inform design, marketing, subsidies, finance, or dissemination practices.

86 ution of nonindigenous species can influence subsidy fluxes by affecting the biology and ecology of d

87 Previous work modelling active subsidies focused on implicit space or static distributi

88 ally or socially at high risk, and financial subsidies for antenatal and delivery care.

89 Increased commodity crop prices and federal subsidies for biofuel crops, such as corn and soybeans,

90 ools for dealing with these problems: direct subsidies for research and strengthened property rights

91 Although the importance of these subsidies for riverine ecosystems is increasingly recogn

92 r, with its economics clouded by a myriad of subsidies for the competing energy sources and by world

93 , quality improvement, cost containment, and subsidies for the economically vulnerable-are essential.

94 ax on cattle from conventional pasture and a subsidy for cattle from semi-intensive pasture.

95 ibutaries, and provides an important trophic subsidy for tributary predators.

96 Production Tax Credit, an important federal subsidy for wind energy.

97 rnment in the form of $100 million in annual subsidies, formed a research and development (R&D) conso

98 mary rainforest in Malaysia to illutrate how subsidies from neighboring oil palm plantations triggere

99 By delivering food subsidies from productive but warming river mainstems to

100 and may be cost saving with a GAVI Alliance subsidy from the health care perspective.

101 is trend is unfolding in Malawi, where a 90% subsidy has ensured access to fertilization and improved

102 Energy subsidies, hostility to foreign investment, and ineffici

103 ith asthma based on (1) current receipt of a subsidy (i.e., Medicaid or Children's Health Insurance P

104 y for ACA low-income cost sharing or premium subsidies in 2014 (i.e., income </=250%, 251%-400%, or >

105 Thus terrestrial-derived subsidies in marine food webs were primarily composed of

106 hes that increase the processing of external subsidies in riparian habitats.

107 The strength of this subsidy in active riparian floodplains is thought to und

108 the optimal public policy is not to offer a subsidy; in 5 scenarios the optimal subsidy rate is betw

109 Current subsidies intended to encourage sales of plug-in vehicle

110 the relative incorporation of allochthonous subsidies into riverine food webs.

111 tuations depends strongly on minute resource subsidies into the midge habitat.

112 ment and ecosystem ecology to advance active subsidy investigations, make more accurate predictions o

113 The optimal rate with a targeted subsidy is between $20 and $27 m(-2) in 11 scenarios and

114 een $20 and $27 m(-2) in 11 scenarios and no subsidy is optimal in the twelfth.

115 Resource subsidies likely also have indirect and trait-mediated e

116 atients without a Medicare Part D low-income subsidy (LIS) had 70% lower odds of having received biol

117 Purpose The low-income subsidy (LIS) substantially lowers out-of-pocket costs f

118 ent for patients' characteristics and social subsidies, major teaching hospitals had the lowest morta

119 These resource subsidies may be sensitive to human-caused changes in th

120 Lastly, we assert that fertilizer subsidies may not be sufficient or sustainable strategie

121 ghlighting the major role of the terrestrial subsidy (mealworms) in the diet.

122 ield experiment showed that this E. maculata subsidy nearly tripled the growth of the young of the ye

123 product (positively) and capacity-enhancing subsidies (negatively).

124 from large-scale oceanographically modulated subsidies (nutrients, particulates, and propagules) can

125 l sources, showing that there is significant subsidy of these ecosystems by organic carbon produced o

126 ons and to reduce or eliminate (often large) subsidies on fossil fuels appear of central importance.

127 Fm involves manufacturer price negotiations, subsidies on the manufacturer price of each treatment pu

128 ports through the Medicare Part D Low-Income Subsidy on disparities in breast cancer hormonal therapy

129 and investigation of the use of global price subsidies or product transfers as mechanisms for DAH.

130 53, 95% CI 1.36-1.71), and receiving an MRDD subsidy (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.74-2.30).

131 At present, subsidy payments from a government conservation program

132 tance may be more cost-effective than direct subsidy payments.

133 Cross-ecosystem subsidies play a critical role in maintaining the struct

134 he donees for rational individuals, the free-subsidy policy can in general lead to higher vaccination

135 two types of incentives strategies: partial-subsidy policy in which certain fraction of the cost of

136 the cost of vaccination is offset, and free-subsidy policy in which donees are randomly selected and

137 ases is to change prices through tax policy, subsidy policy, or both.

138 omputations, we find that, under the partial-subsidy policy, the vaccination coverage depends monoton

139 he dependence is non-monotonous for the free-subsidy policy.

