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1 ch, in return, delivers carbohydrates to the symbiont.
2 ses: one for the plant and the other for the symbiont.
3  unaltered by the presence of a co-infecting symbiont.
4 les living in rotten trees with a wood-decay symbiont.
5 coevolutionary interactions between host and symbiont.
6 and evaluated the putative functions of this symbiont.
7 ural enemies and by the cost of carrying the symbiont.
8  a role in the recognition of Rhizobium as a symbiont.
9 suggestive of its lifestyle as an obligatory symbiont.
10 reversibly asexual, further linking host and symbiont.
11 re often prevented by priority effects among symbionts.
12 um-like, Solitalea-like, and Bartonella-like symbionts.
13 s describing toxic effects on host plant and symbionts.
14 ertically, but not horizontally, transmitted symbionts.
15 rucial role in recognition and regulation of symbionts.
16 de insight into the demographic evolution of symbionts.
17 stributed, insect-associated, Sodalis-allied symbionts.
18 hich enables intracellular infection by root symbionts.
19 w vascular connections to tissues supporting symbionts.
20  genes, converting soil bacteria into legume symbionts.
21 re typically colonized by specific bacterial symbionts.
22 nctions of colonization factors in bacterial symbionts.
23  also bleaching, the loss of essential algal symbionts.
24 buscule development in the absence of fungal symbionts.
25 tive mode and maternal transmission of algal symbionts.
26 pathogenic fungi but are also found as plant symbionts.
27 ates, leading to stronger interactions among symbionts.
28 because they create new niches for microbial symbionts.
29 pending on plant interactions with microbial symbionts.
30 ed buoyancy evolves only when offspring bear symbionts.
31 adox in the functioning of prokaryotic (endo)symbionts.
32 al polysaccharides also originate from these symbionts.
33 to determine whether ancient corals harbored symbionts.
34 ng irreversible dependence between hosts and symbionts.
35  muciniphila (an anaerobic, mucinophilic gut symbiont(7,8)), stimulated proliferation and migration o
36 d evolutionary benefits of independence from symbionts, a lifestyle that may be widespread among anim
37 ncentrations are independent of light, algal symbiont abundance and bleaching status, but depend on c
38 body and ovarian protein content, yeast-like symbionts abundance, ovarian development and vitellogeni
39 des the opportunity to assess the effects of symbiont acquisitions and replacements on the shift into
40 sms by which the hibernator host and its gut symbionts adapt to the altered nutritional landscape dur
41                  However, we do not know how symbionts affect host fitness when the latter are subjec
42 morphology and phylogenetic position of each symbiont, all three represent new Pseudotrichonympha spe
43 ation of the initial engagement of microbial symbionts along ciliated tissues.
44 ter, as the ratio of genomic copy numbers of symbiont and host, as well as developmental time and fec
45  influence the outcome of symbiosis for both symbiont and host.
46 dentifies a novel RIP in an insect defensive symbiont and suggests an underlying RIP-dependent mechan
47 ymbiont community assembly is driven by host-symbiont and symbiont-symbiont interactions.
48 ically one which incorporates root microbial symbionts and antagonists, if we are to better understan
49 similar molecular strategies are deployed by symbionts and pathogens to dampen immune responses is co
50               We propose that in addition to symbionts and pathogens, SSPs also have roles in saproph
51 Genetic mutations, infection by parasites or symbionts, and other events can transform the way that a
52                                          The symbionts appear to be auxotrophic for some vitamins, bu
53 t recent examples demonstrate that defensive symbionts are both quite common and diverse.
54 caterpillar gut, but host-specific, resident symbionts are largely absent.
55             Our results show that protective symbionts are not necessarily advantageous to their host
56 utrient-provisioning, vertically transmitted symbionts are removed.
57      Second, mutualism losses occurred where symbionts are scarce, in our system at high altitudes.
58 ny heritable mutualisms, in which beneficial symbionts are transmitted vertically between host genera
59 , and may better prepare us to use defensive symbionts as biocontrol agents.
