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1 sing out of the climbing fiber-Purkinje cell synaptic clefts ().
2 ha-gamma sequence (counterclockwise from the synaptic cleft).
3 vailability, both intracellularly and at the synaptic cleft.
4  serve to regulate GABA concentration in the synaptic cleft.
5 icantly alter activation of receptors in the synaptic cleft.
6 r inability to recruit lytic granules to the synaptic cleft.
7 se and the concentration of glutamate in the synaptic cleft.
8 clearance of excess neurotransmitters at the synaptic cleft.
9 sulting in neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft.
10 motor neurons and then escorts it across the synaptic cleft.
11 otemporal profile of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft.
12 dulation of the extracellular pH in the cone synaptic cleft.
13 y of the neurotransmitter glutamate from the synaptic cleft.
14 for coordinating signaling events across the synaptic cleft.
15 amount of neurotransmitter released into the synaptic cleft.
16 ibition and increased dopamine levels in the synaptic cleft.
17 nduce transient depletion of Ca2+ within the synaptic cleft.
18 ts of glutamate caused by spillover from the synaptic cleft.
19  glutamate, similar to transients within the synaptic cleft.
20 t of glutamate released per vesicle into the synaptic cleft.
21 s not rely on transmitter spillover from the synaptic cleft.
22 killing by confining cytotoxic agents to the synaptic cleft.
23 rker of changes in levels of dopamine in the synaptic cleft.
24 uptake of glutamate that diffuses out of the synaptic cleft.
25 s, the transporters clear glutamate from the synaptic cleft.
26 altering the flux of transmitter through the synaptic cleft.
27 sporter (DAT) to induce DA overflow into the synaptic cleft.
28 role in these processes on both sides of the synaptic cleft.
29 s, demonstrating the importance of an intact synaptic cleft.
30 ged because of pooling of transmitter in the synaptic cleft.
31 phosphoproteins that clear dopamine from the synaptic cleft.
32 mbrane and discharge their contents into the synaptic cleft.
33 epinephrine, dopamine, or serotonin from the synaptic cleft.
34 chain, which is normally concentrated in the synaptic cleft.
35 eptors within the same synapse or across the synaptic cleft.
36 s a neuromodulator upon its release into the synaptic cleft.
37 lpha2, alpha4 and alpha5, are present in the synaptic cleft.
38 d permeation through ion channels facing the synaptic cleft.
39 rfamily rapidly mediate signaling across the synaptic cleft.
40 sequence of events that can affect pH in the synaptic cleft.
41 in the regulation of glutamate levels in the synaptic cleft.
42 ents, but pronounced in glia surrounding the synaptic cleft.
43 o detect even a few molecules of GABA in the synaptic cleft.
44 xist, and that 5-HT escapes readily from the synaptic cleft.
45  can extend its actions beyond the immediate synaptic cleft.
46 ion and removal of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft.
47 he concentration profile of glutamate in the synaptic cleft.
48  a constant level of neurotransmitter at the synaptic cleft.
49 lly released glutamate can extend beyond the synaptic cleft.
50 brane by removing neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft.
51 the synapse function to remove GABA from the synaptic cleft.
52 ric glycoprotein that is concentrated in the synaptic cleft.
53 delay in transmitting information across the synaptic cleft.
54  but remains elevated for longer than in the synaptic cleft.
55 ctivation of 5-HT after its release into the synaptic cleft.
56 g's enhancement of available dopamine at the synaptic cleft.
57 cializations once dopamine diffuses from the synaptic cleft.
58 ed that transporters buffer glutamate in the synaptic cleft.
59 for the reuptake of biogenic amines from the synaptic cleft.
60 ad to spillover of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft.
61  to account for transmitter removal from the synaptic cleft.
62 the transmitter concentration profile in the synaptic cleft.
63 ion from multiple release sites into a large synaptic cleft.
64 on and reuptake of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft.
65 ly, blocks neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft.
66 anized by the basal lamina that occupies the synaptic cleft.
67  by failing to clear excess glutamate at the synaptic cleft.
68 minants of a slow "tail" of glutamate in the synaptic cleft.
69 d permeation through ion channels facing the synaptic cleft.
70 aptic glutamate receptor proteins across the synaptic cleft.
71 some polarization and actin clearance at the synaptic cleft.
72 heir presynaptic partner neurexin across the synaptic cleft.
73 g kinetics and motion, and fluid flow in the synaptic cleft.
74 responsible for acetylcholine release to the synaptic cleft.
