ライフサイエンスコーパス: subtelomeric

1 to approximately 100 tandem 3.3-kb units at subtelomeric 4q and 10q.

2 genomic deletion of approximately 230 kb in subtelomeric 9p.

3 primate mammals, Liat1 genes of primates are subtelomeric, a location that tends to confer evolutiona

4 At the late time point, 9 subtelomeric and 8 central var genes were transcribed at

5 rt, functionally diverged and differ between subtelomeric and central chromosomal locations.

6 te postpatient cultures transcribed the same subtelomeric and central var genes, except for var2csa C

7 arasites carrying drug selectable markers in subtelomeric and central var loci and monitoring switchi

8 pe cells compared with sequences at proximal subtelomeric and interstitial regions of the genome.

9 elsewhere in the human genome, primarily in subtelomeric and pericentromeric locations.

10 es that the duplication and rearrangement of subtelomeric and pericentromeric regions have functional

11 esults show that dog genes located either in subtelomeric and pericentromeric regions, or in short sy

12 lications were observed, particularly within subtelomeric and pericentromeric regions.

13 ion of Tf2 elements, long noncoding RNA, and subtelomeric and stress-related genes.

14 tiation and replication fork movement in the subtelomeric and telomeric DNA of native Y' telomeres of

15 rogression through ribosomal DNA repeats and subtelomeric and telomeric DNA.

16 cell types that DNA:RNA hybrids form at many subtelomeric and telomeric regions.

17 e sites while enriched at rRNA gene cluster, subtelomeric, and pericentromeric regions.

18 Large subtelomeric arrays contain an archive of 806 variant su

19 odes PHISTb (Plasmodium helical interspersed subtelomeric b) domain-containing RESA-like protein 1 ex

20 The LCR22s localized to the telomeric or subtelomeric bands of gorilla chromosomes.

21 This subtelomeric bias may arise through recombination betwee

22 We find that subtelomeric binding is dependent on environmental condi

23 For many factors, the subtelomeric binding pattern is dynamic and undergoes fl

24 In addition, we find hotspots of subtelomeric breakage at the end of chromosomes 9q and 2

25 Human subtelomeric, but not pericentromeric, genes also exhibi

26 th reduced subtelomeric silencing, increased subtelomeric cell wall gene expression, and stress resis

27 cated in spatial proximity to the repressive subtelomeric center, and colocalization of distinct grou

28 teractions have come from the study of yeast subtelomeric chromatin and its association with the NE,

29 t at each telomere the telomeric complex and subtelomeric chromatin cooperate to form a unique higher

30 t from holo-NPCs and that it plays a role in subtelomeric chromatin organization and NE tethering.

31 y to be regulated by the organization of the subtelomeric chromatin rather than by a specific DNA ele

32 of various proteins necessary for tethering subtelomeric chromatin to the NE and the silencing of re

33 performs functionally distinct activities at subtelomeric chromatin versus the end of the chromosome,

34 In both cases, the ordered structure of the subtelomeric chromatin was disrupted, but the effect on

35 unctions at chromosome termini and at duplex subtelomeric chromatin, via separate interactions with t

36 reversible inhibition of pol II activity at subtelomeric chromatin.

37 ach of these elevations is also a feature of subtelomeric chromosomal regions.

38 Subtelomeric clustering of large families of surface gly

39 er family of highly related genes encoded in subtelomeric clusters.

40 Subtelomeric CTCF and cohesin sites predicted by ChIP-se

41 Our findings indicate that subtelomeric CTCF facilitates telomeric DNA replication

42 cription of telomere repeats can initiate at subtelomeric CTCF-binding sites to generate telomere rep

43 This gross structural difference places the subtelomeric defect underlying facioscapulohumeral muscu

44 pping with the centromeric end of the 230-kb subtelomeric deletion.

45 ses of the breakpoint junctions suggest that subtelomeric deletions can be stabilized by both homolog

46 As more children are identified with subtelomeric deletions, duplications, and cryptic unbala

47 gements in 28 unrelated patients with 9q34.3 subtelomeric deletions.

48 red a common region of gain, with associated subtelomeric deletions.

49 and that CTBP2 is the pathogenic gene in 10q subtelomeric deletions.

