ライフサイエンスコーパス: switch region

1 ing intronic sequences are inserted into the switch region.

2 nt in cells from mice with a deletion of the switch region.

3 petitive sequence that forms the core of the switch region.

4 d by the "sterile" RNA transcript across the switch region.

5 ated to transcribe the gamma3 or the gamma2b switch region.

6 ed transcription initiates within the strand-switch region.

7 brils had maximal diameter at this molecular switch region.

8 sm mediated by binding to the RNA polymerase switch region.

9 ragment of the murine immunoglobulin Sgamma3 switch region.

10 processes to particular donor and recipient switch regions.

11 the recombining pair of donor and recipient switch regions.

12 ched loci, which occurs mostly within strand switch regions.

13 and breaks (DSBs) in the long and repetitive switch regions.

14 nstream Ch, followed by fusion of the broken switch regions.

15 , and impaired end-joining in the recombined switch regions.

16 nsity on the nontemplate strand of mammalian switch regions.

17 ding the telomeres, rDNA, and immunoglobulin switch regions.

18 d to be a general feature of mammalian class switch regions.

19 stitutions of A.T base pairs in variable and switch regions.

20 via an extended interface that includes both switch regions.

21 generates hypermutation in the mu and gamma switch regions.

22 d alpha5 to accommodate binding to the Cdc42 switch regions.

23 ding of GRD and a C terminus adjacent to the switch regions.

24 equires loop-out and deletion of DNA between switch regions.

25 against the G domain in the vicinity of the Switch regions.

26 lized by a hydrophobic interface between the switch regions.

27 nterface between the putative conformational switch regions.

28 intrachromosomal deletional process between switch regions.

29 e level of DNA rearrangements between the Ig switch regions.

30 f these loops but none of the conformational switch regions.

31 ma, 63-87, binds in concert to the conserved switch regions.

32 begin early in the repetitive portion of the switch regions.

33 idenced from Sgamma remnants in Smu-Sepsilon switch regions.

34 es numerous DNA cytosine deaminations within switch regions.

35 on and repair of DNA double-strand breaks in switch regions.

36 nase (AID), in the absence of mammalian-type switch regions.

37 accumulation of 53BP1 at the immunoglobulin switch regions.

38 in the basal and activated states, acting as switch regions.

39 tance to reprogramming in replication-timing switch regions.

40 entified uracil residues in the variable and switch regions.

41 multiple DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in switch regions.

42 tructure and conformational stability of the switch regions.

43 resented with increased microhomology use at switched regions.

44 itive domain of one G protein, i.e. Galpha13 switch region 1 (Galpha13SR1), can directly participate

45 another switch region of G13, i.e. Galpha13 switch region 2 (Galpha13SR2) may represent a more globa

46 Here, we provide evidence that switch region 2 (SR2) of the ubiquitously expressed G pr

47 rect binding of the talin head domain to the switch region 2 sequence of the Galpha13 subunit.

48 tive zone of the murine Sgamma3 and Sgamma2b switch regions, a chemical probing method was used to ob

49 amma sequences, indicating that sequences of switch regions act together in the choice of switch reco

50 form of RasG60A unexpectedly shows that the switch regions adopt an open conformation reminiscent of

51 y hydrolysable analogue GMPPNP show that the switch regions adopt similar conformations in both compl

52 Mice with a targeted disruption of the alpha-switch region and 5' H chain gene (IgA(-/-) mice), which

53 binding of the C/EBP beta-YY1 complex to the switch region and cell-type-specific URR activity.

54 novel C/EBP beta-YY1 complex that binds the switch region and contributes to cell-type-specific HPV-

55 d the role of pS38 in AID activity at the Ig switch region and off-target Myc gene.

56 e single amino acid substitutions into the S-switch region and the betaE'-F loop, and screened for mu

57 ge in the Runt domain, particularly in the S-switch region and the betaE'-F loop.

58 iated with reduced mutation frequency at the switch regions and a bias toward blunt junctions.

59 ic determinants of SRE activation within the switch regions and a C-terminal region.