75 adhesive proteins, and the fluid flow in the synaptic cleft.
76 of small-molecule neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft.
77 ing within the brain occurs across the 20-nm synaptic cleft.
78 lecules and intercellular signals across the synaptic cleft.
79 ed uptake and clearance of dopamine from the synaptic cleft.
80 a(+)-dependent removal of glutamate from the synaptic cleft.
81 neurotransmitters, such as glutamate, in the synaptic cleft.
82 ion via rapid reuptake of serotonin from the synaptic cleft.
83 form when activated by ACh released into the synaptic cleft.
84 otransmission by removing serotonin from the synaptic cleft.
85 mission by removing their substrate from the synaptic cleft.
86 reasing the number of docked vesicles at the synaptic cleft.
87  forming trans-synaptic bridges spanning the synaptic cleft.
88 on of small transmitter molecules across the synaptic cleft.
89  this molecule across the nascent and mature synaptic cleft.
90  connected by protein complexes spanning the synaptic cleft.
91  to enhanced release of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft.
92 ium ions, removing neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft.
93 e and/or recycling of neurotransmitters from synaptic clefts.
94  any place within or immediately surrounding synaptic clefts.
95 ble for the rapid clearance of dopamine from synaptic clefts.
96 plays a major role in glutamate clearance in synaptic clefts.
97  structure, and (4) morphological changes in synaptic clefts.
98 ion of the contents of the vesicles into the synaptic cleft (a process known as exocytosis), the vesi
99 er glutamate concentration transients in the synaptic cleft, a result indicative of MVR, and suggests
100 ivated by the transient acidification of the synaptic cleft accompanying neurotransmission.
101                                       In the synaptic cleft, ACh is hydrolyzed to acetate and choline
102                                              Synaptic cleft acidification occurs following vesicle re
103  neurotransmitter receptors by responding to synaptic cleft acidification.
104 neural synapses share properties such as the synaptic cleft, adhesion molecules, stability, and polar
105 n increase of glutamate concentration in the synaptic cleft after expression of LTP.
106 ptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) from the synaptic cleft after release from serotonergic neurons.
107 eft protons involved in HC feedback but that synaptic cleft alkalization during light-evoked hyperpol
108 ensity that was aligned with a 17-20 nm-wide synaptic cleft and a thicker post-synaptic density.
109 he CA1 region of the hippocampus escapes the synaptic cleft and activates extrasynaptic targets; it a
110  released at one synapse can escape from the synaptic cleft and affect receptors at other synapses ne
111 cy is that NMDARs are located outside of the synaptic cleft and are activated only when extrasynaptic
112 diate reuptake of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft and are targets for several therapeutics
113 ) control neurotransmitter levels within the synaptic cleft and are the site of action for amphetamin
114 icles release their acidic contents into the synaptic cleft and chronically during ischemia and seizu
115 ntitative assessment of zinc dynamics in the synaptic cleft and clarify its role in the regulation of
116 n) increases serotonin (5-HT) content in the synaptic cleft and exerts anorexigenic effects in animal
117 finity GABA uptake and GABA release into the synaptic cleft and extracellular space.
118 ABA from, and perhaps release GABA into, the synaptic cleft and extracellular space.
119 munoglobulin adhesion proteins that span the synaptic cleft and induce excitatory synapses.