60 vironmental factors can cause shifts in host-symbiont associations.
61 e strong patterns of depth zonation in algal symbionts at two of these locations.
62                    Here, we identified human symbiont bacterial species, in particular Bifidobacteriu
63 s-feeding enzyme system in the prominent gut symbiont Bacteroides ovatus, which digests polysaccharid
64 he eight different capsules of the human gut symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron.
65 of insecticide resistance, human-bed bug and symbiont-bed bug associations, and unique features of be
66         Multiple patterns are observed, with symbionts being cold sensitive in some species and heat
67 tions and in some instances by redundancy of symbiont benefits.
68 ity and diversity plays an important role in symbiont biogeography, which may ultimately lead to a mo
69 h minocycline or rifampicin (RIF) to deplete symbionts, block embryogenesis, and stop microfilariae p
70                    Merr.) and its compatible symbiont, Bradyrhizobium japonicum.
71 siphon pisum) and its maternally transmitted symbiont, Buchnera aphidicola Using experimental crosses
72                                          The symbiont buffers overall toxicity only when, in the abse
73 , domatium entrance hole size, which filters symbionts by size.
74 sults reveal a novel mechanism through which symbionts can benefit their hosts and emphasise the impo
75              Our results show that defensive symbionts can cause extinction cascades in experimental
76                                    Defensive symbionts can have surprisingly large effects on host an
77  and symbionts employ similar machinery, yet symbionts can minimize host damage.
78 sms that reduce the fitness of uncooperative symbionts can stabilise mutualism against collapse, but
79          Bivalves host archaeal methanogenic symbionts carrying out preferentially hydrogenotrophic m
80 hat extensive sharing of gene products among symbiont cells must occur.
81 roups, the predominant families of bacterial symbionts change with each larval instar despite consist
82 iling to characterize a pathway from the gut symbiont Clostridium sporogenes that generates aromatic
83 e conclude that the long-term maintenance of symbiont co-infections in aphids is likely to be determi
84 favour host resistance which in turn reduces symbiont colonization and subsequently reduce symbiont-s
85 mes favour tolerance and consequently higher symbiont colonization rates, leading to stronger interac
86 elucidated the significance of giant enteric symbionts colonizing these fishes regarding their roles
87                                              Symbionts commonly evolve to compete within the host eco
88  Mammals host diverse bacterial and archaeal symbiont communities (i.e. microbiomes) that play import
89 cture is evident across the phylum, although symbiont communities are characterized by specialists an
90                                        Using symbiont communities from amphibian hosts sampled from w
91 t far less is known about the composition of symbiont communities through space and time.
92 ponges display remarkable stability in their symbiont communities, both spatially and temporally, yet
93                     Ascidians hosted diverse symbiont communities, consisting of 5,696 unique microbi
94 g of 16S rRNA gene sequences to characterize symbiont communities.
95  relevant for improving our knowledge of ant-symbiont communities: interaction specificity, network m
96                                              Symbiont community assembly is driven by host-symbiont a
97 istance can have a prevailing influence over symbiont community assembly when symbiosis is disadvanta
98 ition-which mediates transmission-both drive symbiont community composition in this system.
99                 Understanding the drivers of symbiont community patterns has implications ranging fro
100 ts complexity rather than composition of the symbiont community.
101 e revealed clear differentiation of ascidian symbionts compared to seawater bacterioplankton, and dis
102 t despite moderate spatio-temporal shifts in symbiont composition, core symbiont functions (e.g. nitr
103  evolutionary time, but that unresolved host-symbiont conflict may have precluded these wild-type sym
104 nd sulfate respiration, indicating potential symbiont contributions to energy acquisition during prey
105 further supporting their importance and host-symbiont cospeciation.
106 he hosts with endosymbionts, suggesting that symbionts could escape symbiosis, but only under conditi
107 member of a highly diverse, ancient group of symbionts cryptically distributed outside the PAG.
