ライフサイエンスコーパス: tetherin

1 ss from hepatocytes through the induction of tetherin.

2 ble of antagonizing ancestral Cercopithecini tetherin.

3 C as a function of its ability to counteract tetherin.

4 ticle without downregulating plasma membrane tetherin.

5 n U (Vpu), which down-regulates and degrades tetherin.

6 in to antagonize the host restriction factor tetherin.

7 mice encoding endocytosis-defective NZW/LacJ Tetherin.

8 at SIVcpz Nef protein antagonizes chimpanzee tetherin.

9 bona fide antagonist of red-capped mangabey tetherin.

10 ng both the long and short isoforms of human tetherin.

11 nism of virus-induced signal transduction by tetherin.

12 assay, and to determine sensitivity to human tetherin.

13 does not act by downregulating or degrading tetherin.

14 roteins to counteract the restriction factor tetherin.

15 lize the viral protein U (Vpu) to counteract tetherin.

16 intrinsic host restriction factors, such as tetherin.

17 restriction by human tetherin but not mouse tetherin.

18 group O viruses is also active against human tetherin.

19 ction have used different assays for CD4 and tetherin.

20 to distal cells were dramatically reduced by tetherin.

21 surface retention by the restriction factor tetherin.

22 erpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is targeted by tetherin.

23 lved Vpu as an effective antagonist of human tetherin.

24 ur observations led to the identification of tetherin.

25 roup M uses Vpu instead of Nef to counteract tetherin.

26 he activity of Vpu to down-regulate cellular tetherin.

27 by counteracting the host restriction factor tetherin.

28 olates can acquire the ability to counteract tetherin.

29 ates with significant activity against human tetherin.

30 tetherin to neutralize the antiviral factor tetherin.

31 HIV-1 group M isolates use Vpu to counteract tetherin.

32 ein evolved an effective antagonism of human tetherin.

33 on factors, including APOBEC3F, APOBEC3G and tetherin.

34 enhancing HIV infection by counteraction of Tetherin.

35 the human ortholog of the restriction factor tetherin.

36 The Vpu protein of HIV-1 antagonizes BST-2 (tetherin), a broad spectrum effector of the innate immun

37 duction of HBV virion release, we found that tetherin, a broad-spectrum antiviral transmembrane prote

38 e observed relatively abundant expression of Tetherin, a cell surface protein encoded by the Bone Mar

39 ls by interfering with the function of BST-2/tetherin, a cellular protein inhibiting virus release.

40 presence of Vpu blocks the translocation of tetherin across the ER membrane, resulting in cytosolic

41 nking regulator filamin A (FLNa) in Vpu anti-tetherin activities.

42 While both RBF206 Vpu and Nef exert anti-tetherin activity in transient-transfection assays, main

43 HIV-1 group O, which lacks Vpu-mediated anti-tetherin activity, acquired a Nef protein that is able t

44 ere critical for the acquisition of its anti-tetherin activity, RBF206 O-Vpu potently suppresses NF-k

45 eins from several of these viruses lack anti-tetherin activity, suggesting that under certain circums

46 glycoprotein M (gM) as having moderate anti-tetherin activity.

47 The results demonstrate that Tetherin acts as a modulator of the cell-mediated immune

48 hat upon restriction of Vpu-defective HIV-1, tetherin acts as a virus sensor to induce NFkappaB-depen

49 ble tetherin transgene in order to study how tetherin affects retroviral dissemination and on which c

50 HIV Vpu-mediated degradation of tetherin allows efficient particle release and hampers t

51 tly identified IFN-induced cellular protein, tetherin (also known as CD317, BST-2, or HM1.24), exerts

52 Tetherin, also known as bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (B

53 e host proteins CD4 (the HIV-1 receptor) and tetherin (an interferon stimulated anti-viral protein) b

54 BST2/tetherin, an antiviral restriction factor, inhibits the

55 ltaneously investigate Vpu-targeting of both tetherin and a viral glycoprotein, gibbon ape leukemia v

56 Alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) induced tetherin and blocked feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)

57 To elucidate the roles of tetherin and cell-free virions during in vivo viral diss

58 ticity of HIV-1 in overcoming restriction by tetherin and challenge the prevailing view that all HIV-

59 e ancestral sequence of tribe Cercopithecini tetherin and demonstrate that all Nef proteins are capab

60 region, were required for modulation of both tetherin and GaLV Env.