50 ify hotspots for the telomeric deletions and subtelomeric DNA amplifications that accompany chromosom

51 Of the 20.66 Mb of subtelomeric DNA analyzed, 3.01 Mb are subtelomeric repe

52 The contribution of human subtelomeric DNA and chromatin organization to telomere

53 ound that there is a substantial fraction of subtelomeric DNA containing restriction sites that is no

54 in gcn5 elp3 suggests that Sir3 spreads into subtelomeric DNA from the tip of the telomere.

55 Here we show that Sir3 protein spreads to subtelomeric DNA in cells lacking the transcription-rela

56 hat, similar to yeast and humans, Drosophila subtelomeric DNA is evolving very differently from euchr

57 This subtelomeric DNA is normally heterochromatic and higher-

58 with previously reported data, reveals that subtelomeric DNA methylation controls the homeostasis of

59 p was required for its role in telomeric and subtelomeric DNA replication.

60 The subtelomeric DNA sequences from chromosome I of Saccharo

61 been ascribed to the X-region, a segment of subtelomeric DNA that is resistant to being cut by restr

62 d association of de-ubiquitinase Ubp10p with subtelomeric DNA, as detected by chromatin immunoprecipi

63 panied by catastrophic loss of telomeric and subtelomeric DNA, high levels of end-to-end chromosome f

64 ions map to four of five homology regions in subtelomeric DNA.

65 mosome circularization, and amplification of subtelomeric DNA.

66 uss a potential protective role of amplified subtelomeric DNAs, which may aid capping of telomeres ma

67 0, MSP7, and Plasmodium helical interspersed subtelomeric domain protein.

68 se regions may represent a relatively common subtelomeric domain.

69 Hda1 also deacetylates subtelomeric domains containing normally repressed genes

70 he Polycomb system that assembles repressive subtelomeric domains of H3K27 methylation (H3K27me) in t

71 specific sites including pericentromeric and subtelomeric domains, is dispensable for globule formati

72 55/RbAp48), is critical for H3K27me3 only at subtelomeric domains.

73 brought telomeric RNA:DNA hybrids, telomeric/subtelomeric DSBs and VSG switching frequency back to WT

74 deletions and GCRs at both interstitial and subtelomeric DSBs, but has little effect on the frequenc

75 -induced small deletions at interstitial and subtelomeric DSBs.

76 ms of ectopic DNA repair to the formation of subtelomeric duplications and find that non-homologous e

77 Once subtelomeric duplications arise, they are prone to homol

78 the origin of and mechanism for one of these subtelomeric duplications, we compared the sequence deri

79 Subtelomeric dynamics result in a gene duplication rate

80 first possesses telomere repeats and the Y' subtelomeric element amplified together as a tandem arra

81 ed core X sequences revealed a role for this subtelomeric element in preventing telomeric recombinati

82 ence is the same at all chromosome ends, the subtelomeric elements (STEs) and level of TPE vary from

83 s subcomplement]) located at three different subtelomeric ends (1p, 6p, and 12p) whose expressions ar

84 We demonstrate here that silencing of the subtelomeric EPA loci also depends on functional Sir3p a

85 In analyzing the regulation of the subtelomeric EPA6 gene, we found that its transcription

86 In addition, adhesins are subject to subtelomeric epigenetic switching, resulting in stochast

87 HEI10-mediated crossover increases occur in subtelomeric euchromatin, which is reminiscent of sex di

88 VSGs are monoallelically expressed from subtelomeric expression sites (ESs), and VSG switching e

89 is transcribed from one of approximately 20 subtelomeric 'Expression Sites', but the role telomeres

90 Our computational results show that subtelomeric families are evolving and expanding much fa

91 s of chromosomal abnormalities identified by subtelomeric fluorescence in situ hybridization testing

92 ynthesis in S. cerevisiae are grouped in two subtelomeric gene clusters.

93 d the evolution and functional divergence of subtelomeric gene families in the yeast lineage.

94 he expression of surface proteins encoded by subtelomeric gene families.

95 into the transcriptional silencing of large subtelomeric gene families.

96 species and reveal substantial expansion of subtelomeric gene families.

97 We have identified a novel subtelomeric gene family in Plasmodium falciparum that e

98 at tract, SRE identity and organization, and subtelomeric gene models was established.

99 ne mutations, however, have little effect on subtelomeric gene repression or genome-wide expression,

100 3 is also sufficient to significantly reduce subtelomeric gene repression.