60 s involving immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) switch regions and an oncogene such as Myc represent ini

61 tivation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) to switch regions and by the subsequent generation of doubl

62 been implicated in translocations between Ig switch regions and c-Myc in plasma cell tumors in mice.

63 on elongation factor, Ts, also recognize the switch regions and destabilize the Mg(2+)-binding site,

64 ane helices, coiled-coil regions, structural switch regions and disulfide-bonds.

65 lpha)(1) interface involves the Gi(alpha)(1) switch regions and Gi(alpha)(1)-144-151, a site within t

66 g reaction was dependent on the evolution of switch regions and multiple constant regions in the IgH

67 ror-prone fashion, creating breaks in the Ig switch regions and mutations in the variable regions.

68 hat double strand breaks (DSBs) may occur in switch regions and participate in the recombination tran

69 nsive structural rearrangements in the Sec4p switch regions and phosphate-binding loop that are incom

70 A double strand breaks (DSBs) at recombining switch regions and repair of these breaks by nonhomologo

71 (CSR) is directed by the long and repetitive switch regions and requires activation-induced cytidine

72 ss-switch recombination (CSR) occurs between switch regions and requires transcription and activation

73 ural information is somehow shared among the switch regions and the different nucleotide binding moti

74 t further revealed altered positions for the switch regions and throughout the Galpha(i1) subunit, ac

75 ial markers of translocation events into IgH switch regions and were identified in 15 of 21 myeloma c

76 between the bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) "switch region" and the viral non-nucleoside reverse tran

77 1 duplex binding sites in each of the G-rich switch regions, and LR1 bound at contiguous sites may en

78 ound in chromosomal telomers, immunoglobulin switch regions, and recombination sites.

79 ds of base pairs upstream of the core repeat switch regions, and the area where the R-loops initiate

80 that we have analyzed); (ii) occur mainly in switch regions; and (iii) involve a diverse but nonrando

81 whereas in solution, in the absence of PEG, switch regions appear to remain disordered in what we ca

82 On the Rab5 side, both switch regions are involved in the interaction.

83 Switch regions are joined by a mechanism that requires a

84 rates mimicking the mammalian immunoglobulin switch regions are particularly good AID substrates in v

85 efined as containing sequences from only one switch region) are potential markers of translocation ev

86 locations, which generally occur into JH and switch regions, are mediated by errors in the two develo

87 n important function of the bridge helix and switch regions as an anti-backtracking ratchet and an RN

88 They are also found at Pol II strand switch regions as determined with ChIP.

89 ction cannot be conferred solely through the switch regions as is usually inferred.

90 vity making hydrophobic interactions in the "switch region", as well as with alpha2-heme like a molec

91 ha 94 H-bond, while the second involves the "switch" region, as monitored by the Tyr alpha 42...Asp b

92 tion (ChIP) assays we identified two allelic switch regions (ASRs) that mark boundaries of epigenetic

93 xplain the conservation of tandemly repeated switch regions associated with heavy chain constant gene

94 ) and transcription initiation of downstream switch regions at the immunoglobulin heavy-chain (Igh) l

95 Transcription through mammalian switch regions, because of their GC-rich composition, ge

96 ced single-strand breaks in Igh variable and switch regions become substrates simultaneously for BER

97 nt of LR1 may therefore function to organize switch regions before, during, or after switch recombina

98 and a slow-acting alterative end joining of switch region breaks during CSR.

99 roaches identified substitutions in the RNAP switch regions, bridge helix, and trigger loop that mimi

100 f a bidirectional promoter within the strand-switch region, but suggest that other factors are also i

101 ns as follows: stabilization of the Gialpha1 switch regions by RGS4 and the catalytic action of RGS4

102 t evidence for an essential role for APE1 in switch region cleavage and CSR.

103 restored the formation of the C/EBP beta-YY1-switch region complex, accompanied by increased transcri

104 The immunoglobulin heavy chain switch regions contain multiple runs of guanines on the

105 lu(632)) follows the Walker B motif, and the switch region contains a histidine (TAP2 His(661)).

