ライフサイエンスコーパス: tonic

1 in regions to treat neurological conditions (tonic 130 Hz, theta burst (TBS), and tonic 15 Hz rate-co

2 itions (tonic 130 Hz, theta burst (TBS), and tonic 15 Hz rate-control for TBS).

3 Potentiation of tonic ACh release persists in mutants deficient for egl-

4 icit in much of this work is the notion that tonic activation and inactivation will both produce vali

5 but not cell type-specific knockout, caused tonic activation and partial desensitization of the CB1

6 can occur via synaptic mechanisms or through tonic activation of extrasynaptic receptors.

7 This suppression is mediated by tonic activation of presynaptic GABAb receptors gated by

8 ergic synaptic inputs was reduced; (iii) the tonic activation of presynaptic group II metabotropic gl

9 It has been shown that tonic activation of the central and peripheral chemorefl

10 However, the mechanisms regulating such "tonic" activation of iNKT cells remain unclear.

11 omogeneous firing patterns, characterized by tonic activity and phasic bursts that were temporally as

12 We measured tonic activity in light and dark, current responses to c

13 while the head is moving-to investigate how tonic activity is adapted toward a new set point to prev

14 Increased tonic activity of locus coeruleus noradrenergic (LC-NE)

15 rograde tracing, we determine that increased tonic activity of the LC-NE system is necessary and suff

16 gene in adulthood recovered the reduction in tonic activity of VTA DA neurons, which is concordant wi

17 of evidence accumulation--dynamic changes in tonic activity precisely correlate with the expected pre

18 Set-point adaptation balances tonic activity so that reciprocally acting, agonist and

19 we show that in vivo, both the firing rate (tonic activity) and burst firing (phasic activity) of id

20 To understand how SNr neurons maintain tonic activity, we used single-cell RNA sequencing to de

21 hetamine prevented the decrease in DA neuron tonic activity.

22 ary for regulation of RLC phosphorylation in tonic airway smooth muscle.

23 s study provides a comprehensive dataset for tonic and activated BCR signaling and identifies effecto

24 ve systematically characterized and compared tonic and activated BCR signaling in BL by quantitative

25 Although tonic and activated BCR signaling shared a considerable

26 (NLP-12) and its receptor (CKR-2) potentiate tonic and evoked ACh release at Caenorhabditis elegans n

27 tating action of Cplx3/4 on Ca(2+)-dependent tonic and evoked neurotransmitter release, respectively,

28 rieval rates in AWC(ON), generating distinct tonic and evoked synaptic modes.

29 ociated with a significant reduction in both tonic and hypoxia-induced lactate release in the cerebra

30 Functional changes associated with tonic and phasic activation of the LHb are often attribu

31 riments demonstrate neuroadaptive changes in tonic and phasic CRF with repeated stress, that CRF rele

32 ore the necessity to distinguish the role of tonic and phasic GABA signalling in stroke recovery.

33 ton at C3, the difference in potency between tonic and phasic inhibition increased with the length of

34 e distinct synaptic dynamics associated with tonic and phasic synaptic properties, respectively.

35 These recordings reveal that "tonic"' and low-threshold-spike (LTS) "burst" APs in bot

36 low-threshold spike burst or lower-frequency tonic APs undergo substantial voltage attenuation as the

37 A and BRAG2 upon NMDA treatment, whereas the tonic Arf6 activation was not detectable any longer.

38 ponses and EEG event-related potentials) and tonic arousal [indexed by cue-unrelated skin conductance

39 ant scanning of the environment and elevated tonic arousal levels.

40 However, tonic as well as activated BCR signaling networks and th

41 We demonstrate that tonic as well as BCR-induced activation of the PI3K/Akt

42 a wide variety of contexts, both phasic and tonic aspects of dopamine are likely to exert more immed

43 ase is strongly dependent on UNC-13, whereas tonic AWC(ON) release relies upon UNC-18 and on the prot

44 nhibition of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) in tonic B-cell receptor (BCR) signal-dependent diffuse lar

45 Mutations in genes promoting the tonic B-cell receptor (BCR)-->PI3K pathway (TCF3 and ID3

46 Tonic BCR signaling acts principally to activate AKT, an

47 Inhibition of SYK in DLBCL cells with tonic BCR signaling decreased phospho-AKT and phospho-FO

48 inical response to therapeutic inhibition of tonic BCR signaling in DLBCL.