61 ap in the Vpu sequences required to modulate tetherin and GaLV Env.

62 We also found colocalization of tetherin and HBV L protein at the intracellular multives

63 ion dissemination via plasma is inhibited by tetherin and is required for full MoMLV pathogenesis.IMP

64 including significantly higher induction of tetherin and MX2, increased APOBEC3G signature mutations

65 oup O Vpu that efficiently antagonizes human tetherin and suggest that counteraction by O-Nefs may be

66 We demonstrate that FLNa associates with tetherin and that FLNa modulates tetherin turnover.

67 the restriction factors APOBEC3, SAMHD1 and tetherin and the viral accessory proteins that counterac

68 1 group M exclusively uses Vpu to counteract tetherin and underscore the importance of tetherin antag

69 onary interplay between tribe Cercopithecini tetherin and viral antagonists, Nef and Vpu.

70 f VP40 to restriction by human but not mouse tetherin and with changes in VP40 oligomerization.

71 , bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST-2)/tetherin, and certain apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzy

72 f-NL4-3 are similarly restricted by PTM BST2/Tetherin, and neither virus downregulates it from the su

73 several classes of proteins (APOBEC3, TRIM5, Tetherin, and SAMHD1) that inhibit the replication of hu

74 ow that HIV-1 group O uses Nef to antagonize tetherin, and that this activity may have contributed to

75 tween intrinsic anti-viral proteins, such as tetherin, and viral antagonists.

76 adation of the virus-tethering protein BST-2/tetherin; and how the viral Vpx protein prevents the pre

77 ct tetherin and underscore the importance of tetherin antagonism for efficient viral replication.

78 We report that mutations in Vpu that impair tetherin antagonism increase the susceptibility of HIV-i

79 ly in humans, it has not evolved a Vpu-based tetherin antagonism.

80 It turns out that the FIV tetherin antagonist is also its Env protein, but the mec

81 1 (HIV-1) Vpu protein, the prototypic viral tetherin antagonist, in rescuing HIV-1 release from teth

82 demic HIV-1 group M strains evolved Vpu as a tetherin antagonist, while the Nef protein of less wides

83 Unlike other tetherin antagonists, FIV Env cannot act in trans to res

84 ction of cellular cholesterol does not block tetherin anti-HIV-1 function, excluding an essential rol

85 ddition, we determined that the magnitude of tetherin antiviral activity is comparable with or higher

86 CD4 and BST-2/Tetherin are cellular membrane proteins targeted to degr

87 ity, we describe possible scenarios by which tetherin arose that exemplify how protein modularity, ev

88 ovirus adaptation to new hosts and implicate tetherin as a filovirus host restriction factor.

89 These studies implicate Vpu antagonism of tetherin as an ADCC evasion mechanism that prevents anti

90 e transmembrane domain in the restriction of tetherin, as previously reported, but not of GaLV Env.

91 Tetherin-associated DC activation during acute FV infect

92 rticles at the cell surface, but the role of tetherin at intracellular HIV assembly sites is unclear.

93 herin or overexpression of dominant negative tetherin attenuated the IFN-alpha-mediated reduction of

94 us macaques results in rapid upregulation of tetherin (BST-2 or CD317) on peripheral blood lymphocyte

95 heir Vpu proteins to overcome restriction by tetherin (BST-2 or CD317), which is a transmembrane prot

96 The host protein tetherin (BST-2) inhibits HIV release from the plasma me

97 The interferon-inducible membrane protein tetherin (Bst-2, or CD317) is an antiviral factor that i

98 Tetherin/BST-2 (here called tetherin) is an antiviral pr

99 Tetherin/BST-2 forms a proteinaceous tether that restric

100 Tetherin/BST-2 is a host restriction factor that could d

101 Tetherin/BST-2 is a host restriction factor that inhibit

102 Tetherin (BST2, CD317, or HM1.24) is a host cellular res

103 The mammalian antiviral membrane protein tetherin (BST2/CD317) can be expressed as two isoforms d

104 Tetherin (BST2/CD317) restricts the release of enveloped

105 Tetherin/Bst2 is an antiviral protein that blocks envelo

106 on of multiple restriction factors including Tetherin/BST2, SAMHD1, Viperin, ISG15, OAS1, and IFITM3.

