ライフサイエンスコーパス: tonically

1 rkA, on the other hand, causes cells to fire tonically.

2 adaptation and causing these neurons to fire tonically.

3 action potentials, while a neuron is firing tonically.

4 hibitory in neurons that are induced to fire tonically.

5 y distributed "primary" motoneurons all fire tonically.

6 However, DLSC neurons began firing tonically 1-2 s before the onset of the wild running beh

7 RGCs, indicating that ambient levels of GABA tonically activate GABA(A) receptors in SACs.

8 Unlike orthosteric ligands, which tonically activate or inhibit signalling, allosteric lig

9 he inhibitory force in the amygdala and that tonically activated alpha3 GABA(A)Rs present an importan

10 We found that SK channels are tonically activated and contribute to the resting membra

11 In young cortical cultures, GluN2B and BRAG1 tonically activated Arf6.

12 e dentate gyrus of the adult hippocampus are tonically activated by ambient GABA (gamma-aminobutyric

13 Extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors that are tonically activated by ambient GABA are important for co

14 that P2X3 receptors on sensory nerves may be tonically activated by ATP released from nearby damaged

15 ated rats, indicating that CB2 receptors are tonically activated by endocannabinoids.

16 Furthermore, A1Rs are tonically activated by endogenous adenosine (eADO), lead

17 extrasynaptic NMDARs when all receptors are tonically activated by exogenous glutamate.

18 ments of the aristae, whereas the latter are tonically activated by unidirectional, static deflection

19 at -23 mV, consistent with the properties of tonically activated IH.

20 We found that GABA(A) receptors are tonically activated in GFAP-expressing cells, consistent

21 aused hyperthermia, suggesting that TRPV1 is tonically activated in vivo and that TRPV1 antagonism an

22 The initial stress tonically activated LC neurons and induced theta oscilla

23 The synaptic KARs are regulated by tonically activated mGluR5, and expression of EPSC(KA) L

24 ails over the facilitatory action of weakly, tonically activated nAChRs in other glutamatergic fibers

25 al slice, the inhibitory action of strongly, tonically activated nAChRs in some glutamatergic fibers

26 litation of synaptic transmission by weakly, tonically activated nAChRs just enough to override inhib

27 t enough to override inhibition by strongly, tonically activated nAChRs.

28 gical agents capable of selectively blocking tonically activated NMDARs while leaving synaptically ac

29 lso many examples of force being reduced, in tonically activated preparations, without a fall in stea

30 T and VP neurons, revealing the existence of tonically activated presynaptic KARs that are positively

31 in mice disrupts signaling through Tie-2, a tonically activated receptor tyrosine kinase in the endo

32 sically activated receptors while inhibiting tonically activated receptors.

33 We propose that modulation of tonically activated synaptic-type GABAA receptors contri

34 on, HFPOs prolonged expiratory time (TE) and tonically activated the genioglossus muscle EMG.

35 more, we found that mGluRs and GABA(B)Rs are tonically activated, thus setting the basal tone for EPS

36 through the AWC olfactory neurons: High CO2 tonically activates AWC by a cGMP-dependent mechanism, a

37 Ambient GABA in the brain tonically activates extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors, and

38 Surgical exposure of the spinal cord tonically activates this inhibition and masks the dynami

39 firing patterns in adult neural circuits by tonically activating extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors.

40 2-sensing neurons drive arousal at 21% O2 by tonically activating the RMG interneurons.

41 -2, 3-dione, most inspiratory neurons became tonically active (72%; n = 25, non-pacemaker).

42 eural control of the cerebral circulation is tonically active and likely plays a significant role in

43 These channels are tonically active and mediate an inward, Na+-dependent cu

44 reover, GABAergic SNr projection neurons are tonically active and project to the thalamus and brainst

45 iginating in cortical brain centres) and the tonically active arterial baroreflex contribute importan

46 antagonist motoneurone pools usually become tonically active but may also continue to be rhythmic.