108 s and O. faveolata, and species with reduced symbiont density (Montastraea cavernosa and Pseudodiplor
109  how protist hosts use and abuse their algal symbionts depending on their needs.
110 y, geographic isolation and coevolution with symbionts derived from very different soils have potenti
111 ms that resolve the paradox of uncooperative symbionts differ among host species.
112                We note that some facultative symbionts directly alter host thermotolerance.
113                               Although these symbionts disrupt a range of developmental processes [8-
114 ant community-level differences in microbial symbiont diversity, structure and composition when sampl
115 omic analyses revealed in the absence of the symbiont during modeled microgravity there was an enrich
116                                              Symbiont elimination results in a drastically reduced ho
117                                Pathogens and symbionts employ similar machinery, yet symbionts can mi
118 re enhanced by its seed-transmissible fungal symbiont (endophyte) Epichloe coenophiala.
119 tentative species bacteria, as well as three symbionts/endosybionts.
120  WBD-infected corals, whereas putative coral symbiont Endozoicomonas and Halomonadaceae abundances de
121 e, highly polyploid, uncultivated intestinal symbiont Epulopiscium sp. type B using fluorescent in si
122  development, we must consider how hosts and symbionts evolve.
123          Spiroplasma was identified as a new symbiont exclusively in Glossina fuscipes fuscipes and G
124     These results suggest ascidian microbial symbionts exhibit a high degree of host-specificity, for
125 s are stable and characterized by generalist symbionts exhibiting amensal and/or commensal interactio
126 hese results demonstrate the key role of the symbiont F. major and its sphingolipids in mucosal homeo
127                                 Although gut symbionts facilitate degradation of resources that would
128 ains host biochemical signals known to prime symbionts for colonization.
129                                              Symbiont-free individuals of the sea anemone Exaiptasia
130 ther the pathogens evolved from symbionts or symbionts from pathogens.
131                   However, offspring acquire symbionts from the environment in a surprising number of
132 erns in corals and their intracellular algal symbionts from two replicate population pairs in Papua N
133      We find that both transmission mode and symbiont function are correlated with host dependence, w
134 l symbioses to test for correlations between symbiont function, transmission mode, genome size and ho
135 emporal shifts in symbiont composition, core symbiont functions (e.g. nitrogen cycling) can be mainta
136 ia extends to mating, and is mediated by the symbiont gaining transcriptional control of the fungal r
137  ecological and evolutionary implications of symbiont gains, switches, and replacements, and identify
138 tive correlation between host dependence and symbiont genome size in vertically, but not horizontally
139 s three-way symbiosis by sequencing host and symbiont genomes for five diverse mealybug species and f
140 t involves a lignocellulose-degrading fungal symbiont (genus Termitomyces), a diverse gut microbiota
141  Such nutritional subsidies by intracellular symbionts have been well studied; however, supplementati
142 Historically, most studies of ants and their symbionts have had a narrow taxonomic scope, often focus
143     In this review, we examine how heritable symbiont-host interactions may alter host thermal tolera
144 dict ecological and evolutionary dynamics of symbiont-host interactions need to examine the interacti
145 this poorly understood nutritional aspect of symbiont-host interactions, we studied the enchytraeid w
146 duced by uncultivated bacteria that exist as symbionts in a marine sponge.
147 ion of metabolically distinct "Epulopiscium" symbionts in hosts feeding on compositionally varied alg
148  perhaps also the most important mutualistic symbionts in modern ecosystems, transporting poorly solu
149                                    Microbial symbionts in sponges are ubiquitous, forming complex and
150  These clams host chemoautotrophic bacterial symbionts in their gills that synthesize organic matter
151  investigate the potential role of microbial symbionts in these introductions, we examined the microb
152                         However, rickettsial symbionts in these vectors are underexplored.
153 f two pea aphid lines, each with and without symbionts, in five wet meadow sites to expose them to a
154 es, are closely related to other Coptotermes symbionts including the type species, P. hertwigi.
155 pression profiles revealed that heterologous symbionts induced an expression pattern intermediate bet
156 zontal acquisition allows offspring to avoid symbiont-induced harm early in life.