49 ne-based activation motif of CD79A inhibited tonic BCR signaling in GCB-DLBCL lines but did not affec

50 The magnitude and importance of tonic BCR signaling to proliferation and size of GCB-DLB

51 ispensable to maintain appropriate levels of tonic BCR signaling to promote B cell maturation.

52 for understanding how naive B cells maintain tonic BCR signaling while restraining inappropriate anti

53 m knockout (KO) of the BCR or 2 mediators of tonic BCR signaling, SYK and CD19.

54 impairs BL cell survival by interfering with tonic BCR signaling, thus providing a molecular rational

55 Among these sites, 909 were related to tonic BCR signaling, whereas 984 phospho-sites were regu

56 dentified distinct phosphorylation events in tonic BCR signaling.

57 , reflecting this subtype's exclusive use of tonic BCR signaling.

58 CR was increased, which resulted in enhanced tonic BCR signaling.

59 ly described, we observed that GS967 exerted tonic block of INaL (63%) to a significantly greater ext

60 y a noncatalytic role for CD45 in regulating tonic, but not antigen-mediated, B-cell antigen receptor

61 The specificity of findings to tonic, but not faster, more transient types of neuronal

62 Furthermore, tonic cAMP-PKA levels also controlled whether SK channel

63 t targeting the CAR to the TRAC locus averts tonic CAR signalling and establishes effective internali

64 This tonic CB1 activation is mediated by 2-AG since it was bl

65 However, tonic cholinergic motor neuron stimulation, but not toni

66 ding childhood absence epilepsy, generalized tonic clonic seizures and the epileptic encephalopathy,

67 ss was also associated with more prehospital tonic-clonic activity (22.7% vs 4.2%; P < .001) and card

68 ed to our institution, she had a generalized tonic-clonic seizure.

69 medial prefrontal cortex are associated with tonic-clonic seizures and a normal survival rate.

70 seizures, and 1 had 4 witnessed generalized tonic-clonic seizures and approximately 30 suspected gen

71 disorders manifesting with action myoclonus, tonic-clonic seizures and ataxia.

72 Generalised tonic-clonic seizures are the greatest risk factor for S

73 presented with afebrile focal or generalized tonic-clonic seizures during the first to second year of

74 Because generalised tonic-clonic seizures precede most cases of SUDEP, patie

75 s and approximately 30 suspected generalized tonic-clonic seizures.

76 with progressively severe myoclonus and rare tonic-clonic seizures.

77 Thus, the LEC formed phasic and tonic codes for event-environment associations, thereby

78 premotor, and inferior parietal regions, and tonic components, centered on opercular and insular area

79 edly prolonged mIPSCs and a greatly enhanced tonic conductance, mediated by synaptic and extrasynapti

80 DRG neurons is also negatively modulated by tonic, constitutive GPCR activity as TRPM3 responses can

81 iated with the amplification of eCB-mediated tonic constraint of inhibitory, but not excitatory, tran

82 dently inhibits CMMC frequency and induces a tonic constriction.

83 termined in plasma samples after drinking of tonic containing quinine.

84 lso significantly attenuated both phasic and tonic contractile responses elicited by phenylephrine, a

85 flow regulation, how the brain accomplishes tonic control is largely unknown.

86 l muscles of moth [16]), or due to regulated tonic control, in which phase-independent summation of t

87 Zn(2+) prevents neurosteroid augmentation of tonic current and protection against limbic seizures, ou

88 Also, the potentiation of the GlyR-mediated tonic current by ethanol suggests that they modulate the

89 ible noncompetitive blockade of AP-sensitive tonic current in DGGCs (IC50, 16 mum).

90 GABA-mediated tonic current was enhanced by dopamine or the D1 agonist

91 Tonic current was fully blocked by Zn(2+), akin to the G

92 Zn(2+) inhibition of tonic current was lacking in DGGCs from delta-subunit kn

93 it and generated increases in extrasynaptic "tonic" current with no significant effect on phasic resp

94 The tonic currents in the vlPAG are dependent on GABA transp

95 With 10 mum GABA, the bicuculline-sensitive tonic currents were approximately 4-fold larger in Mecp2

96 In Glra2(-/Y) animals, GlyR tonic currents were preserved; however, the amplitudes o

97 These tonic currents were sensitive to both strychnine and pic

98 these cells respond to NMDA application with tonic currents, and that both electrical and optogenetic

99 seful for modulating GABAA receptor-mediated tonic currents, but the direction and extent of this mod

100 resulted in differential modulation of GABA tonic currents, depending on the cell type studied, thei

101 lating extrasynaptic GABAA receptor-mediated tonic currents.