47 Evidence for tonically active CB1 receptors was seen as enhanced toni

48 The tonically active cholinergic input to rRPa originates ca

49 We conclude that a tonically active cholinergic input to the rRPa inhibits

50 Tonically active cholinergic interneurons in the striatu

51 orally contingent cessation of firing of the tonically active cholinergic interneurons to the output

52 spiny neurons connected with other MSNs and tonically active cholinergic interneurons, but not with

53 characteristic spike sequences described for tonically active cholinergic neurons (TANs) recorded in

54 endence of NMDA receptor channel activity on tonically active CKII thus permits changes in intracellu

55 Fourth, silencing the tonically active DSIs after a swim motor program substan

56 ings revealed that expiratory neurons become tonically active during anoxia, indicating that these ne

57 Furthermore, synchronous inhibition of tonically active GPe-STN neurons or phasic activity of G

58 tion and inactivation curves, decreasing the tonically active I(A) near the resting potential and cau

59 was found to be constitutively produced and tonically active in cell replication, with neutralizatio

60 ct in sham rats, indicating that the CSAR is tonically active in CHF and contributes to cardiac dysfu

61 e experiments suggested that m-aconitase was tonically active in PNT2-C2 cells.

62 cogen synthase kinase-3 is a Ser/Thr kinase, tonically active in resting cells but inhibited by phosp

63 hat the endogenous cannabinoid system may be tonically active in the control of tremor and spasticity

64 ative opioid peptide, [Met5]enkephalin, is a tonically active inhibitory growth molecule that is term

65 Together, these data suggest that tonically active inhibitory mGluRs are expressed on loca

66 We consider how cholinergic tonically active interneurons (TANs) may endow the stria

67 urons (iSPNs) and to excess phasic firing of tonically active interneurons (TANs).

68 egulated around a new physiological range by tonically active interneurons and returns to normal upon

69 ine regulation of acetylcholine release from tonically active interneurons contributes to CPD, PPP, l

70 r critical for basal ganglia function; these tonically active interneurons receive excitatory inputs

71 n outward potassium current or blockade of a tonically active inward I(h) current in different groups

72 t muscimol and the GABAB agonist baclofen on tonically active medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) neurone

73 Interruption of tonically active medullo-spinal pathways after injury ca

74 ratory phasic muscle], tensor palatini [TP-a tonically active muscle]) and potential stimuli (i.e., e

75 pable of executing large changes and smaller tonically active muscles specialized for continuous fine

76 with the OGF receptor (OGFr) and serves as a tonically active negative growth factor in cell prolifer

77 Similarly, the noise correlation between tonically active neuron pairs was stronger in the putame

78 ons (MSNs), presumed projection neurons] and tonically active neurons (presumed cholinergic interneur

79 In primates, tonically active neurons (putative cholinergic interneur

80 Tonically active neurons (TANs) are known for their resp

81 Here we show that VMS tonically active neurons (TANs), including putative chol

82 Tonically active neurons (TANs), the presumed striatal c

83 Tonically active neurons (TANs)--presumably, striatal ch

84 Pe)], and one neuromodulator group [striatal tonically active neurons (TANs)] from behaving monkeys.

85 Striatal cholinergic interneurons are tonically active neurons and respond to sensory stimuli

86 in vitro pause in firing of these otherwise tonically active neurons and to the striatal dopamine/ac

87 Upon examining the responses of tonically active neurons in behaving primates, we found

88 n vitro were indistinguishable from those of tonically active neurons recorded in vivo.

89 nhibition of SupV BPNs identifies a group of tonically active neurons that function to lower masseter

90 osed mechanism for adjusting control through tonically active neurons that inhibit movement-producing

91 Cholinergic interneurons, or tonically active neurons, become responsive to the CS an

92 ons (DANs) and striatal cholinergic neurons (tonically active neurons, TANs) participate in signallin

93 gs are contrasted with results from striatal tonically active neurons, which show none of these task-

94 in vitro pairwise recordings of rat striatal tonically active neurons.

95 eurons (CINs) are thought to be identical to tonically active neurons.

96 We find that inhibitory transmission from tonically active PCs can transmit a behavioral rate code

97 onses of second-order retinal neurons at the tonically active photoreceptor synapse.

98 ulation of contraction and suggest that in a tonically active smooth muscle CaP may function as a sig

99 Ribbon synapses are tonically active synapses in the retina and inner ear wi

100 1)-like effects were also inhibited when the tonically active TRPC3 channels were inhibited by intrac

101 nsors are both activated by CO(2) and remain tonically active while high CO(2) persists.

102 mGluR antagonists indicated that mGluRs are tonically active, and are highly sensitive to small elev

103 THIK-1 is tonically active, and its activity is potentiated by P2Y

104 alin, termed opioid growth factor (OGF) is a tonically active, autocrine-produced inhibitory molecule

105 We describe a novel tonically active, bicuculline-sensitive chloride conduct

106 Here, we present evidence for a unique, tonically active, excitatory interneuron in the songbird

107 KEY POINTS: A tonically active, muscarinic cholinergic inhibition of r

108 ocated nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) that are tonically active, potentiated glutamatergic or GABA-ergi

109 ogenous opioid is present and functions as a tonically active, receptor-mediated, negative growth fac

110 physiological conditions, MaxiK channels are tonically active, serving as a hyperpolarizing force tha

111 t a subset of presynaptic GABA receptors are tonically active.

