ライフサイエンスコーパス: supernatant

1 as aeruginosa or treatment of cells with its supernatant.

2 ion of heterologous antigens in cell culture supernatant.

3 solution followed with vacuum drying of the supernatant.

4 derivatization/extraction of the HAAs in the supernatant.

5 ducts and when incubated with the respective supernatant.

6 polysaccharide-stimulated ThP-1 cell culture supernatant.

7 racted as pure rubisco (90% purity) from the supernatant.

8 oducts or were incubated with the respective supernatant.

9 additional cytokines measured from the IGRA supernatant.

10 Collagen content was assayed in cell culture supernatant.

11 terleukin-33-rich retinal pigment epithelium supernatant.

12 -5, IFN-gamma, and IL10) was measured in the supernatant.

13 sis factor-alpha levels were measured in the supernatant.

14 human serum, plasma, urine, and cell culture supernatant.

15 inhibited the CCR5-stimulating effect of the supernatant.

16 IFNgamma), interleukin (IL) 17, and IL4 from supernatant.

17 om cells on the electrode surface and in the supernatant.

18 ADAM8 that lack the cytoplasmic tail in the supernatant.

19 unt of dissociated gp120 in the cell culture supernatant.

20 c protein (ECP) were also measured in sputum supernatant.

21 on caused cell lysis and released DNA in the supernatant.

22 he amount of ACT and its localization to the supernatant.

23 by measuring TNF-alpha levels in the culture supernatants.

24 nd TNF-alpha levels were measured in culture supernatants.

25 , IL-5, IL-13, and IL-10 was measured in the supernatants.

26 ined in keratinocytes treated with coculture supernatants.

27 metry and multiplex analysis of cell culture supernatants.

28 L-13) but increased IFN-gamma levels in cell supernatants.

29 Periostin was measured in sputum supernatants.

30 loping root hairs, and is induced by culture supernatants.

31 es with the production of HIV p24 in culture supernatants.

32 y protein arrays of lysates and cell culture supernatants.

33 ed the highest relative abundance in culture supernatants.

34 giobactin contained within bacterial culture supernatants.

35 ic clearance of benzo(a)pyrene by hepatic S9 supernatants.

36 17, and type 22 cytokines in the whole-blood supernatants.

37 re of these cells to primary cell-free HIV-1 supernatants.

38 cysLTs was assessed by using human mast cell supernatants.

39 apolipoprotein E protein levels in cultured supernatants.

40 and platelet-derived GF to GF(-) or culture supernatants.

41 -like 1, and OSM levels were measured in the supernatants.

42 Th2) cytokines were measured in cell culture supernatants.

43 ay-guided chromatographic fractionation of 2 supernatants according to polarity, followed by total io

44 and released more hydrogen peroxide into the supernatant after hyperoxia exposure (mean +/- SEM, 1,87

45 r enriching with two rounds of TiO2 from the supernatant after IMAC enrichment or further enriching w

46 berculin, mycobacterial lysates, and culture supernatants, all induced a similar level of T cell prol

47 igens with plasma and antibody-in-lymphocyte supernatant (ALS, a surrogate marker of mucosal immune r

48 ytes pre-exposed to the same proinflammatory supernatants also resulted in decreased oligodendrocyte

49 Gene expression and culture supernatant analysis showed that TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma

50 E that produces large amounts of VLPs in the supernatant and a ZIKV C-prM-E cell line that produces r

51 DSG2 domain can be detected in cell culture supernatant and also in serum of mice with established h

52 as by far the most prominent cytokine in the supernatant and also within HSV-2-infected MDDCs.

53 einase 2 in STZ-induced diabetic bone marrow supernatant and decreased the expression of NADPH oxidas

54 ssociated with lower IL-18 levels in culture supernatant and diminished production of IFN-gamma by ga

55 from the S. maltophilia strain K279a culture supernatant and evaluated the protease's activity toward

56 Photometric analysis showed that the supernatant and membrane foulants were dominated by part

57 The supernatant and precipitate protein powders from both co

58 Ex-myomiRs in culture supernatant and serum are predominantly non-vesicular, a

59 was abundantly secreted in bacterial culture supernatant and was characterized as a protein ortholog

60 fferentially expressed proteins from control supernatants and 966 differentially expressed proteins f

61 ured HSCs were stimulated with cholangiocyte supernatants and alpha-smooth muscle actin levels were m

62 racentrifuged in order to separate them into supernatants and anthocyanin-complexed Mnt precipitates.