107 y not only expands the antiviral spectrum of tetherin but also sheds light on the mechanisms of inter

108 ivity of maRAVV VP40 to restriction by human tetherin but not mouse tetherin.

109 ll-to-cell transmission that is resistant to tetherin but that virion dissemination via plasma is inh

110 ADCC), and conversely that RNAi knockdown of tetherin, but not other cellular proteins down-modulated

111 onstrated that the expression of full-length tetherin, but not the C-terminal glycosylphosphatidylino

112 ctivity toward HSV-1 and that the removal of tetherin by Vhs is important for the efficient replicati

113 nmodulation of CD4, but not counteraction of tetherin, by RBF206 Vpu was dependent on the cellular ub

114 nd bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST-2/tetherin/CD317) retroviral restriction factors underlies

115 cluding bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (Bst2)/tetherin/CD317.

116 on localization microscopy revealed that Gag-tetherin coclustering is significantly reduced but persi

117 ccurs in the intracellular cisterna and that tetherin colocalizes with HBV virions on the multivesicu

118 etherin mRNA and protein and that removal of tetherin compensates for defects in replication and rele

119 through the formation of a ternary SGTA/Vpu/tetherin complex.

120 A deletion in human tetherin confers Nef resistance, representing a hurdle t

121 d factor 1 (PAF1), TRIM11, TRIM26, and BST-2/tetherin correlated with decreased HIV-1 infectivity.

122 rt codon mutation that truncated most of the tetherin cytoplasmic tail early in the Feliformia lineag

123 am NF-kappaB activation, indicating that the tetherin cytoplasmic tail resembles the hemi-immunorecep

124 However, transfer of the human tetherin cytoplasmic tail to mouse tetherin restored res

125 ks the first 12 amino acids of the longer (L-tetherin) cytoplasmic tail, which includes a tyrosine mo

126 Furthermore, Tetherin+ DCs from FV-infected mice more strongly stimul

127 lates with the ability of Vpu to induce long tetherin degradation.

128 f aspartate at residue 286 liberates NA from tetherin-dependent restriction upon exit from the ER com

129 yrosine residues in the cytoplasmic tails of tetherin dimers.

130 cell imaging assay to demonstrate that while tetherin does indeed dramatically reduce cell-free virus

131 ped live-cell imaging assays which show that tetherin does not affect Moloney murine leukemia virus (

132 hese Nef proteins promoted virus release and tetherin downmodulation from the cell surface, and in th

133 elected for Vpu's enhanced targeting of long tetherin during its adaptation to humans.

134 However, the immunological impact of Tetherin during retrovirus infection remains unknown.

135 s by Vpu is not a by-product of CD4 or BST-2/tetherin elimination from the surfaces of infected cells

136 Tetherin encodes an interferon-inducible antiviral prote

137 wever, during this phase of acute infection, Tetherin enhanced myeloid dendritic cell (DC) function.

138 lts show that FIV Envs mediate a distinctive tetherin evasion.

139 Thus, Nef-mediated antagonism of human tetherin evolved prior to the spread of HIV-1 group O an

140 ly evolving species (e.g., coelacanths) does tetherin exhibit sequence similarity to one potential si

141 In addition, GPI anchor-truncated tetherin exhibited a dominant-negative effect and was in

142 Mice encoding endocytosis-competent C57BL/6 Tetherin exhibited lower viremia and pathology at 7 d po

143 n antagonist, in rescuing HIV-1 release from tetherin-expressing cells.

144 monstrate that SGTA overexpression regulates tetherin expression and stability, thus providing insigh

145 We found that surface tetherin expression increased the antibody opsonization

146 observed that overexpression of FLNa reduced tetherin expression levels both on the plasma membrane a

147 ng our transgenic mouse model, we found that tetherin expression on hematopoietic cells resulted in t

148 ance cell surface and steady-state levels of tetherin expression.

149 in the lumen of the cisterna membrane under tetherin expression.

150 Viral anti-tetherin factors, such as the HIV-1 Vpu protein, typical

151 riction factor and cofactor, as FIV requires tetherin for optimal particle release.