101 de that DAC1 and DAC3 play distinct roles in subtelomeric gene silencing and that DAC3 represents the

102 ation of pol II is required for silencing of subtelomeric gene transcription.

103 Rather, the data revealed upregulation of subtelomeric genes and alteration of the repressive hist

104 cete of chromatin-based silencing of natural subtelomeric genes and provides for the first time in a

105 uch faster than families that do not contain subtelomeric genes.

106 as absent from telomeres and did not repress subtelomeric genes.

107 kii Sir2 (Td-Sir2) and Td-Sir4 and repressed subtelomeric genes.

108 ation of subtelomere-associated H2B, reduced subtelomeric H3K79 di-methylation, and increased binding

109 y a selective and Sas2-dependent increase in subtelomeric H4K16 acetylation.

110 curred in humans, including the formation of subtelomeric heterochromatic caps, the hyperexpansion of

111 one modifications and piRNA transcription in subtelomeric heterochromatin (also known as telomere-ass

112 nation in regions adjacent to centromeric or subtelomeric heterochromatin and add to our understandin

113 Thus, subtelomeric heterochromatin assembly requires both the

114 Although many shelterin mutations affect subtelomeric heterochromatin assembly, the mechanism rem

115 Subtelomeric heterochromatin is characterized by the abs

116 Telomeric and adjacent subtelomeric heterochromatin pose significant challenges

117 res of heterochromatin but are distinct from subtelomeric heterochromatin repressed by the deacetylas

118 ining a structure consisting of a segment of subtelomeric heterochromatin that inserted into a cluste

119 In yeast, all three proteins bind subtelomeric heterochromatin through a Sir3-stimulated m

120 ctions between shelterin subunits compromise subtelomeric heterochromatin without affecting CLRC inte

121 sequences included both repetitive gene-poor subtelomeric heterochromatin-like regions and their adja

122 n is a prerequisite for the establishment of subtelomeric heterochromatin.

123 methyltransferase complex CLRC to establish subtelomeric heterochromatin.

124 n genomes, respectively, to the formation of subtelomeric heterochromatin.

125 tes, we see high frequencies of mutations in subtelomeric highly variable genes and internal var gene

126 y number variations, chromosomal inversions, subtelomeric hypervariation, loss of heterozygosity (LOH

127 -like (DNMT3L) gene has been associated with subtelomeric hypomethylation.

128 All copies were subtelomeric in location except for one on chromosome 6.

129 Demonstration of the subtelomeric location of hypermethylation in endometriom

130 ositively associated methylated CpG sites in subtelomeric loci (within 4 Mb of the telomere) (P < 0.0

131 VSGs are expressed exclusively from subtelomeric loci, and we have previously shown that tel

132 ly of adhesins, which are encoded largely at subtelomeric loci, where they are subject to transcripti

133 e EPA genes, a family of adhesins encoded at subtelomeric loci, where they are subject to transcripti

134 shown to be due to regional silencing of the subtelomeric loci.

135 en, VSG, which is expressed exclusively from subtelomeric loci.

136 Focusing on three related subtelomeric MAL gene families involved in disaccharide

137 Our results provide further evidence for subtelomeric-mediated genomic duplication and demonstrat

138 ge-scale events are not restricted solely to subtelomeric or pericentromeric regions, but also occur

139 These non-canonical subtelomeric p53-binding sites conferred transcription e

140 sequence analyses reveal that pieces of the subtelomeric patchwork have changed location and copy nu

141 ns featuring Plasmodium helical interspersed subtelomeric (PHIST) domains has attracted attention, wi

142 ember of the Plasmodium helical interspersed subtelomeric (PHIST) superfamily with a calculated mass

143 regions was associated with overpackaging of subtelomeric promoters.

144 Thus, subtelomeric rearrangements arise from diverse mutationa

145 lications that cause some genomic disorders, subtelomeric rearrangements do not typically have recurr

146 Finally, fine-mapping the smallest subtelomeric rearrangements has narrowed the critical re

147 Subtelomeric rearrangements, including deletions, duplic

148 nction sequencing of a diverse collection of subtelomeric rearrangements.

149 ween the occurrence of this circular DNA and subtelomeric recombination events in T. brucei.