106 Thus, the active conformation of the switch regions conveys information about the identity of

107 Another switch region corresponds to a single residue in the EGF

108 bunits in the 'unswapped' structure, and two switch region cysteines (104 and 109) from each subunit

109 ntly are joined within S mu to form internal switch region deletions (ISD).

110 t the RNA synthesis start site, resulting in switch region-dependent RNAP clamp closure and open prom

111 ane helices, coiled-coil regions, structural switch regions, disulfide-bonds, sub-cellular localizati

112 atch repair enzymes that ultimately generate switch region DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs).

113 deaminase expression, resulting in decreased switch region DNA double-strand breaks and interchromoso

114 region or double-stranded DNA breaks in the switch region DNA.

115 neration of double-stranded breaks (DSBs) in switch-region DNA.

116 r of CSR that promotes the binding of AID to switch-region DNA.

117 t 50 bp insertions with low G-density within switch regions do not appear to affect either CSR or R-l

118 The remodeling of the switch regions does not resemble any of the known G prot

119 function in a redundant manner in resolving switch region DSBs during CSR.

120 HEJ-dependent short-range rejoining of intra-switch region DSBs.

121 ch cells, and of double-strand breaks in the switch regions during CSR.

122 ID) acts at immunoglobulin heavy-chain class switch regions during mammalian class switch recombinati

123 rs by a deletional recombination between two switch regions, each of which is associated with a H cha

124 NA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in repetitive switch region elements followed by ligation between dist

125 ssayed by PCRs across the integrated plasmid switch regions, followed by Southern blot hybridization.

126 urface suggest likely interfaces outside the switch region for electron transfer from the NOS reducta

127 subunits of the LR1 could then juxtapose the switch regions for recombination.

128 RNA polymerase (RNAP), the bridge helix and switch regions form an intricate network with the cataly

129 Mammalian class switch regions form R-loops upon transcription in the ph

130 We amplified switch regions from genomic DNA to investigate the quali

131 ar to their human counterparts, variable and switch regions from Polh-/- mice had fewer substitutions

132 This segment, located between JH and switch regions, functioned both downstream of the VH exo

133 the AID and IgM genes, or levels of various switch region germ line transcripts.

134 A new drug target - the 'switch region' - has been identified within bacterial RN

135 adjacent and essential threonine residues in switch region I of immunity-related guanosine triphospha

136 Rab35 binds via switch regions I and II, around the nucleotide-binding p

137 long distances on variable region (V(H)) and switch region (I) region promoters to initiate germ line

138 c illegitimately joined to an Ig heavy chain switch region, ie, the t(12;15) chromosomal translocatio

139 ription of immunoglobulin variable (IgV) and switch region (IgS) DNA.

140 ominantly through binding to residues within switch region II.

141 y the G-density of different portions of the switch region in a murine B cell line.

142 and MSH2, AID may occasionally act at the mu switch region in an apparently processive manner, but th

143 gene was able to confer inversion of the mrp switch region in trans from both ON to OFF and OFF to ON

144 Furthermore, the invertible switch region in uropathogenic strain NU149 shifted from

145 some associates with AID, accumulates on IgH switch regions in an AID-dependent fashion, and is requi

146 onally, it is not known why, in contrast, at switch regions in mice, both C/G-targeted and A/T-target

147 a GTPase-effector interface and involves the switch regions in RhoA and a hydrophobic patch in PRG-PH

148 -loops form at Sgamma3 and Sgamma2b Ig class switch regions in the chromosomes of stimulated murine p

149 that EF-G binding to the ribosome stabilizes switch regions in the GTPase active site, resulting in a

150 nent of an enzyme complex that recombines Ig switch regions in vitro.

151 s of c-myc DSBs to AID-initiated DSBs in IgH switch regions in wild-type and ATM-deficient B cells.