120      The concentration of transmitter in the synaptic cleft and its clearance time are one of the mai
121 we investigate the substrate uptake from the synaptic cleft and its release in the intracellular medi
122 ponsible for clearance of glutamate from the synaptic cleft and loss of EAAT2 has been previously rep
123 ial cells enhanced residual glutamate in the synaptic cleft and markedly increased the extent of depr
124             LanA protein is localized in the synaptic cleft and only muscle-derived LanA is functiona
125 ime, glutamate release can spill outside the synaptic cleft and possibly stimulate extrasynaptic NMDA
126   AChE is clustered by the collagen Q in the synaptic cleft and prevents the repetitive activation of
127 s a lower concentration than attained in the synaptic cleft and remains elevated in the extrasynaptic
128 to be in the process of withdrawing from the synaptic cleft and some boutons were fully enwrapped in
129 hip between adhesive interactions across the synaptic cleft and synaptic function has remained elusiv
130  coupling the glutamate concentration in the synaptic cleft and the ATP hydrolysis, thus accounting f
131 ning the amount of glutamate efflux from the synaptic cleft and the distance it diffuses is critical
132 ctors, including the detailed anatomy of the synaptic cleft and the time course of transmitter cleara
133 utamate is transported postsynaptically from synaptic clefts and increased lactate availability for n
134 leased from climbing fiber terminals escapes synaptic clefts and reaches glial membranes shortly afte
135 sine triphosphate (ATP) is secreted into the synaptic cleft, and a 48 kDa/50 kDa protein duplex becom
136  is expressed neuronally and detected in the synaptic cleft, and is required to form the specialized
137 tions in the extracellular space outside the synaptic cleft, and neither the origin nor the function
138 nal signaling by rapid NE clearance from the synaptic cleft, and NET is a target for cocaine and amph
139 of synapses, the presynaptic nerve terminal, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic specialization form a t
140 , Schwann cell processes were present in the synaptic cleft, and secondary folds were often misaligne
141 tates, variance of GABA concentration in the synaptic cleft, and some of the presynaptic factors regu
142        The exclusion of glial cells from the synaptic cleft, and the long-term stability of synapses,
143 afferent could also elevate potassium in the synaptic cleft, and would depolarize other hair cells en
144 ts in docked vesicles presynaptically, wider synaptic clefts, and simpler secondary folds postsynapti
145 s, in which elementary modules that span the synaptic cleft are added or removed as a function of exp
146 ers, which act to clear transmitter from the synaptic cleft, are regulated by multiple second messeng
147 ansmission, K(+) or H(+) accumulation in the synaptic cleft as mechanisms of transmission.
148 king of signaling components to and from the synaptic cleft, as well as in the directed delivery and
149 is to facilitate cytokine secretion into the synaptic cleft, as well as provide important insights in
150  with respect to ionotropic receptors to the synaptic cleft, as well as regulate glutamate levels in
151 -serine (and possibly glycine) levels in the synaptic cleft, Asc-1 may play an important role in cont
152 ieves the neurotransmitter dopamine from the synaptic cleft at dopaminergic synapses.
153  show that laminin beta2, a component of the synaptic cleft at the neuromuscular junction, binds dire
154  of the basal lamina that passes through the synaptic cleft at the NMJ.
155 ls, are actively inhibited from entering the synaptic cleft between the motor nerve terminal and the
156                           KEY POINTS: In the synaptic cleft between type I hair cells and calyceal af
157                                       In the synaptic cleft between type I hair cells and calyceal af
158 plete clearance of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft between vesicle-fusion events need not be
159  at cholinergic synapses, was present in the synaptic clefts between the retinotopic units and along
160  and increased removal of glutamate from the synaptic cleft by astrocytes.
161 heir neurotransmitter content fully into the synaptic cleft by flattening out and becoming part of th
162 s deliver packets of neurotransmitter to the synaptic cleft by fusion with the plasma membrane.
163 ) control the glutamate concentration in the synaptic cleft by glial and neuronal glutamate uptake.
164   Its activity is carefully modulated in the synaptic cleft by glutamate transporters.
165                 Elevating GABA levels in the synaptic cleft by inhibiting its reuptake carrier GAT1 i
166 itter in the CNS, and it is removed from the synaptic cleft by sodium-dependent glutamate transport a
167 ntral nervous system and is removed from the synaptic cleft by sodium-dependent glutamate transporter
168 y of proteins that remove glutamate from the synaptic cleft by transporting it into surrounding glial
169 amics and kinetics of protein binding in the synaptic cleft can describe the short-time formation and
170 riments suggesting that acidification of the synaptic cleft can reduce Ca2+ channel activity and ther
171 in increased acetylcholine levels within the synaptic cleft causing loss of muscle control, seizures,
172 hibitory interaction between glial cells and synaptic cleft components may contribute to synaptic rea
173  recent reports have suggested that the peak synaptic cleft concentration of the inhibitory neurotran
174 mbrane adhesion molecules interlinked in the synaptic cleft, connected via their intracytoplasmic dom
175  Next, we simulated diffusion of GABA in the synaptic cleft, constrained by previous electron microsc
176 portion of the muscle's BL that occupies the synaptic cleft contains at least three alpha chains and
177 that a higher glutamate concentration in the synaptic cleft contributes to the large size of mEPSCs.
178                             The width of the synaptic cleft decreased and the diameter of postsynapti
179 of [H(+)] within the confined chalice-shaped synaptic cleft (DeltapH approximately -0.2).