63 SCFA levels in anaerobic supernatants and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were deter

64 uantitated NET levels in gout synovial fluid supernatants and detected enzymatically active neutrophi

65 in infectious progeny released into culture supernatants and in cell-to-cell spread.

66 rons were cultured and incubated with biopsy supernatants and lipids extracted from biopsies or colon

67 lonal antibodies to purify BoNT from culture supernatants and tested each immune-captured neurotoxin

68 uid matrixes (serum, plasma, urine, and cell supernatant) and suppliers, ensuring its suitability for

69 were also observed with HB101(pPic1) culture supernatants, and C3 cleavage sites were mapped by fluor

70 easured by flow cytometry, ELISA of cultured supernatants, and F-actin staining; apoptosis and effero

71 IFN-alpha levels were measured in supernatants, and mRNA expression of IFN-alpha pathway g

72 es produced by ILCs were measured in culture supernatants, and surface receptor expression was analys

73 signal molecules present in the Frankia CcI3 supernatant are hydrophilic, of low molecular weight and

74 l bound to the RNA and those released to the supernatant are separated by a second oligo(dT) selectio

75 th elevated IL-10/IL-12 ratio in the culture supernatant as compared with infection in wild type (WT)

76 phosphatase measured in MCF7 cells and their supernatants as compared with NHDF fibroblasts.

77 ase procoagulant mediators into cell culture supernatants as evidenced by the reduction of viscoelast

78 and neutrophil elastase activity in culture supernatant, as well as reactive oxygen species producti

79 n and ovotransferrin in both precipitate and supernatant, as well as the occurrence of interactions b

80 The decrease of supernatant-associated [p-Cre]Cba and the increase of bi

81 ents, liquid chromatography (LC) analyses of supernatants, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier trans

82 xanthosine in biopsy specimen-matched urine supernatants best discriminated acute cellular rejection

83 of RNA replication and RNA release into the supernatant but had nearly 1,000-fold-higher viral titer

84 cystation, secretion was detected in culture supernatants but not into the parasitophorous vacuole af

85 The ALS twin's PBMC supernatants, but not the healthy twin's, were toxic to

86 cantly reduced viral DNA load in the culture supernatant by activation of the type I interferon-respo

87 f interleukin-8 (IL-8) in HT-29 cell culture supernatants by 4 h, which increased through 24 h.

88 okinase, and TPA was measured in the culture supernatants by ELISA.

89 ere generated, and EVs isolated from culture supernatants by sequential centrifugation.

90 Cytokine production was assessed in supernatants by using the Cytometric Bead Array.

91 sent study found that TpeL levels in culture supernatants can be repressed by either glucose or sucro

92 Ex vivo, supernatant collected from isolated adipocytes of gp130

93 When supernatants collected from commensal-specific CD4(+) T

94 was required for migration of these cells to supernatants conditioned by Tregs.

95 , we demonstrate that IL-34-Mphi-conditioned supernatants confer IFN-mediated anti-Fv3 protection to

96 le application of Staphylococcus epidermidis supernatant, correlating with the infiltration of multip

97 from either a) purified parental mAbs, b) in-supernatant crossed parental mAbs, or c) co-transfected

98 Culture supernatants (CS) from glial cells (astrocytes and micro

99 We performed LAM LFA (on unprepared and supernatant CSF after heating and spinning), LAM ELISA,

100 re, electron microscopic studies showed that supernatants derived from activated PH and not PA-specif

101 NK cell exposure to supernatants derived from HIV-exposed DCs showed that F-

102 zation by an antibody reduced the ability of supernatants derived from microglial cells treated with

103 f the community were highly expressed in the supernatant despite completely sealed reactors and const

104 NF-alpha or IL-6 does not change TIL-derived supernatant-driven STAT3 and NF-kB activation, as well a

105 Basophil supernatants enhanced the expression of the B cell marke

106 ese cells, and because megakaryocyte-derived supernatant fluid can reproduce the EndMT switch in vitr

107 vitro, human CCA cells were treated with MC supernatant fluids before evaluating angiogenesis and EM

108 analysis of eHAV purified from cell-culture supernatant fluids by isopycnic ultracentrifugation.