157 e than 40 years of research and relevance to symbiont-induced speciation, as well as control of arbov
158 ractions can depend on the sequence in which symbionts infect a host, generating priority effects.
159 ave mostly focussed on the direct effects of symbiont infection on natural enemies without studying c
160 host susceptibility to secondary infections, symbiont interactions and ultimately the magnitude of pa
161 nserved despite the divergent nature of host-symbiont interactions in these model systems.
162  genes related to obligate hematophagy, host-symbiont interactions, and several mechanisms of insecti
163 n, haplo-diploid sex determination, and host-symbiont interactions.
164 ds with and without a vertically transmitted symbiont, into a wild host population, and tracked folia
165 which substantiates previous claims that the symbiont is capable of reductive acetogenesis from CO2 a
166                The frequency with which this symbiont is found on tree roots and its possible role in
167 ized nutrients to hosts by extracellular gut symbionts is poorly documented, especially for generalis
168                            Like many termite symbionts, it has a conspicuous body plan that makes gen
169                   The characteristics of its symbionts, its phylogenetic position within Teredinidae,
170                                        These symbionts lack cellulases but encode a distinctive and l
171  infection with multiple strains of the same symbiont led to lower symbiont titres than single infect
172 teins) and the rhizarian Plasmodiophora, and symbionts like Capsaspora Remarkably, we also find these
173 ions that has frequently undergone shifts in symbiont localization and identity, which have contribut
174 eared in female ovaries, suggesting that the symbiont may provide necessary nutrients or regulators t
175                            In insects, these symbionts may have particularly intimate interactions wi
176                      Nevertheless, bacterial symbionts may play an important role in determining food
177                               As such, these symbionts may represent an important determinant of host
178 om insects, yet the underlying mechanisms of symbiont-mediated defense are largely unclear.
179 ever, the molecular mechanisms that underlie symbiont-mediated host immunity are largely unknown.
180  and baleen whales, driven by differences in symbiont membership.
181                                              Symbiont metacommunity structure varied across years, sh
182 m two known mechanisms: protective bacterial symbionts, most commonly Hamiltonella defensa, or endoge
183 anism not subsisting within a host cell, the symbiont nonetheless retained a functional pectinolytic
184 t filtering and host community components on symbiont occupancy and overall metacommunity structure.
185 us was a termitophile - a socially parasitic symbiont of termite colonies.
186 acterium Vibrio fischeri is the monospecific symbiont of the Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolope
187  Adiutrix intracellularis', an intracellular symbiont of Trichonympha collaris in the termite Zooterm
188 iverse bacterial groups, including microbial symbionts of animals such as humans and insects.
189                 As free-living organisms and symbionts of herbivorous animals, Actinobacteria contrib
190  that convert nonsymbiotic mesorhizobia into symbionts of legumes.
191 p. are naturally occurring fungal endophytic symbionts of many cool-season grasses.
192 nity for betaproteobacteria by examining the symbionts of native and endemic species of Mimosa in Mex
193 ical function shared by common foliar fungal symbionts of P. trichocarpa.
194 ing gall crabs (Cryptochiridae) are obligate symbionts of stony corals (Scleractinia).
195            Over evolutionary time, hosts and symbionts often enter intimate and permanent relationshi
196   Here, we explore the effect of a defensive symbiont on population dynamics and species extinctions
197              The most frequently encountered symbiont on tree roots is the ascomycete Cenococcum geop
198 not clear whether the pathogens evolved from symbionts or symbionts from pathogens.
199 ngi have the potential to act as mutualists, symbionts, or antagonists of Sphagnum.
200  with the ability to harbour large number of symbionts, Orbicella annularis and O. faveolata, and spe
201 philum Currently, it is unknown whether this symbiont originated elsewhere or emerged from unexpected
202 ome hosts evolve extreme dependence on their symbionts, others maintain facultative associations.
203 dered by the compatibility of different host-symbiont pairings.