152 for locating and directly imaging the active switching region in a resistive random access memory (RR

153 DNA breaks at the Igh switch regions induced by AID lacking E5 display defecti

154 This review summarizes the switch region, switch-region inhibitors, and implications for antibacte

155 ved with chimeras substituting the Galpha(o) switch regions into the Galpha(i2(C352G)) subunit, which

156 transition, such as Tyrbeta145 (HC2) and the switch region involving Proalpha(1)44 (CD2), Thralpha(1)

157 The RNAP switch region is an attractive target for identification

158 The RNAP switch region is distant from targets of previously char

159 ng that MMR functions to reduce mutations in switch regions is unexpected since MMR proteins have bee

160 Switch recombination occurs between pairs of switch regions located upstream of the constant heavy ch

161 ns identified include the nucleotide binding switch regions, loop 5, loop 7, ?4-?5-loop 13, ?1, and ?

162 ch region sequences suggests that the G-rich switch regions may have evolved from rDNA.

163 These switch regions may work with the inter-domain twist to i

164 ion and mutation frequency but not CSR or Ig switch region mutation.

165 ontains Smu sequence, all crossovers between switch regions occurred in the Smu portion; and 2) treat

166 The P335 lytic phage phi31 encodes a genetic switch region of cI and cro homologs but lacks the phage

167 ere swapped or mutated, we observed that the switch region of G alpha(13) is strictly necessary to bi

168 Surprisingly, the switch region of G alpha(13) was not sufficient to bind

169 larity with the area by which RGS4 binds the switch region of G alpha(i) proteins.

170 y examined whether signaling through another switch region of G13, i.e. Galpha13 switch region 2 (Gal

171 d upon unique junction fragments between the switch region of Igh mu and c-myc.

172 d the translocation breakpoint within the 5' switch region of IGHG (Sgamma).

173 Peptides mimicking the predicted cysteine-switch region of MDC9 or TACE inhibit both enzymes in th

174 ations were performed on the 16-residue beta-switch region of platelet glycoprotein Ibalpha, for whic

175 Functional studies have shown that the switch region of RAS interacts with a large number of ef

176 B or rpoC that together encode the so-called switch region of RNA polymerase.

177 able antibacterial inhibitors acting via the switch region of RNA polymerase.

178 onserved glutamic acid), and Gln(701) in the switch region of TAP1 (in place of a highly conserved hi

179 In contrast, alterations of residues in the switch region of the interface have substantial effects

180 ted some unique features in (1) the cysteine-switch region of the prodomain, (2) the hinge region pre

181 "loosening" the contacts associated with the switch region of the T state alpha(1)beta(2) interface b

182 x physically block the docking sites for the switch regions of Arf GTPases.

183 The Sec7 domain binds to the switch regions of ARF1 and inserts residues directly int

184 The switch regions of Arl13B are involved in the interaction

185 by contacting key residues in the regulatory switch regions of Cdc42 and slowing Cdc42 nucleotide exc

186 finity, GTP-dependent binding of RGCT to the switch regions of CDC42 or RAC1 and (ii) a very low affi

187 bilization of the conformationally sensitive switch regions of Cdc42.

188 nformational changes in the conserved GTPase switch regions of EF-Tu that trigger hydrolysis of GTP,

189 drolysis of GTP primarily by stabilizing the switch regions of G(i alpha1), although the conserved As

190 The core domain binds to the three switch regions of G(i alpha1), but does not contribute c

191 -terminal region (amino acids 1-161) and the switch regions of Galpha(i2) (amino acids 162-262) both

192 ses by deamination of cytidines in the V and switch regions of Ig genes.

193 Sequencing of the switch regions of memory B cells from European blood don

194 As it has binding sites within or 5' to the switch regions of nearly all Ig heavy chain C region gen

195 ecognizes invariant aromatic residues in the switch regions of Rab GTPases and selects for the Rab5 s

196 a major interaction determinant between the switch regions of Rab3A and the Rab3A-specific effector

197 The two switch regions of Rac1 are stabilized in conformations t

198 t specificity determinants reside in the two switch regions of Sec4p.