102 azo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl]benzamide), increased tonic currents.

103 n, PV+ INs expressed robust glycine-mediated tonic currents; however, we found no evidence for tonic

104 Increased tonic DA amplifies the tendency to execute learned tics

105 ffectively treat TS decrease both phasic and tonic DA, thereby also reducing the propensity for both

106 hat TS involves increases in both phasic and tonic DA, which produce increased propensities for tic l

107 during reaching or exploring behavior, with tonic DBS delivering the same number of stimuli per seco

108 The spontaneous tonic discharge activity of nigral dopamine neurons play

109 nduced a switch of this rhythmic activity to tonic discharge through a depolarization involving direc

110 Here we show that tonic disinhibition of left motor cortex during prism ad

111 aracterized the specific roles of phasic and tonic dopamine (DA) in action learning and selection, re

112 ne neurons leads to a persistent decrease in tonic dopamine levels and results in a potentiation of s

113 tions support learning, whereas much slower (tonic) dopamine changes are involved in motivation.

114 nce of a relative balance between phasic and tonic dopaminergic activity subserved by D1- and D2-type

115 the frame for a selective cortical-mediated tonic dopaminergic modulation of specific striatal compa

116 These neurons generate both tonic drive and hyperreflexia in hypertensive (but not n

117 i cells was also seen in patients with fixed/tonic dystonia compared with a phasic/dynamic dystonia p

118 dependent glutamate release was regulated by tonic eCB signaling in PE animals.

119 e synthase, and intracellular cGMP, exerts a tonic enhancement of Ih selectively in pyramidal cells l

120 Below this threshold urethral flow evoked tonic EUS activity, indicative of the guarding reflex, t

121 Cplx3/4 decreased the frequency of tonic events and shifted their amplitude distribution to

122 The tonic excitation of pyramidal cells, in combination with

123 by dedicated brainstem circuits that require tonic excitatory drive for their persistent function.

124 shment of the RRP; that is, the sustained or tonic exocytosis.

125 Inhibiting tonic (extrasynaptic) GABA signalling during the repair

126 rgic" axonal projections from the TMN evoked tonic (extrasynaptic) GABAA receptor Cl(-) currents onto

127 perties are unchanged between LTS bursts and tonic firing and, as a result, distance-dependent dendri

128 p. 2, we show that SalB completely inhibited tonic firing in KORD-expressing putative dopamine neuron

129 Toggling between phasic and tonic firing in thalamocortical neurons launched and abo

130 Although tonic firing is similar in these subpopulations, we find

131 Together, these data suggest that the tonic firing of HA neurons is necessary for the maintena

132 uired for absence seizures, and switching to tonic firing rapidly halts absences.

133 nd a surprisingly steep relationship between tonic firing rate and dendritic Ca(2+).

134 main, is the major causal determinant of the tonic firing rate in the intact model, by virtue of the

135 y plays a critical role in setting the basal tonic firing rate, which in turn could control striatal

136 brating the model to reproduce low frequency tonic firing results in N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) exci

137 Tonic firing was seen in depolarized regimes and burstin

138 zed by membrane depolarization and wake-like tonic firing, and OFF periods, characterized by membrane

139 In the tonic-firing inhibitory lamina II interneurons, glutamat

140 has been used as an herbal brain tonic for mental disorders and enhancing memory, but no

141 Finally, we show that both phasic and tonic forms of glycinergic inhibition are mediated by he

142 While tonic GABA appears to suppress brain repair after stroke

143 receptor signaling that results in modified tonic GABA currents is associated with a number of neuro

144 Tonic GABA currents mediated by high-affinity extrasynap

145 lease sites in the striatum and activated by tonic GABA.

146 tic GABA release but decreased high-affinity tonic GABAA currents in female vlPAG neurons.

147 [1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl]]benzamide activated the tonic GABAA currents in LC neurons and reduced neuronal

148 us-inducing sound exposure, gaboxadol-evoked tonic GABAAR currents showed significant tinnitus-relate

149 Tonic GABAAR currents were evoked using the selective ag

150 currents; however, we found no evidence for tonic GABAergic currents.