150 suggest that they rise again sharply in the subtelomeric region (approximately 80 kbp).

151 analysis reveals the presence of Hek2p at a subtelomeric region and HMR, its silencing effects at th

152 ng linkage disequilibrium between the distal subtelomeric region and the proximal telomere, which con

153 ts associated with terminal deletions of the subtelomeric region as well as the capture of a scramble

154 PCR fragment-length variation across the subtelomeric region indicated that the 1.4-kb distal reg

155 It has been suggested that this subtelomeric region is part of a transition zone on chro

156 G telomeric repeats, which are preceded by a subtelomeric region of 1.5-13 kb.

157 have found a deviation from this motif in a subtelomeric region of Aspergillus fumigatus.

158 but is more compact and is localized to the subtelomeric region of chicken chromosome 1q, within a r

159 We focused on the single-copy subtelomeric region of chromosome 1 north (approximately

160 The lack of a subtelomeric region of chromosome 2 that contains kahrp

161 et of the D4Z4 macrosatellite repeats in the subtelomeric region of chromosome 4q causes facioscapulo

162 contractions of the D4Z4 repeat array in the subtelomeric region of chromosome 4q.

163 ong macrosatellite repeats (D4Z4) within the subtelomeric region of chromosome 4q.

164 The subtelomeric region of human chromosome 4q contains the

165 nogaster contains two distinct subdomains: a subtelomeric region of repetitive DNA, termed TAS, and a

166 is related to a 29 bp repeat present in the subtelomeric region of VSG-bearing chromosomes of T. bru

167 f the heritable variation was explained by a subtelomeric region on chromosome 6; a genome-wide assoc

168 ional changes, Ada2 occupancy increases at a subtelomeric region proximal to a SAGA-inducible gene an

169 When the sequence of the rDNA subtelomeric region was altered, we observed a decrease

170 A subtelomeric region, 4q35.2, is implicated in facioscapu

171 ility, characterized by amplification of the subtelomeric region, translocation of chromosomal fragme

172 n stabilized telomeres and no changes in the subtelomeric region.

173 xtent of telomere growth are affected by the subtelomeric region.

174 2 causes the spreading of Sir2 and Sir3 into subtelomeric regions and decreased histone H4 K16 acetyl

175 h CpG methylation density is correlated with subtelomeric regions and Giemsa-light bands (R bands).

176 e recombination near telomeres is repressed, subtelomeric regions appear to recombine with each other

177 We have also shown that subtelomeric regions are highly sensitive to double-stra

178 The third factor is that subtelomeric regions are highly sensitive to DSBs, so th

179 Although it is well established that subtelomeric regions are methylated, the presence of met

180 However, subtelomeric regions are sensitive to DSBs, which in nor

181 In addition the subtelomeric regions are subject to further duplications

182 eric regions in most animals examined, these subtelomeric regions are unique to each telomere.

183 asis of gradually elevating G+C fractions in subtelomeric regions as a consequence of biased gene con

184 The subtelomeric regions from individual chromosome ends did

185 eats are a common feature of centromeric and subtelomeric regions in complex genomes.

186 Unlike subtelomeric regions in most animals examined, these sub

187 acetylation and loss of histones at specific subtelomeric regions in replicatively old yeast cells, w

188 oting genome stability at the rDNA locus and subtelomeric regions in the most common human fungal pat

189 esents the relatively simple organization of subtelomeric regions in this species.

190 We demonstrate that recombination at subtelomeric regions is controlled by a novel DNA elemen

191 ociation with the chromosome ends extends to subtelomeric regions many kilobases internal to the term

192 ing transcription factors concentrate at the subtelomeric regions near to chromosome ends.

193 udes 97 clones from 1p36, 41 clones from the subtelomeric regions of all human chromosomes, and three

194 risk for mutagenesis because they reside in subtelomeric regions of chromatin that are deficient in

195 The subtelomeric regions of human chromosomes are comprised

196 ber of EPA1 paralogues which localize to the subtelomeric regions of the C. glabrata.

197 antigenic variation are concentrated in the subtelomeric regions of the chromosomes.

198 e open reading frame), located mainly in the subtelomeric regions of the parasite's 14 chromosomes.

199 either transcriptionally active or repressed subtelomeric regions of the yeast genome.