199 of T state constraints within the hinge and switch regions of the alpha(1)beta(2) interface.

200 wined interface made up of residues from the switch regions of the G domain.

201 ing the transition state conformation of the switch regions of the G protein, favoring the transition

202 d the G60A mutant of Ras and showed that the switch regions of the GTP-bound but not the GDP-bound fo

203 of the catalytic interface forms between the switch regions of the GTPase and the DH domain, but full

204 , such as variable-number tandem repeats and switch regions of the immunoglobulin genes.

205 te that recombination occurs between the two switch regions of the plasmid, as assayed by PCRs across

206 uire high levels of transcription across the switch regions of the plasmid.

207 quired the first 30 residues of TFEB and the switch regions of the Rags G domain.

208 T state transition in both the "hinge" and "switch" regions of the alpha(1)beta(2) interface.

209 pecific conformational changes in three key "switch" regions of the protein, which regulate binding t

210 nd a single-stranded DNA loop, are formed in switch regions on the heavy-chain immunoglobulin locus.

211 dicating that the intrinsic fragility of the switch regions or a pathway unrelated to AID is responsi

212 We propose that altered DNA structure in the switch region pauses RNA polymerase II and limits access

213 Here, we validated and exploited a G alpha switch-region point mutation, known to engender increase

214 d the structure of RalB.GMPPNP show that the switch regions predominantly adopt state 1 (Ras nomencla

215 DNA acrobatics require transcription of the switch regions, presumably so that necessary factors can

216 The patterns of hybridization of an IgM switch region probe suggest that immunoglobulin heavy ch

217 introduces uracil into antibody variable and switch regions, promoting antibody diversity through som

218 critical determinants are identified in both switch regions, Rab4-to-Rab5 conversion-of-specificity m

219 ests that the stabilization of the G-protein switch regions rather than catalytic action of the Asn r

220 ion proceeds normally while long-range inter-switch region recombination is impaired.

221 In the absence of H2AX, short-range intra-switch region recombination proceeds normally while long

222 nt protein recruitment, or short-range intra-switch region recombination.

223 ind that the mechanism by which variable and switch regions recruit AID essentially is the same but t

224 promotes the binding of AID specifically to switch regions remains to be elucidated.

225 hosphorylation of H2B within Ig variable and switch regions requires AID and may be mediated by the h

226 (ox) reveal that conformational changes in a switch region (residues 103-111) preceding a pterin-bind

227 Interestingly, the so-called switch regions, responsible for signal transduction foll

228 ell as the germline transcription of the Igh switch regions, resulting in defective CSR but no effect

229 owever, we show here that the Xenopus laevis switch region S(mu), which is rich in AT and not prone t

230 ranscripts associate with DNA in the genomic switch region (S epsilon) to form DNA-RNA hybrid structu

231 n addition, AID is required for induction of switch region (S mu)-specific DNA lesions that precede C

232 targets cytosines in both donor and acceptor switch regions (S regions) with the deamination domains

233 ation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) to Ig switch regions (S regions).

234 ints in translocation breakpoint regions (Ig switch region [S] inversions and unusual gene orders in

235 bridge helix transmit effects of DksA to the switch region(s), allosterically affecting switch residu

236 le to demonstrate that the rearranged hybrid switch region sequence was joined to DNA from chromosome

237 One of the conserved switch-region sequence motifs (AGCT) is a preferred site

238 LR1 also binds Ig heavy chain switch region sequences and may function in class switch

239 nent of a B cell-specific complex that binds switch region sequences suggests that the G-rich switch

240 r immediate downstream region, as well as in switch regions, sequences that, respectively, are target

241 emoglobin (Hb) betaepsilon7Alpha exhibit the switch region signature for the R --> T quaternary state

242 g constant region transcripts and by forming switch region-specific DSBs.