151 vated during the horizontal VOR, whereas the tonic GABAergic inhibition is presumably of extravestibu

152 iMSNs with Gi-DREADDs restored the level of tonic GABAergic transmission and rescued the motor defic

153 esipramine reduces the state-related drop in tonic genioglossus muscle activity that occurs from wake

154 drawal reduced both tVTA neural activity and tonic glutamatergic input to VTA DA neurons.

155 The shared stoichiometry for phasic and tonic glycine receptors suggests pharmacology is unlikel

156 Synaptically released glycine also enhanced tonic glycinergic currents and resulted in decreased par

157 sing interneurons, showing that synaptic and tonic glycinergic currents dominate, blocking neuronal o

158 s decreased excitability was replicated when tonic glycinergic currents were increased by electricall

159 ronal or glial glycine transporters enhances tonic glycinergic currents, and these manipulations redu

160 taining receptors underlie both synaptic and tonic glycinergic currents.

161 Together these data suggest both phasic and tonic glycinergic inhibition regulate the output of PV+

162 pha3 subunit (Glra3(-/-)) revealed a lack of tonic GlyR currents in the striatum and the PFC.

163 e required by synapses of neurons that carry tonic, graded visual signals in the retina.

164 Tonic hyper-activation of sympathetic neural outflow is

165 pe specificity, kinetics, and sensitivity to tonic IFN and revealed underlying changes in chromatin c

166 ic, and rate relaxation, i.e., a decrease in tonic IFR when a muscle is held at a constant length aft

167 effect of GS967 on UDB, but had no effect on tonic INaL block.

168 tical inhibition) the iS1 at rest and during tonic index finger voluntary activity.

169 t analgesia both in neuropathic and in acute/tonic inflammatory pain models.

170 one treatment also accelerates maturation of tonic inhibition and performance in a frontal-cortex-dep

171 n-making process via regulation of levels of tonic inhibition and phasic excitation.

172 Increased levels of tonic inhibition are associated with some neurological d

173 om the anterior pituitary is generally under tonic inhibition by neuroendocrine tuberoinfundibular do

174 , suggesting that ICC-DMP contributes to the tonic inhibition conveyed by ongoing activity of inhibit

175 logical modulation of alpha5-GABAAR-mediated tonic inhibition has never been investigated in the huma

176 e extrasynaptic deltaGABAA receptor-mediated tonic inhibition in dentate gyrus granule cells (DGGCs),

177 ences hippocampal excitability by modulating tonic inhibition in dentate gyrus granule cells, in a pr

178 Our findings imply that tonic inhibition in human cortex can be modified effecti

179 This study provides empirical evidence that tonic inhibition in the dentate gyrus (DG), which mainta

180 AAR) regulates neuronal excitability through tonic inhibition in the mammalian brain.

181 hat alpha3 GlyRs specifically participate in tonic inhibition in the striatum and PFC.

182 Tonic inhibition is important for many fundamental proce

183 of extrasynaptic GABAA receptors underlying tonic inhibition is likely to prove therapeutically usef

184 In cortical pyramidal cells, tonic inhibition is regulated by age and several neurotr

185 The loss of tonic inhibition is seen in CRF1+ projection neurons, su

186 pose that a deprivation-induced reduction in tonic inhibition might serve a homeostatic function by i

187 a major output of the basal ganglia, provide tonic inhibition of downstream brain areas.

188 MDARs by endogenous glutamate contributes to tonic inhibition of IA and enhanced MNC excitability in

189 This induces a tonic inhibition of transmission at direct pathway synap

190 associated CCV phenotypes, despite impairing tonic inhibition onto L2/3 pyramidal neurons.

191 fter the affording object, suggesting that a tonic inhibition state in primary motor cortex could pre

192 sed phasic inhibition and a complete loss of tonic inhibition that persisted into withdrawal.

193 derived dLGN-INs generate a powerful form of tonic inhibition that regulates the gain of thalamic rel

194 Collaterals provide fast, slow, and tonic inhibition to granule cells, and thus allow Purkin

195 ors in the thalamus, which can contribute to tonic inhibition under specific conditions when GABA lev

196 tic GABAA receptors (GABAARs) and persistent tonic inhibition via high-affinity extrasynaptic GABAARs

197 Persistent, tonic inhibition was identified in liver-related PVN neu

198 The loss of tonic inhibition with CIE was seen in CRF1+ and CRF1- ne

199 ally, regulate neuronal excitability through tonic inhibition, and are fundamentally important for pr

200 AA receptor subunit composition underpinning tonic inhibition, and on the ambient levels of GABA in t

201 ving the capacity to enhance both phasic and tonic inhibition, mediated by synaptic and extrasynaptic

202 and non-synaptic sites to mediate phasic and tonic inhibition, respectively.

