ライフサイエンスコーパス: tetrapod

1 and rays) and osteichthyans (bony fishes and tetrapods).

2 tive analysis of limb mobility in this early tetrapod.

3 es, provide useful indicators of RBC size in tetrapods.

4 ing data from 344 species in 117 families of tetrapods.

5 CN1/UTS1) in primitive fishes, teleosts, and tetrapods.

6 ts on the demography and social behaviour of tetrapods.

7 observations made previously in other marine tetrapods.

8 es exploring the mechanisms of digit loss in tetrapods.

9 are homologous to the wrist and/or digits of tetrapods.

10 tive of the closest ancestral lineage to all tetrapods.

11 pporting bounded diversification in Mesozoic tetrapods.

12 ikely represents the ancestral condition for tetrapods.

13 ization of this prosencephalic region in all tetrapods.

14 ee disparate lineages of secondarily aquatic tetrapods.

15 fication of the basic pentadactyl pattern in tetrapods.

16 skeletal element typical of modern anamniote tetrapods.

17 ce their evolution in a phylogeny of extinct tetrapods.

18 , and commissural (CoP) pretectal domains of tetrapods.

19 which is quasi-epitaxially deposited on ZnO tetrapods.

20 trapodomorph fish and later, more crownward, tetrapods.

21 deles, in contrast to the situation in other tetrapods.

22 nary time, starting with the very origins of tetrapods.

23 ic fins in fishes and fore- and hindlimbs in tetrapods.

24 e limbs is critical for normal behaviours in tetrapods.

25 been considered the ancestral morphology for tetrapods.

26 oelacanth, is the closest living relative of tetrapods.

27 bfamily emerged in teleosts and is absent in tetrapods.

28 B/Oatp1b subfamilies appeared at the root of tetrapods.

29 ch include the majority of living fishes and tetrapods.

30 nary traits in the transition from fishes to tetrapods.

31 ened the idea of a conserved organization in tetrapods.

32 with secondary adaptation to pelagic life in tetrapods.

33 cture of the BST is strongly conserved among tetrapods.

34 similar reflexes, reponses, and behaviors in tetrapods.

35 jor metazoan body plans, or in the origin of tetrapods.

36 alaeogene data set of non-flying terrestrial tetrapods.

37 dbrain, in support of putative homologies to tetrapods.

38 geometries: core/shell/shell structures and tetrapods.

39 closes with the earliest evidence of limbed tetrapods.

40 enomes of a diverse, but overlapping, set of tetrapods.

41 suggests such a function is conserved in all tetrapods.

42 (3) nanosized crystals shaped as spheres and tetrapods.

43 sarcopterygian fish most closely related to tetrapods.

44 oup tetrapods to pentadactyl limbs in extant tetrapods.

45 This gene is conserved in fishes as well as tetrapods.

46 the development of the wrists and digits of tetrapods.

47 productive and vocal behaviors in fishes and tetrapods.

48 t association that predates the emergence of tetrapods.

49 han 400 million years ago before the rise of tetrapods.

50 of the TME in anurans is unparalleled among tetrapods.

51 ertebrae-bearing tail, equivalent to that of tetrapods.

52 spiratory organs have only been described in tetrapods.

53 y top consumers in today's oceans are marine tetrapods, a collection of lineages independently derive

54 Salamanders are the only adult tetrapods able to regenerate the limb, and the contribut

55 mparison of Ichthyostega with two other stem tetrapods, Acanthostega and Pederpes, shows that reverse

56 Tetrapods, actinopterygians, and chondrichthyans, all sc

57 In tetrapods, additional duplications predate and postdate

58 In tetrapods, all Ig and TCR chain elements are arranged as

59 xolotl (Mexican salamander), a model for the tetrapod ancestor.

60 n Scotland that have yielded a wealth of new tetrapod and arthropod fossils.

61 resent previously unknown morphologies for a tetrapod and, thus, a dramatic expansion of known tetrap

62 ave numerous features distinctive from other tetrapods and a rich history of genome evolution that is

63 endages is key to the superior locomotion of tetrapods and aquatic vertebrates.

64 In tetrapods and bipeds, dynamic regulation of locomotion i

65 to the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of tetrapods and bony fishes.