112 roportion of the conductance was found to be tonically active.

113 olinergic inputs to the PMN, if any, are not tonically active.

114 de, demonstrating that this receptor is also tonically active.

115 r neurons are normally rhythmically, and not tonically active.

116 ns, and some PV+ and NOS+ interneurons, were tonically active; NOS+ interneurons fired prominent burs

117 units (n = 22) discharged action potentials tonically after being recruited, whereas others (n = 31)

118 oing motion of the visual target, displaying tonically altered discharge rates for as long as it was

119 OS activity in vascular endothelial cells is tonically and dynamically regulated by competitive inter

120 not appear to contribute to these processes tonically and exert relatively little restraint on IMMO-

121 s major role is to facilitate motor activity tonically and phasically in association with motivated b

122 (i.e., field effect) inhibitions functioned tonically and phasically, respectively.

123 ntrol slices, 74/76 (97%) of STN cells fired tonically at a rate of 10.3 +/- 1.3 Hz.

124 ribbon synapses, where glutamate is released tonically at high levels and rapid vesicle turnover is e

125 If glutamate were present tonically at low micromolar concentrations, many recepto

126 hat this region contained neurons that fired tonically at low rates (2-4 Hz) during waking, decreased

127 Raising [H(+)]i tonically at one end of a myocyte evoked a local [Ca(2+)

128 NPY axons innervating hypocretin neurons may tonically attenuate hypocretin-regulated arousal.

129 The data indicate that nNOS in MD tonically attenuates the GFR-lowering influence of ambie

130 hanges in limb haemodynamics are mediated by tonically augmented sympathetic alpha-adrenergic vasocon

131 Unactivated PAR1 cycles tonically between the cell surface and an intracellular

132 ng cells with blebbistatin or calyculin A to tonically block or augment, respectively, myosin II acti

133 It tonically blocks L-type channels in the inner pore with

134 imethoxyphenyl)furan-2-carboxamide (A803467) tonically blocks T-type channels in the low micromolar r

135 e activity of many DRN neurons was modulated tonically by the expected reward size with either large-

136 y, the activity of DRN neurons was modulated tonically by the received reward size with either large-

137 mate temporally between motor neuron bursts, tonically contract, and low-pass filter broad-band input

138 pha sensory neurons encode heat and itch and tonically cross-inhibit cold-responsive spinal neurons.

139 Our data show that by tonically dampening the levels of cAMP within the GABAer

140 hways, through which the FOXO1 target Fam65b tonically dampens chemokine-induced migration by repress

141 hypothesis holds that optimal states exhibit tonically depolarized cortical neurons with enhanced spi

142 omatosensory cortex in vitro, and found that tonically depolarized FS-FS and SOM-FS pairs connected b

143 Cells with exclusively AHP responses are tonically depolarized.

144 t PNs and local neurons (LNs) and indirectly tonically depolarizes tertiary Kenyon cells (KCs).

145 lobe, and that spontaneous activity in ORNs tonically depolarizes the resting membrane potentials of

146 y before a motor task and others only active tonically during holding phase of the task.

147 ity during the POC-triggered rhythm but fire tonically during the VCN-triggered rhythm.

148 ognitive activity, but is unable to do so at tonically elevated noradrenergic levels associated with

149 obstruction, the activity of LC neurons was tonically elevated.

150 bability of reward, whereas anterior neurons tonically encoded possibility of reward.

151 Tonically enhanced dopamine levels may disturb working m

152 Neurons that were tonically excited during the task predominantly carried

153 ndicate that dendritically released dopamine tonically excites SNr GABA neurons via D(1)-D(5) recepto

154 rent with the transformation of the immature tonically firing cells to those with the trimodal patter

155 A new measure of excitability of tonically firing neurones termed the 'estimated potentia

156 In tonically firing neurones, a stimulus consisting of EPSP

157 neurons are intrinsically chemosensitive and tonically firing neurons whose respiratory rhythmicity i

158 ivity in which they continuously cycle among tonically firing, bursting, and silent modes.

159 ity pattern generated by the cell as silent, tonically firing, or bursting.