180 variations of glutamate concentration in the synaptic cleft (Deltaq), and differences in the potency
181 t included diffusion of glutamate within the synaptic cleft, different kinetic properties of AMPA and
182 t that the concentration of glutamate in the synaptic cleft does not attain levels previously suggest
183 synaptic terminal to shape the extracellular synaptic cleft domain, and that the cleft domain functio
184 smission, suggesting an acidification of the synaptic cleft due to the corelease of neurotransmitter
185 ince the Zn2+ concentrations released in the synaptic cleft during excitatory synaptic activity are s
186 increased endogenous endocannabinoids in the synaptic cleft during high frequency, but not low, TS st
187 ly regulated by changes in the milieu of the synaptic cleft during neural activity.
188 ease their neurotransmitter content into the synaptic cleft, eliciting a response in the postsynaptic
189 igin (NLG), which bind each other across the synaptic cleft, enabled sensitive visualization of synap
190 omeostatic concentration of glutamate in the synaptic cleft ensures a correct signal transduction alo
191 ically secreted Mind the gap (Mtg) molds the synaptic cleft extracellular matrix, leading us to hypot
192              Glia take up glutamate from the synaptic cleft for conversion into glutamine, triggering
193                                       In the synaptic cleft free nanodiffusion is decelerated by 46%
194 , a significant amount of variability in the synaptic cleft GABA transient had to be present to accou
195 ion of this presynaptic GPCR lowers the peak synaptic cleft glutamate concentration independently of
196 ebellum was not associated with changes in a synaptic cleft glutamate transient, indicating that this
197 s from understanding how adhesion across the synaptic cleft guides synapse development.
198  under debate because the small, invaginated synaptic cleft has precluded measurement.
199 nsmission is the release of transmitter into synaptic clefts in close apposition to receptors.
200 of the most common excitatory and inhibitory synaptic clefts in living neurons.
201 th changes in glutamate concentration in the synaptic cleft, indicating that single synapses can rele
202  study of the large transient of zinc in the synaptic cleft induced by mf stimulation.
203 ules and assemble with each other across the synaptic cleft into a specific, transsynaptic SynCAM 1/2
204  transmission by removing glutamate from the synaptic cleft into neuronal and glial cells.
205 e of the neurotransmitter glutamate from the synaptic cleft into the cytoplasm of glia and neuronal c
206 at catalyse neurotransmitter uptake from the synaptic cleft into the cytoplasm of glial cells and neu
207 he level of neurotransmitters present in the synaptic cleft is a function of the delicate balance amo
208    Once released, its rapid removal from the synaptic cleft is critical for preventing excitotoxicity
209 ctron microscopy shows that the width of the synaptic cleft is decreased by 1.1 nm.
210             Given that the resting pH of the synaptic cleft is highly dynamic and depends on recent s
211  neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) in the synaptic cleft is insufficient to maintain blood pressur
212 s, suggesting that GABA concentration in the synaptic cleft is lower in knockout animals.
213               These results support that the synaptic cleft is organized on a nanoscale into sub-comp
214 ChE number and density are maintained at the synaptic cleft is poorly understood.
215  The reduced rate of GABA clearance from the synaptic cleft is probably responsible for the slower de
216 the duration of free neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft is relatively brief.
217 inally isolated from the basal lamina of the synaptic cleft, is synthesized and secreted by motoneuro
218 redicted to result in dopamine excess in the synaptic cleft, it likely also causes depletion of presy
219 ations in the glutamate concentration in the synaptic cleft may change the apparent unitary conductan
220 , which would reduce serotonin levels in the synaptic cleft, may cause or contribute to the increase
221 show that potassium ions accumulating in the synaptic cleft modulated membrane potentials and extende
222 hese sites, receptors not located within the synaptic cleft must be activated by transmitter that dif
223 d neither by depletion of Ca2+ ions from the synaptic cleft nor by metabotropic feedback inhibition,
224 se results suggest that acidification of the synaptic cleft occurs physiologically during GABAergic t
225 etylcholine neurotransmitter function at the synaptic cleft of cholinergic synapses.
226                                       At the synaptic cleft of double knock-out mice, we also observe
227 ted the localization of ectopic Nxph1 at the synaptic cleft of excitatory synapses in transgenic mice
228  Adenosine triphosphate is released into the synaptic cleft of the neuromuscular junction during norm
229 (METH) release excess dopamine (DA) into the synaptic clefts of dopaminergic neurons.
230      We found that this enzyme is located in synaptic clefts of L-neurons in both of the brain region
231 es to activate receptors located outside the synaptic cleft or even in neighboring synapses.
232 aces outside and inside nerve cells, such as synaptic clefts or dendritic spines.