66 hly similar to those of orthologous genes in tetrapods and consistent with a three-prosomere organiza

67 tional consequences of limb anatomy in early tetrapods and how that anatomy influenced locomotion cap

68 Many tetrapods and non-teleost actinopterygians have undergon

69 f vertebral column evolution in the earliest tetrapods and raises questions about the presumed verteb

70 l crest cells in the last common ancestor of tetrapods and ray-finned fish lacked the ability to form

71 rebral distribution of 5hmC between fish and tetrapods and reinforce the idea that 5hmC fulfills majo

72 tween the fin rays of fish and the digits of tetrapods and suggest that digits originated via the tra

73 conservation of synteny between teleosts and tetrapods and suggests a multigene duplication event.

74 channel gene family expanded in parallel in tetrapods and teleosts ( approximately 9 to 10 genes in

75 A significant difference between tetrapods and teleosts is that teleosts possess an addit

76 e origin of O-MALT predates the emergence of tetrapods and that TNF family members play a conserved r

77 e level of SPIN identity in widely divergent tetrapods and the overall lack of selective constraint a

78 The origin of tetrapods and the transition from swimming to walking wa

79 d reconstructions of muscle anatomy in early tetrapods and their relatives.

80 iatomine bug feeding on the blood of various tetrapods and vector of Chagas' disease in humans, carri

81 t the enhancement of the pelvic appendage of tetrapods and, indeed, a trend toward hind limb-based pr

82 s [1]: Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes and tetrapods) and Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes).

83 For example, BALM is not identifiable in tetrapods, and APRIL is not identifiable in several bony

84 n the last common ancestor of coelacanth and tetrapods, and have expanded and diversified in the mamm

85 for lobe-finned fish, a group that includes tetrapods, and more basal cartilaginous fish showed pect

86 y considered the closest living relatives of tetrapods, and represent an interesting group for the st

87 ticles with anisotropic shapes such as rods, tetrapods, and wires; however, the synthesis of other sh

88 e retrotransposon at or near the root of the tetrapod animal branch.

89 a critical element of the feeding system in tetrapod animals for their successful adaptation to terr

90 spiratory coupling that are widespread among tetrapods, are ancestral characters for bony vertebrates

91 loidal polymers that carry the semiconductor tetrapod as a side chain group attached to the CoNP coll

92 assembly into colloidal polymers that carry tetrapods as side chain groups that mimic "giant tert-bu

93 omponent of an otherwise typical 'Gondwanan' tetrapod assemblage, including notosuchian crocodiles, a

94 e landmass Pangea, Late Triassic terrestrial tetrapod assemblages are surprisingly provincial.

95 scures answers to key questions, such as how tetrapods attained their tremendous extant diversity.

96 about vertebral anatomy in the earliest stem tetrapods, because most specimens remain trapped in surr

97 This phenomenon is uncommon in tetrapods, being restricted mostly to parrots and marine

98 A remarkable property of tetrapod bone is its ability to detect and remodel areas

99 Gar bridges teleosts to tetrapods by illuminating the evolution of immunity, min

100 eferences are very similar to those seen for tetrapod Cadms but our study of protein localization sug

101 ain-2" is likely not directly orthologous to tetrapod calpain-2 and represents a calpain-2-like prote

102 phyletic clade external to sister clades for tetrapod calpain-2 and vertebrate calpain-8.

103 king and photobleaching behaviours of single tetrapods can be controlled.

104 scale semiconductor heterostructures such as tetrapods can be used to mimic light-harvesting processe

105 Salamanders are the only living tetrapods capable of fully regenerating limbs.

106 n, and 12-17 evolved directly from ancestral tetrapod chromosomes.

107 nosaurs (birds) are the most speciose living tetrapod clade.

108 alibrated phylogenies representing the major tetrapod clades (amphibians, birds, crocodilians, mammal

109 portant feeding structure present in several tetrapod clades, including modern birds.

110 MRI scans of the closest living relatives of tetrapods: coelacanths and lungfish.

111 In tetrapods collagen type I is a trimer mainly composed of

112 The recognition of heterogeneous tetrapod communities in the Triassic implies that the en

113 ongest-surviving group of secondarily marine tetrapods, comparable in diversity to today's cetaceans.