160 standard Hodgkin-Huxley model) that can fire tonically for steady inputs.

161 A few afferents responded tonically for the duration of the sound stimulus.

162 itions may indicate that it is also secreted tonically from human bronchiolar Clara cells.

163 in central terminals of peripheral afferents tonically generate glutamate release in NTS at 37 degree

164 d to induce LTD and not merely to maintain a tonically heightened activity level of AMPA receptors as

165 eformations significantly more damaging than tonically held deformations.

166 A tonically high level of brain arousal and its hyperstabl

167 hat the cortico-striatal-thalamic circuit is tonically hyperactive in mutants, but becomes hypoactive

168 noxious heat, suggesting that dopamine acts tonically in the cortex to inhibit nociception.

169 contrasts with Ca(v)2.2a channels, which are tonically in the R state and exhibit strong prepulse fac

170 d Ca(v)2.2a channels with beta subunits were tonically in the R state.

171 channels containing Ca(v)beta subunits were tonically in the W state, whereas Ca(v)2.1 channels with

172 holinergic interneurons fire irregularly but tonically in vivo.

173 onditions, excessive activation of NMDARs by tonically increased ambient glutamate contributes to exc

174 II disrupted electrical activity rhythms and tonically increased Bmal1 mRNA.

175 iated spiking in thalamus, this manipulation tonically increased the firing rate of thalamic relay ne

176 aying the offset of the Per2 mRNA rhythm and tonically increasing mRNA stability.

177 rn suggests that, when active, these neurons tonically inhibit appetitive and consummatory behaviors

178 o constitutively activate receptors, did not tonically inhibit calcium currents, indicating a lack of

179 In agreement with the idea that D(2)Rs tonically inhibit GABA release from these neurons, stimu

180 hat TRPV1 channels located outside the brain tonically inhibit locomotor activity.

181 amma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and enkephalin tonically inhibit neurons within the RVLM.

182 ulla (CVLM) contains GABAergic neurones that tonically inhibit presympathetic RVLM neurones and are e

183 easing the basal firing of NAcS neurons that tonically inhibit reward seeking.

184 tion and in response to adiponectin, B cells tonically inhibit T cell trafficking by secreting a pept

185 reducing the activity of RtN neurons, which tonically inhibit thalamic relay neurons.

186 PO provide parallel inhibitory pathways that tonically inhibit the DMH/DHA and the RMR at baseline, a

187 Rs in satellite cells of dorsal root ganglia tonically inhibit the expression of P2X3Rs in neurons.

188 o test the hypothesis that cardiac receptors tonically inhibit the secretion of renin, arginine vasop

189 f the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) tonically inhibit the target nuclei of the basal ganglia

190 almost all cases, synaptic transmission was tonically inhibited by adenosine acting via A1 receptors

191 ts indicate that COX-2 expression in situ is tonically inhibited by adrenal steroids, and COX-2 is re

192 Our findings suggest that epidermal TRPV3 is tonically inhibited by both extracellular and intracellu

193 anterior lobe (AL) of the pituitary gland is tonically inhibited by dopamine (DA) of hypothalamic ori

194 ified by the GAD67 promoter-driven EGFP, are tonically inhibited by glycine or GABA in a regionally d

195 r stimulation, but in resting cells, eNOS is tonically inhibited by its interactions with caveolin, t

196 ion and macrophage-mediated inflammation are tonically inhibited by NO --> VASP signal transduction,

197 under basal conditions, adrenal signaling is tonically inhibited by NPY, but stress overrides this au

198 f stressed rats were activated by reward and tonically inhibited by reward omission with incorrect ch

199 t, LC neurons of stress-naive rats were only tonically inhibited by reward omission.

200 in which the pituitary hormone prolactin is tonically inhibited by tuberoinfundibular dopamine (TIDA

201 sexes, with its activation in females being tonically inhibited by VNO signaling, independent of adu

202 Neurons that were tonically inhibited during the task predominantly carrie

203 to the sustained activation of eNMDARs that tonically inhibited IA , contributing in turn to higher

204 in the sustained activation of eNMDARs that tonically inhibited IA and contributed also to higher on

205 The Ca2+ current was tonically inhibited in neurons expressing the mutant K19

206 Cells expressing Gbeta(1)gamma(2) were tonically inhibited via the VD pathway.

207 he executive neurons driving egg-laying, are tonically inhibited when CO2 is elevated.