233 outons and on their surfaces, but not in the synaptic clefts or in their immediate vicinity, a distri
234 ther neurotransmitters are restricted to the synaptic cleft (participating only in hard-wired neurotr
235  (HCs) to photoreceptors involves changes in synaptic cleft pH accompanying light-evoked changes in H
236 els, our data support earlier proposals that synaptic cleft pH changes are more likely responsible.
237 osis is accompanied by a transient change in synaptic cleft pH from 7.5 to approximately 6.9.
238     We also examined mechanisms for changing synaptic cleft pH in response to changes in HC membrane
239 ibitory feedback from HCs involve changes in synaptic cleft pH that modulate photoreceptor calcium cu
240 domain (NTD), which projects midway into the synaptic cleft, plays a fundamental role in this process
241 -H(+) exchangers are the principal source of synaptic cleft protons involved in HC feedback but that
242        We tested three potential sources for synaptic cleft protons: (1) generation by extracellular
243 e widening and accumulation of debris in the synaptic cleft, resulting in loss of efficacy of release
244 ignificant amount of transmitter escapes the synaptic cleft shortly after release.
245 sion behavior indicates that sQDs access the synaptic clefts significantly more often than commercial
246 celerate the clearance of glutamate from the synaptic cleft, speeding up synaptic responses.
247  nervous system, including regulation of the synaptic cleft structure and neuroprotection against inj
248 cytic processes are sometimes present at the synaptic cleft, suggesting that they might act directly
249                                   Within the synaptic cleft, target cell permeabilization by perforin
250 ess organized and have fewer openings to the synaptic cleft than controls.
251 onding to the transient acidification of the synaptic cleft that accompanies neurotransmission.
252 y result in a transient acidification of the synaptic cleft that can block Ca(2+) channels located cl
253  requires bidirectional signaling across the synaptic cleft that directs the differentiation of pre-
254 strate the proteomic characterization of the synaptic clefts that exist at both excitatory and inhibi
255 antity of neurotransmitter released into the synaptic cleft, the reliability with which it is release
256 ) to block the removal of serotonin from the synaptic cleft, thereby enhancing serotonin signals.
257 This contrasts with the concentration in the synaptic cleft, thought to rapidly rise above 1 mM, but
258 CR regulates the profile of glutamate in the synaptic cleft through altering the mechanism of vesicle
259 rins are regularly and evenly distributed at synaptic clefts throughout the active zone.
260 he reuptake of the neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft, thus controlling the glutamate concentra
261 urotransmitter glutamate diffuses beyond the synaptic cleft to activate extrasynaptic targets.
262 sequently transfer these trophins across the synaptic cleft to afferent synapses (transsynaptic trans
263 and heterophilic interactions and bridge the synaptic cleft to induce presynaptic terminals.
264 amate transporters remove glutamate from the synaptic cleft to maintain efficient synaptic communicat
265 amate transporters remove glutamate from the synaptic cleft to maintain efficient synaptic communicat
266 actions assemble SynCAM complexes within the synaptic cleft to promote synapse induction and modulate
267 e for reuptake of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft to terminate a neuronal signal and enable
268 transporter (NET), which removes NE from the synaptic cleft to terminate signaling.
269 sponsible for removing excess glutamate from synaptic clefts to prevent excitotoxic neuronal death.
270                    Zinc is released into the synaptic cleft upon exocytotic stimuli, although the mec
271 ter hEAAT1, which removes glutamate from the synaptic cleft via stoichiometrically coupled Na(+)-K(+)
272 and temporal activity of DA release into the synaptic cleft via the rapid reuptake of DA into presyna
273 tic density (a measure for synaptic size and synaptic cleft volume) nor with the total number of SVs
274 sporters in clearing free glutamate from the synaptic cleft was studied in rat CA1 hippocampal neuron
275 rgmann glial membranes are excluded from the synaptic cleft, we propose that exocytosis can occur fro
276 imulation, synaptic zinc diffuses beyond the synaptic cleft where it inhibits extrasynaptic NMDARs.
277 stimulates the release of glutamate into the synaptic cleft, where it activates postsynaptic glutamat
278  AChE is anchored to the basal lamina of the synaptic cleft, where it hydrolyzes acetylcholine to ter
279   In adults, alpha4 is restricted to primary synaptic clefts whereas alpha5 is present in both primar
280 idly removed by reuptake before escaping the synaptic cleft, whereas increased population activity mo
281 stsynaptic receptors and is cleared from the synaptic cleft within a few milliseconds by diffusion an

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