114 For tetrapods, comparative expression pattern analysis of ho

115 with only two muscles to the highly complex tetrapod condition.

116 ed), whereas elephant shark, coelacanth, and tetrapods contain four Hox clusters owing to two rounds

117 undamentally changed the ways in which early tetrapods could move.

118 rophied sacral rib; fusion of these bones in tetrapods creates an acetabulum.

119 rge humeri approach (but fail to attain) the tetrapod crown-group condition; in Acanthostega, both sm

120 The active process of nonmammalian tetrapods depends upon active hair-bundle motility, whic

121 The search for antecedents of tetrapod digits in fish has remained controversial becau

122 3 (Gli3), which is an anterior repressor of tetrapod digits, is expressed in the posterior half of t

123 can affinities and clearly demonstrates that tetrapod dispersal into Gondwana was already underway at

124 Until now, most knowledge on tetrapod distribution during the medial Permian has come

125 Gondwana that sheds new light on patterns of tetrapod distribution.

126 lts show a highly stable pattern of Mesozoic tetrapod diversity at regional and local levels, underpi

127 diapsids, and evolved in a small ectothermic tetrapod during the Palaeozoic era at least a hundred mi

128 late Devonian extinction, when teleosts and tetrapods each diversified in their respective habitats,

129 cessibility to this dipolar heterostructured tetrapod enabled the use of these as colloidal monomers

130 ing regeneration allowed us to assign a limb tetrapod equivalent segment to Polypterus fin skeletal s

131 of functional SOX-binding sites in E4 during tetrapod evolution, and their subsequent stabilization i

132 anth genome as a blueprint for understanding tetrapod evolution.

133 sal and systemic responses took place during tetrapod evolution.

134 Tetrapods evolved from sarcopterygian fishes in the Devo

135 podomorph fishes, it seems that either early tetrapods evolved through an initial stage of restricted

136 ted class of nanocrystals, CdSe/CdS core/arm tetrapods exhibit the unusual trait of two-colour (red a

137 e trunk into two discrete layers, while most tetrapods expand this pattern in the thorax and abdomen

138 aquatic to a terrestrial environment, early tetrapods faced the challenges of terrestrial locomotion

139 we report on a new early Permian continental tetrapod fauna from South America in tropical Western Go

140 260 Ma: Guadalupian) was a time of important tetrapod faunal changes, in particular reflecting a turn

141 tion (252.3 Ma) affected the distribution of tetrapod faunas within the southern hemisphere and apply

142 possesses a unique combination of ancestral tetrapod features and anuran-specific novelties.

143 Motor innervation to the tetrapod forelimb and fish pectoral fin is assumed to sh

144 The tetrapod forelimb is one of the most versatile structure

145 pod and, thus, a dramatic expansion of known tetrapod forelimb morphospace.

146 rvating the pectoral fins, equivalent to the tetrapod forelimbs.

147 rous subsampling approach to a comprehensive tetrapod fossil occurrence data set to assess the group'

148 n assumption that the largest known Devonian tetrapod fossils represent adult individuals.

149 ynthesis of a heterostructured semiconductor tetrapod from CdSe@CdS that carries a single dipolar nan

150 ertebrate lineage prior to the divergence of tetrapods from teleosts.

151 knowledge, life history data for a Devonian tetrapod, from the Acanthostega mass-death deposit of St

152 he split between extant lobe-finned fish and tetrapods, from a very simple fin phenotype with only tw

153 features extensive synteny conservation with tetrapod genomes, making it a good model for comparative

154 is exclusively European, almost every higher tetrapod group was affected by a substantial decline acr

155 Our findings demonstrate that tetrapod groups common in later Permian and Triassic tem

156 l character in defining and diagnosing early tetrapod groups.

157 cal release and radiation of numerous modern tetrapod groups.