140 such as a cap-and-trade or symmetric tax-and-subsidy program, would have reduced emissions by 163-247

141 The Malawian Farm Input Subsidy Programme (FISP) has received praise as a proact

142 Subsidy programs for new energy technologies are motivat

143 that adopts a green roof and (ii) a targeted subsidy provided only to buildings for which net private

144 o alternative subsidy regimes: (i) a general subsidy provided to every building that adopts a green r

145 offer a subsidy; in 5 scenarios the optimal subsidy rate is between $20 and $27 m(-2); and in 1 scen

146 We suggest that subsidy rates are a key determinant of the intensity of

147 suggests an emphasis on ongoing maintenance subsidies rather than upfront capital cost subsidies.

148 Persons ineligible for low-income subsidies receiving the standard benefit had a smaller r

149 In addition, we evaluate two alternative subsidy regimes: (i) a general subsidy provided to every

150 In 6 of the 12 general subsidy scenarios the optimal public policy is not to of

151 en in some developed countries, conservation subsidy schemes have only achieved limited success.

152 s who were fully eligible for the low-income subsidy served as the control group.

153 istributions, which treat passive and active subsidies similarly.

154 for these types of studies is predictions of subsidy spatial distributions from characteristics of th

155 tigations, make more accurate predictions of subsidy spatial distributions, and enable a mechanistic

156 s, and enable a mechanistic understanding of subsidy spatial distributions.

157 ation among individuals without cost-sharing subsidies suggests that out-of-pocket costs may be a bar

158 tions between ecosystems via animals (active subsidies) support ecosystem services and contribute to

159 will significantly reduce discards, but this subsidy supports a large scavenger community.

160 t it into the surface layers, and this water subsidy sustains transpiration at rates that deep roots

161 save by far the most lives, while a 30% F&V subsidy targeting SNAP participants would most reduce so

162 ) DPPs potentially attributable to a 30% F&V subsidy targeting SNAP participants, the approximately 2

163 ans without the assistance of the low-income subsidy tended to prefer more comprehensive coverage opt

164 fects on grass cover, and that precipitation subsidies that extend growing seasons are beneficial.

165 te cooperation involve Pigouvian taxation or subsidies that make individuals internalize the external

166 ction and Affordable Care Act (ACA) includes subsidies that reduce patient cost sharing for low-incom

167 tercept much of the annual pulse of nutrient subsidies that salmon provide to terrestrial and aquatic

168 p because of Medicare coverage or low-income subsidies), the no-coverage group reduced their monthly

169 Without federal subsidies, the cost of CO2 mitigation using an RPS in Mi

170 of growing free trade; a steady reduction in subsidies; the ongoing drift of people to towns and what

171 These decreases in marine subsidies then lead to reductions in available soil nutr

172 many individuals with incomes just above the subsidy threshold will lack affordable coverage and will

173 Cross-ecosystem subsidies to food webs can alter metabolic balances in t

174 ecological impact of riverine organic matter subsidies to glacier-marine habitats by developing a mul

175 n current government expenditures on harmful subsidies to industrial fisheries.

176 and the littoral zones of lakes, terrestrial subsidies to pelagic consumers are more difficult to dem

177 This loss in emergence reduces prey subsidies to riparian communities at concentrations cons

178 ate, and herpetofauna abundance or richness; subsidies to scavengers; altered disease dynamics; carbo

179 Policies should combine "push" approaches of subsidies to support targeted drug development, "pull" a

180 interrupts the flow of allochthonous marine subsidies to terrestrial ecosystems via an indirect effe

181 indicates reduced terrestrial organic matter subsidies to the lake.

182 Subsidies to the majority of the landless poor increased

183 canadensis) were induced by an experimental subsidy to accept greater danger.

184 Conclusion Receipt of a prescription subsidy was associated with substantially improved persi

185 ividual policy scenarios, a national 10% F&V subsidy was projected to be most beneficial, potentially

186 gence dynamics and corresponding terrestrial subsidies were altered at all bifenthrin concentrations

187 more important than terrestrial invertebrate subsidies, which have been considered the primary food s

188 that allow exploitation of variable aquatic subsidies while reducing inundation pressures, leading t

189 t costs for beneficiaries without low-income subsidies who take a single drug before and after the do

190 o predict the spatial distribution of active subsidies would be useful for ecology and conservation.

191 t a third potential mechanism: that external subsidies would play a more important role in the diet o

192 o 6.5% of what Brazil spends on agricultural subsidies would revert species composition and ecologica

193 A national 10% F&V subsidy would save by far the most lives, while a 30% F&

194 iate analysis, individuals with cost-sharing subsidies, younger age, lower comorbidity, and later yea