109 MC supernatant fluids increased CCA histidine decarboxylase

110 ked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) performed on supernatant fluids of LPS challenged MDM showed ImI-medi

111 ing size exclusion chromatography of the MW2 supernatant, followed by mass spectroscopy analysis of c

112 After harvesting, the supernatant following sedimentation can be reused for mi

113 ases specific protein-DNA complexes into the supernatant for paired-end DNA sequencing.

114 ylogenetic relatedness, tested their culture supernatants for cytotoxic activity, and searched for se

115 ed cells or exposure to concentrated culture supernatants for IFN-alpha production.

116 ts and the 11S basic proteins in the soymilk supernatant fraction (SSF) decreased to 37.7 +/- 12.7%,

117 of infectious virus in both the cellular and supernatant fractions, while glycosylation site mutants

118 ved when tissues were treated with cell-free supernatant from bacterial cultures.

119 d both monocyte subsets, or when conditioned supernatant from classical monocytes cocultures (IL-6(hi

120 We demonstrated that supernatant from HCV-infected liver cells activated huma

121 Cultivation of supernatant from homogenized, acutely infected TGs with

122 lical vein endothelial cells elicited by the supernatant from monocytes/microglial cells treated with

123 Supernatant from plasmacytoid DCs harvested postinfectio

124 The supernatant from resistant EC cells contained MIP-1alpha

125 BECs culture supernatant from stable LTx patients with impaired BEC p

126 of the secreting cells, whereas conditioned supernatant from these cells failed to block IL-6 trans-

127 We showed that supernatant from TLR3-activated macrophage cultures coul

128 cells with Sendai virus or their exposure to supernatant from virus-infected cells induced the same c

129 Supernatants from 13 of 37 tested probiotic strains show

130 QFT-GIT supernatants from 13 people with concordant positive res

131 Supernatants from ABIN1[D472N] podocytes accelerated che

132 tryptase was obtained after incubation with supernatants from activated mast cells.

133 e content was significantly higher in sputum supernatants from asthmatic patients, notably those with

134 creased HSC activation, which decreased with supernatants from BDL Kit(W-sh) mice.

135 Stimulation with cholangiocyte supernatants from BDL WT or Kit(W-sh) mice injected with

136 , its metabolite imidazole acetaldehyde, and supernatants from biopsy specimens was assessed by calci

137 mily members, as were IL-5 protein levels in supernatants from both stimulated PBMC and ILC2 cultures

138 A4 and LTB4 concentrations in induced sputum supernatants from children with intermittent asthma (IA)

139 ant contributor to the cytotoxic activity of supernatants from cultures of tpeL-positive strain CN368

140 Consistently, the supernatants from GM-CSF treated P. aeruginosa PAO1 pers

141 chemokine release using (multiplex) ELISA in supernatants from HDM-exposed human bronchial epithelial

142 Virus-stripped supernatants from HSV-2-infected MDDCs were shown to enh

143 Mouse sensory neurons exposed to supernatants from IBS biopsies produced 5,6-EET via a me

144 ons inhibited the hypersensitivity caused by supernatants from IBS biopsies.

145 iTE expression and secretion was detected in supernatants from ICOVIR-15K-cBiTE-infected cells, and t

146 d IL-8 reduced neutrophil chemotaxis >50% to supernatants from IL-1beta-stimulated CF airway epitheli

147 large membrane-enclosed structures in HIV-1 supernatants from infected cells.

148 Indeed, supernatants from laboratory strains and clinical isolat

149 Transfer of culture supernatants from macrophages stimulated with LPS for 24

150 re also detectable in human sera and culture supernatants from primary cells and 293T cells overexpre

151 ranscription of multiple interferons (IFNs); supernatants from primary HLSECs transfected with HCV-sp

152 Moreover, supernatants from r-HuBDNF-activated EGC culture medium,

153 Supernatants from rectal biopsy specimens from patients

154 Supernatants from rPrP(c)-treated astrocytes containing

155 Supernatants from strain K279a also promoted the degrada

156 and human SH-SY5Y cells were incubated with supernatants from the mucosal biopsies and analyzed by m

157 ration of primary neutrophils incubated with supernatants from the Poly I:C stimulation experiment.