200 The transcription of genes located in subtelomeric regions of yeast chromosomes is repressed r

201 pitated with J antiserum, localized J within subtelomeric regions rich in life-stage-specific surface

202 mutation causes the spread of silencing into subtelomeric regions that are not normally silenced in w

203 factors with the telomere and propagated in subtelomeric regions through association of silencing fa

204 The sensitivity of subtelomeric regions to DSBs is therefore because they a

205 proach, we show that Repo-Man is enriched at subtelomeric regions together with H2AZ and H3.3 and tha

206 leosome mapping revealed that Sir binding to subtelomeric regions was associated with overpackaging o

207 copies of a variant antigen gene located in subtelomeric regions were found.

208 ing telomere dynamics, identifying 12 unique subtelomeric regions with variable detection efficiencie

209 nd at the ribosomal DNA locus, telomeres and subtelomeric regions, are unstable sites of eukaryotic g

210 s and contractions of known gene families in subtelomeric regions, both species also were found to ha

211 not globally alter Sir2 or Sir3 occupancy in subtelomeric regions, but only led to some telomere-spec

212 nd LTR elements, segmental duplications, and subtelomeric regions, but single-copy sequences rarely b

213 d that hiPSCs lack appropriate 5hmC marks in subtelomeric regions, contributing to epigenetic variati

214 n resulted in clustering of intra- and inter-subtelomeric regions, demonstrating a novel role for SMA

215 g of the duplication events varied among the subtelomeric regions, from approximately 5 to approximat

216 TAG/TAA stop-codon replacements, deletion of subtelomeric regions, introns, transfer RNAs, transposon

217 architecture associated with centromeric and subtelomeric regions, it locally influences meiotic reco

218 htylated CpG islands was found in chromosome subtelomeric regions, suggesting a differential activity

219 ne deacetylase and silenced genes located in subtelomeric regions.

220 repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) starting from subtelomeric regions.

221 orrelating with decreased gene expression in subtelomeric regions.

222 ive lifespan through histone H4 lysine 16 at subtelomeric regions.

223 rmation, which spreads up to 570 kb into the subtelomeric regions.

224 n linked to an antisilencing function at the subtelomeric regions.

225 h key events of synapsis initiation from the subtelomeric regions.

226 occur at nonsyntenic chromosome-internal and subtelomeric regions.

227 he amount of Sir3p bound to genes located in subtelomeric regions.

228 Ds are not biased towards pericentromeric or subtelomeric regions.

229 anscriptional repression, even at repressive subtelomeric regions.

230 eterochromatin at Taz1-dependent islands and subtelomeric regions.

231 , or histone trimethylation at telomeres and subtelomeric regions.

232 and not because of a deficiency in C-NHEJ in subtelomeric regions.

233 expression by maintaining H3K9me3 levels at subtelomeric regions.

234 ation typically localized in centromeric and subtelomeric regions.

235 ross both genomes, and are enriched in human subtelomeric regions.

236 - and cytosine (GC)-rich, highly recombining subtelomeric regions; low divergence states cover inner

237 FSHD) results from integral deletions of the subtelomeric repeat D4Z4 on chromosome 4q.

238 normal and affected alleles (deleted for the subtelomeric repeat D4Z4) localize to the nuclear periph

239 osome-specific subtelomere sequences through subtelomeric repeat regions to terminal (TTAGGG)n repeat

240 Mb of subtelomeric DNA analyzed, 3.01 Mb are subtelomeric repeat sequences (Srpt),and an additional 2

241 origins located close to telomeres or within subtelomeric repeat sequences normally initiate late, bu

242 ole of DNMT1 in the de novo methylation of a subtelomeric repeat, D4Z4, which is lost in cells lackin

243 Subtelomeric repeats with characteristics of Tandem Repe

244 y correspond to transposable elements and Y' subtelomeric repeats.

245 bination-based amplification of telomeric or subtelomeric repeats.

246 atin and USP14 adjacent to highly repetitive subtelomeric repeats.

247 Thus, expression of a subtelomeric reporter gene is influenced by the telomere

248 teins (VSG) genes, most of which reside in a subtelomeric repository of >1000 silent genes.

249 ully correlated, suggestive of CTD-dependent subtelomeric repression mechansims that act independentl

250 chromosome-internal resection but suppressed subtelomeric resection.