152 IV-enveloped FIV particles actually required tetherin for optimal release from cells.

153 s protein: particles containing FIV Env need tetherin for optimal release from the cell, while Env(-)

154 etermine the sequence of red-capped mangabey tetherin for the first time and directly demonstrate tha

155 release and that HSV-1 efficiently depletes tetherin from infected cells.

156 her, our data indicate that the exclusion of tetherin from lipid rafts is not the mechanism used by e

157 on, and/or displacement mechanisms to remove tetherin from sites of virus budding.

158 HIV-1 Vpu protein, typically act by removing tetherin from the cell surface.

159 that gM but not gB or gD efficiently removes tetherin from the plasma membrane and can functionally s

160 The HIV Vpu protein, which downregulates tetherin from the plasma membrane, did not fully overcom

161 t induction of membrane curvature, prevented tetherin-Gag colocalization detectable by confocal micro

162 ion of Gag-ESCRT interactions also inhibited tetherin-Gag colocalization when disruption was accompli

163 ete loss of sequence similarity among modern tetherin genes and their sister genes.

164 We find that tetherin genes in various organisms exhibit no sequence

165 Taken together, our data suggest that tetherin has antiviral activity toward HSV-1 and that th

166 of the HIV-1 accessory factor to antagonize tetherin has been considered to primarily function by li

167 The cellular protein BST-2/CD317/Tetherin has been shown to inhibit the release of HIV-1

168 deletion in the cytoplasmic domain of human tetherin, HIV-1 group O, which lacks Vpu-mediated anti-t

169 e developed mice carrying an inducible human tetherin (hTetherin) transgene.

170 ated the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (tetherin, IFITM3, and viperin), as well as cytosolic vir

171 Interestingly, RBF206 Vpu counteracts tetherin in a largely species-independent manner, degrad

172 Here, we further investigated the role of Tetherin in counteracting retrovirus replication in vivo

173 nenveloped capsids, through the induction of tetherin in hepatocyte-derived cells.

174 observations are consistent with a role for tetherin in innate immunity to immunodeficiency virus in

175 vature showed little or no coclustering with tetherin in superresolution analyses.

176 NAD286G-containing proteins associated with tetherin in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

177 iretroviral and immunomodulatory activity of Tetherin in vivo to improved DC activation and MHC class

178 f SGTA inhibited HIV-1 release in a Vpu- and tetherin-independent manner.

179 We investigated the events initiating this tetherin-induced signaling and show that physical retent

180 uenza virus NS1 protein impedes IFN-mediated tetherin induction.

181 We now show that Tetherin influences antiretroviral cell-mediated immune

182 owever, contradictory data exists on whether Tetherin inhibits acute retrovirus infection in vivo.

183 We found that overexpression of tetherin inhibits HSV-1 release and that HSV-1 efficient

184 BST2/tetherin inhibits the release of enveloped viruses from

185 Our data emphasize that tetherin is a broadly active antiviral effector and cont

186 Tetherin is a broadly active antiviral effector that wor

187 Tetherin is a cellular factor that restricts HIV-1 relea

188 BST-2/tetherin is a cellular host factor capable of restrictin

189 Tetherin is a host restriction factor that blocks the eg

190 S-tetherin is also reported to be less sensitive to the pr

191 BST-2/Tetherin is an atypical type II transmembrane glycoprote

192 Tetherin is an IFN-inducible transmembrane protein that

193 BST2/tetherin is an innate immune molecule with the unique ab

194 BST-2/tetherin is an interferon-inducible antiviral protein th

195 t this virus evolved an equilibrium in which tetherin is both restriction factor and cofactor, as FIV

196 This accumulation of non-glycosylated tetherin is due to inhibition of its degradation, indepe

197 Thus, tetherin is essential for VCC formation and may account

198 Recent evidence shows that tetherin is expressed as two isoforms and that Vpu prefe

199 Similarly, BST-2/Tetherin is first exposed to the cytosol as a dimeric ox

200 Moreover, tetherin is part of a cluster of three potential sister

201 broad range of targets, we hypothesized that tetherin is recruited through conserved features shared

202 We determined that tetherin is significantly upregulated upon macrophage in

203 tion studies indicated that non-glycosylated tetherin is stabilized through the formation of a ternar

204 of the HIV-1 Vpu protein to counteract human tetherin is thought to have been one of the key events i

205 Tetherin/BST-2 (here called tetherin) is an antiviral protein that restricts release

206 BST2 (HM1.24; CD317; tetherin) is an interferon-inducible transmembrane prote

207 ation, the ability of Vpu to counteract BST2/tetherin, is associated with the evolution of simian imm

208 uses to counteract a host antiviral protein, tetherin, is strictly maintained.