158 By the mid-Visean, tetrapods had become effectively terrestrial as attested

159 Several groups of tetrapods have expanded sesamoid (small, tendon-anchorin

160 Although most tetrapods have limbs with five digits (pentadactyl limbs

161 herefore, although speciose groups of modern tetrapods have Mesozoic origins, rates of Mesozoic diver

162 ygdaloid complexes in amphibians (anamniotic tetrapods) have strengthened the idea of a conserved org

163 e likely critical for spermatogenesis in all tetrapods, having retained testicular expression across

164 regulate the digital pattern in the limbs of tetrapods (i.e. land-based vertebrates).

165 sional reconstruction of the iconic Devonian tetrapod Ichthyostega and a quantitative and comparative

166 ebral architecture of the Late Devonian stem tetrapod Ichthyostega using propagation phase-contrast X

167 evelopment in salamanders differs from other tetrapods in that the first digits to form are the two m

168 Salamanders are unparalleled among tetrapods in their ability to regenerate many structures

169 lobe-finned sarcopterygians (lungfishes and tetrapods) in lung structure.

170 some fossil sarcopterygians, including stem tetrapods, in having large paired openings (spiracles) o

171 derived vocal and pectoral mechanisms among tetrapods, including those adapted for nonvocal acoustic

172 mental studies in sound-producing fishes and tetrapods indicate that central pattern generating netwo

173 lend strong support for the hypothesis that tetrapods inherited a bona fide limb regeneration progra

174 its pelvic fins, an ability thought to be a tetrapod innovation.

175 The total potential energy of a tetrapod is found to be lower than that of a ZB sphere a

176 which show that the overall behaviour of the tetrapod is governed by the buckling of the central join

177 The pelvic girdle and appendage of tetrapods is dramatically larger and more robust than th

178 The bright stress-dependent emission of the tetrapod, its nanoscale size, and its colloidal nature p

179 hthyostega and Acanthostega are the earliest tetrapods known from multiple near-complete skeletons, w

180 Species diversity of non-flying terrestrial tetrapods less than doubled over this interval, despite

181 aploid spermatids express the homolog of the tetrapod LHCGR (Lhcgrba).

182 scribed as being able to walk on land with a tetrapod-like gait.

183 nnectens) uses a range of pelvic fin-driven, tetrapod-like gaits, including walking and bounding, in

184 ntrinsic FDB pattern represents the original tetrapod limb and that translocation of the muscles to f

185 odermal ridge (AER) at the distal tip of the tetrapod limb bud was shown to produce signals necessary

186 These features are particularly striking as tetrapod limb development has otherwise been shown to be

187 Branchial ray outgrowth, like tetrapod limb outgrowth, is maintained by Sonic hedgehog

188 proposed to be involved in the origin of the tetrapod limb, is required for the pentadactyl state.

189 ficant departure from the typical five-digit tetrapod limb.

190 Devonian tetrapods (limbed vertebrates), known from an increasing

191 igued Charles Darwin, including animal eyes, tetrapod limbs and giant beetle horns.

192 As in all developing tetrapod limbs and regenerating amphibian blastema, Soni

193 Tetrapod limbs are patterned by asonic hedgehog(Shh)-exp

194 n that some of the novelties associated with tetrapod limbs arose by modification of deeply conserved

195 Tetrapod limbs exhibit diverse postures and movements du

196 , and that chondrichthyan branchial rays and tetrapod limbs exhibit parallel developmental mechanisms

197 Previous accounts of the origin of tetrapod limbs have postulated a relatively sudden chang

198 changes that led to the muscular anatomy of tetrapod limbs have therefore remained relatively unexpl

199 utionary transition of the fins of fish into tetrapod limbs involved genetic changes to developmental

200 volutionary transformation of fish fins into tetrapod limbs is a fundamental problem in biology.

201 nbaur to propose that paired fins (and hence tetrapod limbs) originally evolved via transformation of

202 a on regulatory modulations of fish fins and tetrapod limbs, and case studies exploring the mechanism

203 se specialized regions and the patterning of tetrapod limbs.

204 e paired fins, the piscine homologues of the tetrapod limbs.

205 rred repeatedly in several distantly related tetrapod lineages, including mammals.

206 d are common to select members of most major tetrapod lineages.