203 rs are extrasynaptic receptors important for tonic inhibition.

204 gerated perilesional alpha5-GABAAR-dependent tonic inhibition.

205 receptor stoichiometries underlie phasic and tonic inhibition.

206 module endowed with a "Stop" process through tonic inhibition.

207 ific ligands capable of selectively reducing tonic inhibition.

208 at is located extrasynaptically and mediates tonic inhibition.

209 es exhibited increased phasic, but decreased tonic, inhibition, events that correlated with alteratio

210 ressing (CRF1+) neurons in the CeA are under tonic inhibitory control and are differentially regulate

211 ated PVN neurons; although, the magnitude of tonic inhibitory control was not different between lean

212 ne potentials, suggesting that PIP2 exerts a tonic inhibitory influence.

213 with urethane, confirming the existence of a tonic inhibitory muscarinic influence on cardiac inotrop

214 These data confirm the existence of a tonic inhibitory muscarinic influence on LV contractilit

215 d rat model to first confirm the presence of tonic inhibitory vagal influence on LV inotropy.

216 Thus, both NF-kappaB and tonic interferon signals are involved in the final matur

217 Additionally, tonic inward currents were also detected, but only in th

218 A background level of inhibition (tonic) is important in the brain for controlling neurona

219 We measured physiological tremor during tonic, isometric plantarflexion torque at 30% of maximum

220 KEY POINTS: In tonic, isometric, plantarflexion contractions, physiolog

221 fy neural substrates downstream of increased tonic LC-NE activity in mice.

222 controlled by increasing (or decreasing) the tonic level of dopamine.

223 erved direct dopamine-mediated inhibition of tonic-level (1 mum) GABA-evoked currents in untransfecte

224 y noting that its efficacy is increased when tonic levels of arousal are maintained in an optimal ran

225 cohol cue exposure, as well as reductions in tonic levels of craving.

226 s and may be represented in the brain as the tonic levels of neuromodulators that control the level o

227 ed zinc, but which are inhibited by ambient, tonic levels of nonsynaptic zinc.

228 Specifically, tonic (median, 96% [86-120] vs. 75% [50-92] wakefulness;

229 gion of the channel which is responsible for tonic metal ion binding and which particularly distingui

230 ard local and systemic immunity by providing tonic microbial stimulation that can functionally replac

231 s that discharged according to a phasic or a tonic mode in response to locomotion, supporting the exi

232 fire action potentials (APs) in bursting or tonic modes and that the proportion of neurons firing in

233 ion processing in output targets, as well as tonic modulations within and between trials that were di

234 ly due to defective nervous system function, tonic muscle stimulation causes rapid pumping, suggestin

235 holinergic motor neuron stimulation, but not tonic muscle stimulation, triggers pumps that electrophy

236 rats moved from one environment to another, tonic neuron ensemble activity exhibited prospective inf

237 ultaneously recorded pairs (n = 29) of burst-tonic neurons in the nucleus prepositus of rhesus macaqu

238 this is the case, then the ensemble of burst-tonic neurons should exhibit correlated activity.

239 s action requires simultaneous withdrawal of tonic neuropeptide Y (NPY) sympathoinhibition.

240 stimulation causes rapid pumping, suggesting tonic neurotransmitter release may regulate pumping.

241 gs reveal a suppressing action of Cplx3/4 on tonic neurotransmitter release, a facilitating action on

242 ive excitation in part by disinhibition of a tonic NMDA receptor-mediated input arising from ON bipol

243 y role in synaptic plasticity, but excessive tonic NMDAR activation mediates excitotoxicity associate

244 sulfate, pregnanolone hemipimelate, inhibits tonic NMDAR currents without inhibiting the NMDAR compon

245 in 119 of these subjects unmasked a greater tonic opioid inhibition of cortisol secretion in women (

246 ogy, different clusters being affected under tonic or IFN-stimulated conditions, and the IFN signatur

247 In these same experiments, we did find that tonic or phasic patterns of stimulation caused mice to m

248 al diagnosis of primary BSP (19 patients had tonic orbicularis oculi (OO) spasms and 18 patients had

249 ntegration of eye velocity inputs to produce tonic outputs.