158 In addition, in normal keratinocytes the supernatants from these cocultures induced an increase i

159 Mucosal supernatants from tissues of patients with IBS induced h

160 Testing this, we found culture supernatants from TLR-stimulated B cells to bind HEp-2 c

161 Fecal supernatants from ulcerative colitis patients induced pe

162 m wild-type (WT) and PAR2(-/-) mice by fecal supernatants from ulcerative colitis patients was assess

163 intracolonic administration of LPS or fecal supernatant (FS) from HFM-fed rats caused intestinal bar

164 root ganglia (DRGs) following application of supernatants generated from tissue biopsy of patients wi

165 The resulting streams (i.e. supernatant, green-protein pellet and fibrous pulp) were

166 d with SEA-exposed, autologous CD4(+) T-cell supernatant had a 2.19-fold decreased colocalization of

167 ell (Th1/Th17) and M1-polarized myeloid cell supernatants had a direct cytotoxic effect on human A2B5

168 Th2 and M2 macrophage or microglia supernatants had neither a direct nor an indirect impact

169 Detection of DENV in viral culture supernatant has similar sensitivity as the corresponding

170 We discovered that nasal tissue supernatants have antistaphylococcal activity, and mice

171 -infected primary human microglia suppressed supernatant HIV-1 p24 levels, reduced CXCL10 and IL-6 tr

172 Multiplex analysis of epithelial supernatants identified CXCL10, CXCL8, and CCL5 as Galph

173 Additionally, patients exhibited increasing supernatant IL-4, serum IL-2 and IL-6, endothelial cell

174 y associated with blood urea nitrogen (BUN), supernatant IL-4, serum IL-6, monoclonal immunoglobulin

175 nitrogen, serum uric acid, proteinuria, and supernatant IL-4; whereas positively associated with est

176 des were detectable in both cell lysates and supernatants in CD4+ T cells infected in vitro at freque

177 reased LXA4 concentrations in induced sputum supernatants in comparison with children with IA.

178 3 signaling, reduces the mitogenic effect of supernatants in CRC cells.

179 sibility of direct capture from cell culture supernatants in native conditions, as well as enhanced s

180 lammatory responses induced by bacteria-free supernatants in the murine ligated loop model.

181 , ornithine, and putrescine were detected in supernatants, indicating active metabolism.

182 s and coculture with cholangiocytes or their supernatants induced preferential apoptosis of Treg comp

183 e whether Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG culture supernatant (LCS) has a preventive effect against gut-de

184 (15) N NMR enhancement was observed from the supernatant liquid following catalyst separation, which

185 Furthermore these supernatants markedly stimulated CCR5 expression on both

186 omprehensive metabolite profiling of culture supernatants (metabolic footprinting) over the course of

187 Cytokine levels in supernatant obtained from virus-infected fetal brain cel

188 particles and colloids (0.01-10 mum) in the supernatant of a lab-scale submerged anaerobic membrane

189 e from an incompletely characterized culture supernatant of a nonencapsulated, toxigenic strain (anth

190 Supernatant of activated MC specifically increased the n

191 Supernatant of activated TH1 and TH2 cells impaired epit

192 The supernatant of centrifuged apple puree was fortified in

193 most of its inhibitory property, whereas the supernatant of choline chloride-treated R36A, containing

194 In this study, from supernatant of culture cells transfected with DNAs of an

195 ntification of p-coumaric acid (pHCA) in the supernatant of genetically engineered Escherichia coli (

196 uction was readily detectable in the culture supernatant of human PBMCs and murine spleen cells stimu

197 t were validated using in vitro transcripts, supernatant of infected cell cultures, and clinical spec

198 bserved on the sporozites surface and in the supernatant of invading sporozoites.

199 The exosome-depleted supernatant of ML had no effect on in vitro and in vivo

200 PCR) assay to quantify the HBV RNA load in a supernatant of NA-treated HepG2-2.2.15 cells and in plas

201 , as shown by the secretion into the culture supernatant of proteins containing variations in the pat

202 By testing the supernatant of S. aureus human clinical isolates, we fou

203 The addition of ADAM17 to the culture supernatant of stimulated mouse splenocytes decreased IF

204 d plasma membrane-associated proteins in the supernatant of Tat-expressing astrocytes.