209 the enhanced ability to counteract the long tetherin isoform is conserved among HIV-1 strains that m

210 c HIV-1 group N, do not discriminate between tetherin isoforms.

211 ntly lower in wild-type C57BL/6 mice than in Tetherin knockout mice at 2 wk postinfection, and antire

212 FV-specific CD4+ T cells ex vivo compared to Tetherin KO DCs.

213 the co-stimulatory molecule CD80 compared to Tetherin KO DCs.

214 vels were similar between wild-type (WT) and Tetherin KO mice at 3 to 7 days post-infection despite r

215 The shorter isoform of the human protein (S-tetherin) lacks the first 12 amino acids of the longer (

216 did not reduce intracellular or cell surface tetherin levels.

217 Tetherin localized at the virus-VCC membrane interface,

218 FIV Env might exclude tetherin locally or direct assembly to tetherin-negative

219 adaptive immunity, the antiviral activity of tetherin may be augmented by virus-specific antibodies,

220 This study advances our understanding of tetherin-mediated HIV-1 restriction by defining the spat

221 Previously, we reported that Tetherin-mediated inhibition of Friend retrovirus (FV) r

222 ht into the biophysical mechanism underlying tetherin-mediated restriction of HIV-1, we utilized cryo

223 the plasma membrane, did not fully overcome tetherin-mediated restriction of particle release in mac

224 e that influenza virus reduces the impact of tetherin-mediated restriction on its replication by seve

225 HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC as a result of tetherin-mediated retention of budding virions on the ce

226 Distance measurements support the extended tetherin model, in which the coiled-coil ectodomains are

227 ength, which is consistent with the extended tetherin model.

228 The exact mechanism of tetherin modulation is less clear, with possible roles f

229 g the spatial arrangement and orientation of tetherin molecules at sites of HIV-1 restriction.

230 The precise arrangement of tetherin molecules at the plasma membrane site of HIV-1

231 Native immunogold labeling showed tetherin molecules located on HIV-1 VLPs and virions in

232 protein (Vhs) is important for depletion of tetherin mRNA and protein and that removal of tetherin c

233 clude tetherin locally or direct assembly to tetherin-negative membrane domains.

234 ns unclear whether SIVrcm Nef can antagonize tetherin of its natural host.

235 t intracellular membranes, and the effect of tetherin on such viruses has been less well studied.

236 were both highly correlated to the levels of tetherin on the surfaces of infected primary CD4 T cells

237 Finally, knockdown of tetherin or overexpression of dominant negative tetherin

238 SGTA did not significantly affect levels of tetherin or virus release efficiency, we observed that o

239 marrow stromal cell Ag 2 (BST2, aka HM1.24, tetherin, or CD317) is expressed by different cell types

240 ues could not be ascribed to TRIM5, APOBEC3, tetherin, or SAMHD1.

241 cantly greater increase in the expression of tetherin (P = 0.003) and TRIM22 (P = 0.0006) in response

242 del substrates (NS1, NHK-alpha1AT, and BST-2/Tetherin), p97 and YOD1 are required in the downstream e

243 ge to the actin cytoskeleton likely triggers tetherin phosphorylation and subsequent signal transduct

244 irus-VCC membrane interface, suggesting that tetherin physically tethers virions in VCCs.

245 RICH2 (ARHGAP44), and a naturally occurring tetherin polymorphism with reduced RICH2 binding exhibit

246 However, a deletion in human tetherin prevents antagonism by the Nef proteins of SIVc

247 The restriction factor BST2 (tetherin) prevents the release of enveloped viruses from

248 Here we characterized tetherin proteins of species representing both branches

249 Notably, this residual tetherin recruitment was still sufficient for the full r

250 curvature and Gag-ESCRT interactions promote tetherin recruitment, but the recruitment level achieved

251 feron (IFN-alpha) levels in plasma, and that tetherin remains above baseline levels throughout chroni

252 to antagonize the macaque restriction factor tetherin, replicated at progressively higher levels, and

253 Tetherin represents an important barrier for successful

254 The antiviral function of tetherin requires the carboxyl-terminal GPI anchor, whil

255 us type 1 vpu or siRNA-mediated depletion of tetherin rescued budding capabilities in these proteins.