251 elomerase regulator Rif1 results in elevated subtelomeric RNA levels while telomere-repeat containing

252 s serve as promoter sites; multiple distinct subtelomeric RNAs are also present.

253 The subtelomeric sequence assemblies are enriched >25-fold i

254 ublic draft and finished sequences to derive subtelomeric sequence assemblies for each of the 41 gene

255 Annotation of subtelomeric sequence features as well as mapping of CTC

256 Half of the known subtelomeric sequence has formed recently, through human

257 The placement of a subtelomeric sequence or TTAGGG repeats together with a

258 sociated genes and pseudogenes over 50 kb of subtelomeric sequence where, unusually, the telomere-pro

259 canonical structure, with 3-4 kb of a unique subtelomeric sequence, followed by several kilobases of

260 t ape telomeric regions--with its paralogous subtelomeric sequences at 9p and 22q.

261 cient meiosis I segregation, we suggest that subtelomeric sequences evolved to prevent recombination

262 Subtelomeric sequences underwent very little crossing ov

263 st genome sequences do not contain assembled subtelomeric sequences, and, as a result, subtelomeres a

264 tin at the regions adjacent to boundaries of subtelomeric sequences, which exhibit specific crossover

265 ple mutants progressively lost telomeric and subtelomeric sequences, yet grew for more than 1 year.

266 nd the repair of DNA double-strand breaks in subtelomeric sequences.

267 that can also interact with DNA, especially subtelomeric sequences.

268 D52-dependent amplification of telomeric and subtelomeric sequences; such survivors are now capable o

269 We show that SIR3 and RIF1 are required for subtelomeric silencing in C. glabrata and that RIF1 regu

270 In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, subtelomeric silencing is initiated by Rap1p binding to

271 ow that deletion of UBP10 can antagonize the subtelomeric silencing phenotype of Deltachz1.

272 erphosphorylation is correlated with reduced subtelomeric silencing, increased subtelomeric cell wall

273 least two of these adhesins is regulated by subtelomeric silencing.

274 display wild-type telomere length and intact subtelomeric silencing.

275 This simple subtelomeric structure differs from the centromeric-prox

276 Subtelomeric suppression of DNA repair operates in eukar

277 As short stretches of subtelomeric synapsis emerged at early zygotene, centrom

278 tological studies, provide evidence that the subtelomeric TAS region exhibits features resembling het

279 Telomeric and subtelomeric tracts are dramatically eroded, and chromos

280 identical transcriptome phenotypes, with new subtelomeric transcription in yeast, and greatly increas

281 Our results show that subtelomeric transcriptional repression is dependent on

282 3K9 and H3K27 acetylation and stimulation of subtelomeric transcripts, including telomere repeat-cont

283 evels of both telomere repeat-containing and subtelomeric transcripts.

284 t, all cultures preferentially transcribed 8 subtelomeric var genes.

285 anism by which the parasite proteins STEVOR (SubTElomeric Variable Open Reading frame) exert changes

286 ultigene families, var, rif, and stevor (for subtelomeric variable open reading frame), located mainl

287 ction of J is also located within the silent subtelomeric variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) gene exp

288 ozoan parasite, relies upon rearrangement of subtelomeric variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes to

289 Pol I-mediated transcriptional switching of subtelomeric variant surface glycoprotein genes, continu

290 an reference sequence, detect many new large subtelomeric variants and demonstrate the feasibility of

291 ange, which is significantly stronger at the subtelomeric VSG loci than at chromosome internal loci.

292 mosome-internal recombination, it suppressed subtelomeric VSG recombination, and these locus-specific

293 ernal sites but has the opposite effect at a subtelomeric VSG.

294 er, Exo1 is critical for generating ssDNA in subtelomeric X repeats and internal single-copy sequence

295 type IA pathway involves an amplification of subtelomeric Y' elements, coupled with elongated and mor

296 me growing have variably amplified arrays of subtelomeric Y' elements.

297 increasing levels of single-stranded DNA in subtelomeric Y' regions, and find that the mismatch repa

298 dependent reverse transcription of mRNA from subtelomeric Y' repeats generates chimeric Y'-Ty1 cDNA.

299 not essential for the production of ssDNA in subtelomeric Y' repeats of cdc13-1 mutants.

300 combination events were detected between the subtelomeric Y' repeats.