205 than Tat protein itself were present in the supernatant of Tat-expressing astrocytes.

206 Adding phytic acid to the first supernatant of the alkaline process version yielded 93%

207 In addition, the supernatant of the cells after demethylation treatment d

208 ce the level of soluble ULBP2 in the culture supernatant of various cancer cell lines.

209 We investigated miRNA expression in sputum supernatants of 10 healthy subjects, 17 patients with mi

210 We found that supernatants of a human macrophage cell line infected wi

211 he level of interleukin-1beta and -18 in the supernatants of activated macrophages with ELISA.

212 neutrophils and eosinophils migrated toward supernatants of bronchial epithelial cells stimulated wi

213 3 by DCs, but addition of these cytokines or supernatants of C. albicans-treated DCs to Vdelta1 T cel

214 Culture supernatants of C. butyricum strains from preterm neonat

215 increased Trp degradation is detected in the supernatants of circulating monocytes from AD patients w

216 incubated with TEX or exosomes isolated from supernatants of cultured dendritic cells (DEX).

217 rophages in VAT from patients with NASH, and supernatants of cultured macrophages had increased level

218 tumor-necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) the supernatants of EC cultures were subjected to differenti

219 , IL-3, eotaxin-1 or GM-CSF) was detected in supernatants of ex vivo eosinophil cultures from the lun

220 ab concentrations were measured in serum and supernatants of fecal samples using an enzyme-linked imm

221 Furthermore, extracellular vesicles from supernatants of H4B4*KLH-pulsed MoDC contained significa

222 CCL26 levels measured in supernatants of IL-13-stimulated BECs also increased wit

223 mounts of viral progeny were detected in the supernatants of immature and mature LC, suggesting that

224 m of the H protein that is secreted into the supernatants of infected cells.

225 e measured levels of soluble B7 molecules in supernatants of isolated primary hepatocytes, hepatic si

226 o confirmed in tumor cells cultured with the supernatants of macrophage treated with MSV-nAB-PTX.

227 IgA, and IgE from plasma as well as culture supernatants of PLA-specific cells were measured by ELIS

228 ogenic molecules in lysates and cell culture supernatants of prenatal skin did not reveal the expecte

229 levels in plasma of humans and mice, and in supernatants of primary human lung microvascular endothe

230 of human neutrophils and eosinophils toward supernatants of ragweed-stimulated bronchial epithelial

231 ytokines were significantly increased in the supernatants of stimulated primary cells and serum sampl

232 uarina glauca we show that cell-free culture supernatants of the compatible Frankia CcI3 strain are a

233 All the supernatants of the homogenates were monitored for pH.

234 unosorbent assay (ELISA) measurements of the supernatants of the sorted hybridoma clones revealed tha

235 Supernatants of the transfected cells, which contained H

236 n for sporadic CRC and show that the culture supernatants of TILs, but not of LPMCs, potently enhance

237 istry, we have now purified legiobactin from supernatants of virulent strain 130b that is suitable fo

238 enrichment factor epsilon(202)Hg(precipitate-supernatant) of -0.63 per thousand.

239 A containing a His-tag from the fermentation supernatant onto a nickel-modified magnetic particle.

240 CD4(+) T cells were cultured with MC supernatant or control medium, after which cytokine prod

241 n leukocytes and prevents activated platelet supernatant or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) fro

242 aused by intoxication with sterile bacterial supernatant or purified Hla.

243 HMOBs treated with epithelial supernatant or recombinant IFN-gamma, concurrently with

244 protein distributed almost equally over the supernatant, pellet and pulp.

245 erions due to patterns along polymers in the supernatant phase.

246 nse (coacervate) and polyelectrolyte dilute (supernatant) phases.