250 Spontaneous tonic pain and evoked allodynia can be experimentally di

251 euromodulation, we first combined tDCS and a tonic pain model with concurrent arterial spin labelling

252 ecreasing pain responses in formalin-induced tonic pain, in capsaicin-induced neurogenic pain, and no

253 oth p < 0.05), whereas the exploring and all tonic patterns failed to improve reaching.

254 und to respond to locomotion, with phasic or tonic patterns of response.

255 arousal, and depolarization during phasic or tonic periods of hyper-arousal.

256 Thus, tonic-phasic transitions in DA neuron firing in response

257 cid or an alanine at position 421, mimicking tonic phosphorylation (mHTT-S421D mice) or preventing ph

258 bset of human ALL that critically depends on tonic pre-BCR signaling.

259 Increasing the tonic rate from 1 to 6 Hz generated Ca(2+) signals up to

260 findings demonstrate that astrocytes provide tonic regulation of arterioles using resting intracellul

261 suggesting that it is a central node in the tonic regulation of cell responsiveness to GPCR stimulat

262 ts modulation, and its potential role in the tonic regulation of surrounding brain cells.

263 We conclude that the enhanced tonic release of d-serine from astrocytes after TBI unde

264 esent during phasic REM sleep but not during tonic REM sleep, the latter resembling relaxed wakefulne

265 en and nitrogen species, modulate phasic and tonic responses mediated by neuronal GABAA receptors thr

266 econd antennal segment and detect phasic and tonic rotations of the third antennal segment relative t

267 ues, both locally and systemically, requires tonic sensing of microbes and complex feedback loops bet

268 ribe the mechanisms involved and highlight a tonic SFK-mediated signalling that precedes pathogen enc

269 exhibits sustained responses that provide a tonic signal about incoming light patterns.

270 eased our understanding of how the amount of tonic signal impacts immune function, describing novel t

271 ng of monomeric IgG provides a low-intensity tonic signal through FcgammaRI that is necessary for ful

272 and the functional relevance of the observed tonic signaling heterogeneity remain open questions toda

273 n reward circuits or LATER processes through tonic signaling in control circuits.

274 atic maintenance of T cells is controlled by tonic signaling through T cell antigen receptors and com

275 ibution that occurs when NK cells shift from tonic signaling to acute cytokine-driven signaling, and

276 ype-specific upregulation of both phasic and tonic signaling with CIE, the latter of which persists i

277 , constitutive signaling in the basal state (tonic signaling).

278 sure, likely by a functional switch in local tonic signaling.

279 ward and toward a molecular understanding of tonic signaling.

280 for self, which in turn generates a range of tonic signaling.

281 ut the mechanistic and functional details of tonic signaling.

282 h ligand-induced and low-level constitutive (tonic) signaling necessary for immune cell survival.

283 h muscle of anococcygeus (ASM) vs. the truly tonic smooth muscle of IAS.

284 uded the following: nonwhite race/ethnicity; tonic spasms; coexisting autoimmunity; magnetic resonanc

285 Tonic spikes have similar somatic half-widths to late bu

286 haracterized dual firing modes: bursting and tonic spiking.

287 f the vaccine may not persist, and undefined tonic stimulation has been proposed to maintain the spec

288 First, continuous tonic stimulation maintained previously learned cue-rewa

289 Neither phasic nor tonic stimulation of dopaminergic VTA-PFC projections el

290 re constantly exposed may be responsible for tonic stimulation.

291 e-stimulation but is maintained by low level tonic stimulation.

292 %) Incongruent blocks, presumably reflecting tonic suppression by proactive filtering mechanisms.

293 ite outgrowth, confirming the role of M1R in tonic suppression of axonal plasticity.

294 Furthermore, we found that the tonic sympatho-inhibition of BDNF was withdrawn in the C

295 study provides the first evidence showing a tonic sympatho-inhibitory role for brain-derived neurotr

296 dorsiflexors in the absence and presence of tonic synaptic inhibition delivered to tibialis anterior

297 We have previously shown that the resulting tonic TCR signaling also influences their fate upon acti

298 l pupillary constriction to darkness, benign tonic upgaze of infancy, congenital fibrosis syndrome, a

299 emonstrate that ipRGCs are a major source of tonic visual information within the retina and exert wid

300 ical role for endogenous synaptic as well as tonic zinc in inhibiting extrasynaptic NMDARs and thereb