243 there is an 11;14 translocation into a gamma switch region, suggesting an error in switch recombinati

244 r with exceptionally high frequency in human switch regions, suggesting a possible relationship betwe

245 orylated on two tyrosine residues within the switch regions, suggesting that phosphorylation of these

246 These translocations frequently involve Ig switch regions, suggesting that they might be the result

247 l breaks in immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) switch regions, suggesting that they occur during class-

248 This review summarizes the switch region, switch-region inhibitors, and implication

249 ve, indicating an unexpected role for ATM in switch region synapsis during CSR.

250 order chromatin remodeling that facilitates switch region synapsis.

251 n that may be required during immunoglobulin switch region synapsis.

252 bination was partly lost due to a failure of switch region targeting by activation-induced deaminase

253 oantigen, a transcriptional repressor, and a switch region targeting factor.

254 5hmU is enriched in strand switch regions, telomeric regions, and intergenic region

255 Mutations in the switch region that abolished the complex formation also

256 y one of a family of four WGCW motifs in the switch region that can facilitate CSR.

257 face that binds SseJ includes the regulatory switch regions that control activation of mammalian effe

258 SR, double-strand breaks are introduced into switch regions that flank Cmu and a downstream Ch, follo

259 s, we show that Myx interacts with the RNAP "switch region"--the hinge that mediates opening and clos

260 in the template strand of the H chain alpha switch region, the strand thought to be complexed with R

261 wn to form at mammalian immunoglobulin class switch regions, thus exposing regions of single-stranded

262 rm R-loops, can functionally replace a mouse switch region to mediate CSR in vivo.

263 Myxopyronin binds to the RNAP switch regions to block structural rearrangements needed

264 idine deaminase, which converts cytosines in switch regions to uracils.

265 e a model whereby an effector binds to RabF (switch) regions to discriminate between nucleotide-bound

266 t effector proteins, via their GTP-dependent switch regions, to distinct subcellular compartments.

267 e defect in CSR is not due to alterations in switch region transcription, accessibility, DNA damage c

268 H2AX-/- B cells is not due to alterations in switch region transcription, accessibility, or aberrant

269 R defect is B cell-intrinsic, independent of switch-region transcription, and a consequence of ineffi

270 o a specific length of DNA downstream of the switch-region transcriptional promoter.

271 Germ-line switch region transcripts (Ig gamma1, Ig gamma3, and Ig

272 ng this S mu-primed reverse transcription of switch region transcripts as a novel mechanism of regula

273 ' ends of the Smu sequence are extended onto switch region transcripts by reverse transcription.

274 artificial switch-mu (Smu) minisubstrate to switch region transcripts in the presence of nuclear ext

275 Further evidence for an active role of switch region transcripts was obtained by expressing S a

276 penultimate Tyralpha140 on the F helix, the "switch" region Tyralpha42, and the "hinge" region Trpbet

277 f samples (62%) have a breakpoint within the switch regions upstream of the IGH constant genes and ar

278 ctures of Rab complexes and does not involve switch regions used by GTPase effectors.

279 broth cultures expressing MR/P fimbriae, the switch region was found in both ON and OFF positions.

280 tures which do not express the fimbriae, the switch region was OFF only.

281 When switch regions were analyzed for mutations, deficiency i

282 es a more rigid stabilization of the Gtalpha switch regions when Gtalpha is bound to both RGS9 and Pg

283 dent on its functional interactions with the switch region which is critical for the HPV-18 URR activ

284 lex composed of C/EBP beta and YY1 binds the switch region which is detected only in HeLa cells, not

285 between GPIb alpha and VWF involves the beta-switch region, which is a loop in the unliganded GPIb al

286 ain Fabs may be due to an insertion in their switch region, which is one residue longer than in kappa

287 structure of RalA, differences exist in the switch regions, which are sensitive to the bound nucleot

288 e, we examined mutations in the mu and gamma switch regions, which can form stable secondary structur

289 recombination involves transcription through switch regions, which generates ssDNA within R loops.

290 a decrease in binding of AID to transcribed switch regions, which resulted in considerable impairmen

291 ker to beta-sheet 4, which are adjacent to a switch region whose conformation changes with activation

292 atory for functional interaction of the RNAP switch regions with the transcription start site.