247 Primary human neutrophils were exposed to supernatants prepared from cultures of invasive S. pyoge

248 The supernatants presented decreasing anthocyanin contents w

249 ooth muscle treated with activated mast cell supernatants produced extracellular matrix, which enhanc

250 Moreover, blood-stage culture supernatants proved to be as potent activators of Vgamma

251 In contrast, when supernatant recovered from untreated ileal tissue was pr

252 used gentle centrifugation to obtain a mucus supernatant showing no inhibition to oxidizers, allowing

253 n F4969, it was then determined that culture supernatant sialidase activity and expression of exosial

254 ucose concentrations repressed F4969 culture supernatant sialidase activity and nanI transcription le

255 Low Neu5Ac concentrations increased culture supernatant sialidase activity, largely by stimulating n

256 demonstrate here that S. epidermidis culture supernatants significantly suppressed the infectivity of

257 and luminescent Ag-nanoparticles (AgNPs) in supernatant solutions, which emit blue light upon UV irr

258 ocessed urine, formic acid/acetonitrile, and supernatant spotted onto the target plate were 15 ml, 3

259 The proteins in the stimulated supernatants that distinguished LTBI from controls inclu

260 sing multiple applications of S. epidermidis supernatant, the repetitive inflammatory episodes of whi

261 umulated in stored erythrocyte membranes and supernatants through storage day 42.

262 r enriching with two rounds of IMAC from the supernatant TiO2 enrichment does not fully recover the p

263 The toxicity of washing experiment supernatants to zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos was negl

264 , and >/=90% of this ACT is localized to the supernatant, unlike growth without FBS, in which >/=90%

265 ellularly expressed SrtA in the fermentation supernatant using magnetic particles.

266 ndin J2) were measured in biopsies and their supernatants using liquid chromatography and tandem mass

267 ples including plasma, cell pellet (UCP) and supernatant (USN) from spun urine, from 17 patients unde

268 NAs, along with colonic injections of biopsy supernatants; visceral hypersensitivity was measured bas

269 incubated with EcN, the derivative cell-free supernatant was able to elevate 5-HT overflow when used

270 After removing the protein, the supernatant was analyzed by LC-MS/MS and the analyte was

271 The supernatant was analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem

272 Then, a 0.5mL aliquot of the partitioned supernatant was cleaned-up using d-SPE and in-vial filtr

273 ally acidified and centrifuged, and then the supernatant was directly analyzed in a column switching

274 ic solvent, to extract the analytes, and the supernatant was directly injected.

275 polysaccharide (PgLPS)-stimulated epithelial supernatant was investigated in HMOBs.

276 Virus production in the supernatant was quantitated by quantitative reverse tran

277 Treated LWE was centrifuged and supernatant was taken for measurement of UV-VIS spectros

278 The supernatant was then cleaned by a primary-secondary amin

279 ranswell membrane, indicating factors in the supernatant were responsible.

280 Aqueous supernatants were analyzed by HPLC-DAD and extractable a

281 Cytokine levels in serum and PBMC culture supernatants were assessed by suspension array multiplex

282 in the presence or absence of alpha1(II) and supernatants were collected for cytokine analysis.

283 es and levels of cytokines and chemokines in supernatants were determined.

284 r unstimulated), and IL-37 concentrations in supernatants were determined.

285 ly expressed proteins from RSV-infected cell supernatants were identified at a 1% false discovery rat

286 , and interferon (IFN)-gamma in cell culture supernatants were measured by ELISA.

287 PBP and IL-10 protein levels in cell culture supernatants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorben

288 ng and targeted arginine quantification, and supernatants were prepared for metabolomic analysis.

289 Cytokine concentrations in the supernatants were quantified.

290 Probiotic supernatants were screened for their ability to concorda

291 Supernatants were tested for mediators and cytokines.

292 r prominent markers in nonstimulated QFT-GIT supernatants were the complement-3 components C3b, iC3b,

293 We find that cytokines in cell supernatants were uncorrelated to those found in plasma.

294 RT-PCR, whereas corresponding stored culture supernatants were used for ELISA.

295 heral blood mononuclear cells to breast milk supernatant, which resulted in the generation of EBV-pos

296 ith the presence of extracellular DNA in the supernatant, which was released by lysis of a fraction o

297 7) increased Slit3 levels in the bone marrow supernatants, which activated ROCK in LSK cells and sens

298 d vitamin, centrifugation, and mixing of the supernatant with phosphate buffer and sodium cyanide for

299 ught to associate miRNA expression in sputum supernatants with the inflammatory cell profile and dise

300 leaching (using citric acid and spent fungal supernatant) with electrochemical extraction.