256 the human tetherin cytoplasmic tail to mouse tetherin restored restriction of maRAVV VP40.

257 nterferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), ISG20 and tetherin, restrict HBV spread in NTCP-expressing hepatom

258 We determined that tetherin-restricted HIV-1 virions were physically connec

259 he majority of viruses that are sensitive to tetherin restriction appear to be those that acquire the

260 ically modulates the ability of NA to escape tetherin restriction at the plasma membrane and results

261 xact mechanism of Vpu-mediated antagonism of tetherin restriction remains to be fully understood.

262 The HIV-1 accessary protein Vpu counteracts tetherin restriction via sequestration, down-regulation,

263 tein (Env), which rescued FIV from carnivore tetherin restriction when expressed in trans but, in con

264 ycoprotein (GP) is unusual in that it blocks tetherin restriction without apparently altering its cel

265 ne transport partly by mediating escape from tetherin restriction.

266 er HIV-1 Vpu or Ebola virus GP to counteract tetherin restriction.

267 portance of these observations, knockdown of tetherin resulted in a 1-1.5 log increase in influenza v

268 The type I interferon-inducible factor tetherin retains virus particles on the surfaces of cell

269 Human tetherin's ability to mediate efficient signaling may ha

270 lammatory signaling, play key roles in human tetherin's antiviral function in vivo.

271 nd that neither GP nor Vpu had any effect on tetherin's distribution within lipid raft domains.

272 We investigated the tetherin sensitivity and possible countermeasures of her

273 Tetherin serves as an innate sensor of viral infection i

274 Retroviral-induced tetherin signaling is coupled to the cortical actin cyto

275 Because the SGTA-stabilized tetherin species is partially localized to the cytosol,

276 cytosolic accumulation of a non-glycosylated tetherin species.

277 relocalization of a 23-kDa, non-glycosylated tetherin species.

278 , influenza infection leads to a decrease of tetherin steady state levels, and the neuraminidase surf

279 Well adapted to a phylogenetically ancient tetherin tail truncation in the Felidae, it requires fun

280 ses due to the absence of sequences in human tetherin that confer susceptibility to Nef.

281 eficiency viruses to overcome restriction by tetherin, this activity was acquired by the Vpu protein

282 VR receptors and the host restriction factor tetherin, this antagonism is carried out via direct inte

283 homooligomerization of this protein, and the tetherin TMD forms homodimers.

284 For HIV-1, specific recruitment of tetherin to assembly sites has been observed as its colo

285 M Nef may acquire the ability to counteract tetherin to compensate for the loss of this function by

286 terferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) viperin and tetherin to facilitate its replication.

287 We show that the reduced sensitivity of S-tetherin to HIV-1 Vpu is a feature of all group M protei

288 jacks the FLNa function in the modulation of tetherin to neutralize the antiviral factor tetherin.

289 this deletion to inhibit transport of human tetherin to the cell surface, enhances virion release, a

290 We generated a mouse model with an inducible tetherin transgene in order to study how tetherin affect

291 ciates with tetherin and that FLNa modulates tetherin turnover.

292 Na, but not FLNb, plays an essential role in tetherin turnover.

293 up M HIV-1 Vpu primarily adapted to target L-tetherin upon zoonotic transmission from chimpanzees, an

294 induced retro-translocation of CD4 and BST-2/Tetherin using our novel biotinylation technique in livi

295 We propose that focal clustering of tetherin via ectodomain interactions plays a role in res

296 mal antigen 2 (BST-2; also known as CD317 or tetherin) was initially identified to be a pre-B-cell gr

297 contrast to the direct antiviral effects of Tetherin, which are dependent on cell surface expression

298 lammatory signaling by the host protein BST2/tetherin, which is mediated by the transcription factor

299 ed to counteract an antiviral protein called tetherin, which may selectively inhibit cell-free virus

300 BTV16 also induced the expression of tetherin, which restricts HIV release from infected cell

301 HIV-1 antagonizes the restriction factor tetherin with the accessory protein Vpu, while HIV-2 and