204      Here we report that prominent human gut symbionts persist in the gut through continuous attack o
205 imination is effective, why do uncooperative symbionts persist?
206 hia adapt to hosts and the evolution of host-symbiont phenotypes.
207                                  Nutritional symbionts play a major role in the ecology and evolution
208 entify and quantify the roles that defensive symbionts play in host-parasite systems.
209 ved in maintaining and regulating the unique symbiont population in orange morphs.
210                          Hosts must regulate symbiont population sizes, but optimal regulation may be
211 osts as selective agents that shape emergent symbiont populations.
212 scuss how cellular processes of the host and symbionts potentially affect the response of these reef
213 ection corresponded to the higher of the two symbionts present.
214                                    N2-fixing symbionts progressively outcompete isogenic non-fixers w
215 t when discrimination is weak, uncooperative symbionts proliferate until they reach the equilibrium p
216          In protection mutualisms, defensive symbionts protect their hosts from natural enemies, incl
217                                        Where symbionts provided protection against different natural
218                                        Where symbionts provided protection against the same natural e
219                   Probiotic baths of surface symbionts, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Flavobacterium jo
220 ents a previously unrecognized mechanism for symbiont recruitment.
221         Here, we test whether two protective symbionts, Regiella insecticola and Hamiltonella defensa
222                           Our data show that symbiont replacement can happen even in the most intrica
223 genes at appropriate times, thereby enabling symbiont retention throughout the host lifespan.
224 s sexual reproduction are sufficient for the symbiont's control of its own transmission, needed for a
225 a genome-scale metabolic model of the legume symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti that is integrated with
226 elonging to the Rhizobiales order: the plant symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti, the plant pathogen Agro
227 legume Medicago truncatula and its rhizobial symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti, which includes more tha
228                                   The insect symbiont, Sodalis glossinidius, requires PhoP to resist
229 tween all of the combinations of facultative symbiont species (Regiella insecticola + Hamiltonella de
230 hether different combinations of facultative symbiont species or strains can exist in stable co-infec
231 to aphids of carrying multiple infections of symbiont species or strains, and compared symbiont titre
232 mic scope, often focusing on a single ant or symbiont species.
233  can successfully be implemented to generate symbiont-specific phylogenomic data from metagenomic rea
234 rtebrate digestive tracts that contribute to symbiont specificity are presented.
235 e molecular mechanisms that underlie enteric symbiont-stimulated systemic immune system development,
236   We also identified strong aphid genotype x symbiont-strain interactions, such that the best defensi
237 y and three highly resistant), each with two symbiont strains, Hamiltonella-APSE8 (moderate protectio
238 e expression increase when loss of the algal symbiont Symbiodinium is induced by heat or chemical tre
239 ere colonized with the "normal" (homologous) symbiont Symbiodinium minutum and the heterologous S. tr
240 ested whether maternal transmission of algal symbionts (Symbiodinium spp.) might limit effective vert
241                         We hypothesized that symbiont-symbiont interactions become increasingly impor
242 ymbiont colonization and subsequently reduce symbiont-symbiont interactions, whereas (ii) positive ho
243 nity assembly is driven by host-symbiont and symbiont-symbiont interactions.
244 nization of large worm species and initiated symbiont-symbiont intraguild predation that reduced the
245                                         Core symbiont taxa were affiliated with phylogenetic lineages
246 unity composition had strong effects on most symbiont taxa.
247 enchii, an opportunistic, thermally tolerant symbiont that flourishes in coral tissues after bleachin
248 rophic) bacteria instead of the cellulolytic symbionts that allow other shipworm species to consume w
249                                              Symbionts that are phylogenetically unique to sponges do
250 nce genome to exclude loci from other lichen symbionts that are represented in metagenomic libraries.
251 hich we place within a lineage of endofungal symbionts that are sister clade to Burkholderia.
252   Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are root symbionts that can increase or decrease aphid growth rat
253          We asked this both for co-infecting symbionts that confer different phenotypes on their host
254 and presumably perform the same functions as symbionts that have not undergone splitting.