207 en proposed as possible models for ancestral tetrapod locomotion, despite extant fishes being quite d

208 gs suggest that some fundamental features of tetrapod locomotion, including pelvic limb gait patterns

209 Despite the crucial role of the sternum in tetrapod locomotion, little attention has been given to

210 Ichthyostega could not have employed typical tetrapod locomotory behaviours, such as lateral sequence

211 Our review of tetrapod longevity (>1,700 species) finds no others with

212 We calibrate the tetrapod luminescence response to stress and use the lum

213 As the sister group to tetrapods, lungfish are a morphologically and phylogenet

214 h form a distinct cluster separated from the tetrapod MATEs/Mates.

215 ndigited Devonian fossil trackways to limbed tetrapods may need to be revisited.

216 illustration of this is the evolution of the tetrapod middle ear, adapted to life on land.

217 fast-breeding ray-finned fishes, sharks, and tetrapods, most under 1 meter in length from snout to ta

218 our findings suggest that the characteristic tetrapod musculoskeletal limb phenotype was already pres

219 nd implementation of the CdSe-CdS core-shell tetrapod nanocrystal, a local stress sensor with bright

220 The formation of Cu2SnSe3 tetrapod nanocrystals is reported using a hot injection

221 otherapy using specially designed zinc oxide tetrapod nanoparticles (ZOTEN) with engineered oxygen va

222 The results are then generalized for tetrapods of different size-scales and shapes.

223 ks, built from interconnected hollow tubular tetrapods of multilayer graphene, are ultra-lightweight

224 self-assemble into multipods (bi-, tri-, and tetrapods) of varying coordination number and patch angl

225 Among tetrapods, only urodele salamanders, such as the axolotl

226 e (ZB) nanocrystal (NC) can transform into a tetrapod or an octapod as a result of heating, by a loca

227 utonomous interspersed TE, originates in the tetrapod or possibly Sarcopterygii ancestor, which far p

228 The partial sphere-to-tetrapod or sphere-to-octapod transition occurs within s

229 e number of digits has evolved many times in tetrapods, particularly in cursorial mammals that travel

230 hat Hox gene modules were shared in fish and tetrapod pectoral systems.

231 micropodia The position of Eocaecilia within tetrapod phylogeny is controversial, as it already acqui

232 Here we report a top-tier tetrapod predator, a very large (>8.6 m) ichthyosaur fro

233 to pseudo-spherical CdO nanocrystals and ZnO tetrapods, producing fully transformed and shape-control

234 ) blended with linear nanorods and nanoscale tetrapod Quantum Dots (tQDs), in electrospun fibers and

235 reases also underlie several well recognized tetrapod radiations, including most modern birds, lizard

236 we show that lungfishes, the sister group of tetrapods, regenerate their fins through morphological s

237 ents, but the life histories of the earliest tetrapods remain completely unknown, leaving a major gap

238 Invasion of the open ocean by tetrapods represents a major evolutionary transition tha

239 t sarcopterygians and limb anatomy of extant tetrapods, respectively - occurred at the same nodes as

240 n DL and DC and medial and dorsal pallium of tetrapods, respectively.

241 in CdS and emission from CdSe in nanocrystal tetrapods, rods, and spheres] was controlled by the phys

242 Among extant tetrapods, salamanders are unique in showing a reversed

243 raced back to ancient lobe-finned fishes and tetrapods (Sarcopterygii).

244 We tested two tetrapod-shaped concrete substrates (7.9 and 9.8 cm in d

245 Corner-truncated octahedra formed tetrapod-shaped supercrystals at room temperature, but o

246 of living vertebrates--ray-finned fishes and tetrapods--show surprisingly conservative mandibular mor

247 in family genes on syntenic regions of model tetrapods showed that the A chain of RLN2 orthologs exhi

248 ve embryonic gene expression analyses across tetrapod species suggest ASHCE-associated genes have uni

249 A repertoires and expression patterns, in 11 tetrapod species.

250 utgroup for interpretation of the genomes of tetrapod species.

251 rangements that occurred in the evolution of tetrapod species.

252 ining 27,260 occurrences of 4,898 non-marine tetrapod species.