255      Many animals are inhabited by microbial symbionts that influence their hosts' development, physi
256                               Termitophiles, symbionts that live in termite nests, include a wide ran
257                  Further, we identified core symbionts that persisted across these spatio-temporal sc
258 veled the tremendous diversity of intestinal symbionts that potentially influence the host, many proo
259                       Vertically transmitted symbionts that protect their hosts against parasites and
260 environment and the frequency of facultative symbionts that provide ecologically contingent benefits
261 (Glossina spp.) house maternally transmitted symbionts that regulate the development and function of
262 es human gut bacteria descended from ancient symbionts that speciated simultaneously with humans and
263 tions (saprophyte, insect pathogen and plant symbiont), that renders it an unusually effective model
264 otype; one performed best with no protective symbionts, the others with particular strains of Hamilto
265                                              Symbionts therefore affect community structure by alteri
266                                     Obligate symbionts, those required by their host, are considered
267          We find a large (>10-fold) range in symbiont titer among genetically distinct aphid lines ha
268 ntify effects of host genotypes, we measured symbiont titer, as the ratio of genomic copy numbers of
269 of symbiont species or strains, and compared symbiont titres in double and single infections.
270 le strains of the same symbiont led to lower symbiont titres than single infections, and actually imp
271 egy used by maternally transmitted bacterial symbionts to boost transmission and spread in population
272 pecies, which switched from asymptomatic gut symbionts to hemocoelic pathogens.
273   Lateral gene transfer (LGT) from microbial symbionts to invertebrate animals is described at an inc
274 asmid is sufficient to transition beneficial symbionts to phytopathogens.
275 itivity in predicting the success/failure of symbionts to spread into novel species following natural
276 ry predicts that hosts should pass mutualist symbionts to their offspring (vertical transmission) [3-
277 levels of specialization for mutualistic ant symbionts, to study the ecological context of mutualism
278            We reconstructed the evolution of symbiont transmission across 252 coral species and detec
279     These findings help explain why modes of symbiont transmission and reproduction are strongly asso
280 n stable on genomes in the face of extensive symbiont turnover.
281 to climate change by changing their dominant symbiont type to a more thermally tolerant one, although
282 ses occurred in response to the heterologous symbiont type.
283 orm indeterminate nodules in which bacterial symbionts undergo terminal differentiation.
284 ptive responses that the host animal and its symbiont use during modeled microgravity.
285                               Instead, these symbionts use propane and other short-chain alkanes such
286 e squid Euprymna scolopes and its beneficial symbiont Vibrio fischeri, which form a highly specific b
287           Ruminococcus gnavus is a human gut symbiont wherein the ability to degrade mucins is mediat
288 mics may be influenced by interactions among symbionts, which can depend on past events at multiple s
289  need to respond to the ongoing evolution of symbionts, which experience high levels of genetic drift
290 inii (Inzenga) Watling is an ectomycorrhizal symbiont, whose main properties were scarcely reported.
291        We found that introducing a bacterial symbiont with a protective (but not a non-protective) ph
292 through the activity of an ancient bacterial symbiont with a tiny genome that serves as a factory for
293        Bacterial accessory genes are genomic symbionts with an evolutionary history and future that i
294        In contrast, corals in winter exhibit symbionts with higher capacity to photoacclimate to the
295 t fungal pathogens vs. parasitoid wasps) and symbionts with overlapping functions.
296 eminate; hence, viruses can be considered as symbionts with their hosts.
297 sequence of infection and interactions among symbionts within host individuals.
298  a clearer picture of the metabolic state of symbionts within the juvenile host, including their poss
299  traditional control measures, the bacterial symbiont Wolbachia has been transferred from Drosophila
300 l by infection with the maternally inherited symbiont Wolbachia.
301 e populations (core OTUs): the intracellular symbionts Wolbachia, Cardinium, plus other Blattabacteri
302                       Mites are frequent ant symbionts, yet the exact nature of their interactions wi

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