253 Up to now, only two localities have yielded tetrapod specimens from the Tournaisian stage: one in Sc

254 nes) resembles that in "fish" members of the tetrapod stem group such as Tiktaalik, whereas large hum

255 Among tetrapods, sternum morphology is correlated with the mod

256 average recruit survival was 9.6% and 67% of tetrapods still harboured at least one coral colony, and

257 ity suggests that adaptive radiations within tetrapod subclades are not always characterised by the i

258 on of T. roseae shares derived features with tetrapods such as a large basal articulation and a flat,

259 tures are consistent across nearly all known tetrapods, suggesting that the morphospace encompassed b

260 polypterid spiracles with those of some stem tetrapods suggests that spiracular air breathing may hav

261 synthesis of an asymmetric heterostructured tetrapod that is capable of 1D dipolar assembly into col

262 ay's marine ecosystems, i.e., macropredatory tetrapods that forage on prey of similar size to their o

263 Salamanders are the only modern tetrapods that retained regenerative capacities as well

264 (CPG) morphotype is proposed for fishes and tetrapods that shares evolutionary developmental origins

265 r-like regeneration is an ancient feature of tetrapods that was subsequently lost at least once in th

266 mer using body undulations (lamprey), but in tetrapods the downstream projections from the MLR to bra

267 markers we conclude that the earliest extant tetrapods, the amphibians, possess three IGL isotypes: k

268 Like that of other tetrapods, the genome of X. tropicalis contains gene des

269 dy of comparative gene expression studies of tetrapods, there is considerably less comparative data a

270 y wall pattern, restricted to the non-mammal tetrapod thorax and abdomen, is observed in the mammalia

271 of amphibian metamorphosis from tadpoles to tetrapods, through the production and subsequent functio

272 tif, evolutionarily conserved from the first tetrapods to man, that is crucial for higher order struc

273 ansition from polydactyl limbs in stem-group tetrapods to pentadactyl limbs in extant tetrapods.

274 us lncRNA and protein-coding families across tetrapods to reconstruct an evolutionarily conserved co-

275 portant respiratory strategy during the fish-tetrapod transition from water to land.

276 al changes that occurred during the 'fish-to-tetrapod' transition was a marked reorganization of the

277 osition of a single AuNP tip onto a CdSe@CdS tetrapod under UV-irradiation.

278 ificantly more slowly evolving than those of tetrapods, unlike other genomic features.

279 Birds are the most species-rich class of tetrapod vertebrates and have wide relevance across many

280 s constitutes the fundamental mechanism that tetrapod vertebrates use for locomotion and limb-driven

281 lpha-like globin gene in the stem lineage of tetrapod vertebrates, which suggests the possibility tha

282 mechanism for Th transcription conserved in tetrapod vertebrates.

283 itry and allow evolutionary comparisons with tetrapod vertebrates.

284 e mechanical response of single aerographite tetrapods via in situ scanning electron and atomic force

285 The transition from fish to tetrapod was arguably the most radical series of adaptiv

286 Seeding tetrapods was most effective in reefs with moderately to

287 gradualistic evolutionary diversification of tetrapods was punctuated by brief but dramatic episodes

288 unt studies of RA signaling in tunicates and tetrapods, we propose a parsimonious model of the evolut

289 The tetrapods were efficiently deployed by wedging them in r

290 eri, one of the world's smallest terrestrial tetrapods, which lacks a middle ear yet produces acousti

291 ate this by Pt deposition on CdSe-seeded CdS tetrapods, which we found to be facilitated via the surp

292 e that digits emerged in lobed fins of early tetrapods, which were polydactylous.

293 endicular muscles of sarcopterygian fish and tetrapods will allow more detailed reconstructions of mu

294 ere developed to modify only the tips of the tetrapods with a range of possible functional groups to

295 to occur as 1D linear heterostructures or 3D tetrapods with growth in one phase and termination in th

296 We conclude that early tetrapods with the skeletal morphology and limb mobility

297 Past and present human disruptions to marine tetrapods, with cascading impacts on marine ecosystems,

298 limbless together with the snakes, while eu-tetrapods without any history of limb loss in their phyl

299 emonstrating that orthologous sequences from tetrapods, zebrafish and skate can drive reporter gene e

300 Furthermore, hollow core-shell tetrapod ZnS@CdS heterostructures were readily accessibl