208 tides function in wound healing, and exert a tonically inhibitory influence at the receptor level on

209 The ON pathway, blocked by L-AP-4, tonically inhibits an OFF cell at mean luminance and pha

210 volving residues 120-129 of unoccupied Eallo tonically inhibits Ecat; (b) binding of an activating FA

211 that alpha-MSH signalling transduced by Mc4r tonically inhibits feeding; however, it is not known to

212 lated feeding, implying that endogenous apoE tonically inhibits food intake.

213 ed that activation of a genetic program that tonically inhibits intimal cell death is a necessary con

214 existence of an endogenous KOR-1 system that tonically inhibits mesoaccumbal DA neurotransmission.

215 K activation, suggesting that COX-2 activity tonically inhibits MMP-1 production via ERK inhibition b

216 Thus, endogenous MHCI tonically inhibits NMDAR function and controls downstrea

217 trol of LSNA, indicating that endogenous NPY tonically inhibits PVN presympathetic neurons.

218 at mutant htt increases the risk of death by tonically interfering with homeostatic coping mechanisms

219 Additional analysis revealed that tonically internalized TPbeta undergoes recycling back t

220 Protein kinase A (PKA) is thought to tonically maintain an enhanced level of postsynaptic AMP

221 g is also indexed by neural activity that is tonically maintained throughout a study task.

222 Endocannabinoids did not tonically modify EPSCs.

223 g the question of whether endogenous opioids tonically modulate the pain of visceral cancer.

224 ain-sensing (nociceptive) sensory neurons is tonically modulated by growth factors in the glial cell

225 dy provides novel information that VACCs are tonically modulated by the intracellular Ca(2+) level an

226 smission, indicating that endogenous ligands tonically modulated synoptic activity at these synapses.

227 uggest that a CNS opioid-dependent mechanism tonically modulates early and late-stage pancreatic canc

228 se results provide evidence for SupV BPNs in tonically modulating jaw-closing muscle tone and in medi

229 Zn2+ tonically occupies the high-affinity binding site of NMD

230 The group II mGluRs were activated tonically on GABAergic, but not glutamatergic synapses,

231 elix 8 of the receptor; activation of AC2 is tonically opposed by protein kinase A (PKA)-activated PD

232 second receptor-GPR3 and/or GPR12 in mammals-tonically opposes the progesterone receptor.

233 t, the G beta gamma dimers, either expressed tonically or elevated via receptor activation, did not p

234 neurons are known to fire action potentials tonically or phasically under different behavioral condi

235 es, we found that expression of PD-1 in TIDC tonically paralyzed NF-kappaB activation.

236 a(2+) in neuroblasts, only GLU(K5) receptors tonically reduce the speed of neuroblast migration along

237 1) (in 13 fetuses, P < 0.001), indicating NO tonically reduces cerebral vascular tone.

238 und that extracellular, endogenous glutamate tonically reduces the rate of failures of GABAergic tran

239 rate by 30%, suggesting that endogenous GABA tonically reduces the speed of cell migration via GABA(A

240 r-activated receptors type-alpha (PPARalpha) tonically regulate beta2*-nAChRs and thereby control dop

241 increase DA, indicating that NMDA receptors tonically regulate DA release in these brain regions.

242 ATP acts in an autocrine/paracrine manner to tonically regulate ENaC in mammalian collecting duct.

243 calmodulin regulates the M-current, which is tonically regulated by CK2 and PP1 anchored to the KCNQ2

244 These itch-specific circuits are tonically regulated by inhibitory interneurons in the do

245 forearm basal microvascular tone in vivo is tonically regulated by neuronal NO synthase (nNOS), in c

246 uggesting that levels of galanin binding are tonically regulated by opioid receptors in that area.

247 s model, however, is how brain blood flow is tonically regulated independent of regional changes in a

248 fects inflammation in many types of tissues, tonically regulates microglial activation.

249 Our data indicate that casein kinase-1 tonically regulates NMDA receptor activity by interactin

250 Leukocytes migrating into injured tissues tonically release DAMPs, including the high mobility gro

251 formation is encoded by sensory neurons that tonically release neurotransmitter at high rates.

252 Cone photoreceptors tonically release neurotransmitter in the dark through a

253 etinal photoreceptors and second-order cells tonically release neurotransmitter.

254 Here, we report that in the dark, rods tonically release synaptic vesicles at a much slower rat

255 nerates a myogenic rhythm in the presence of tonically released acetylcholine, and suggest that the p

256 We propose: (i) that tonically released adenosine acting on A1 receptors redu

257 that under behaviorally relevant conditions tonically released DA acts mainly via D1 receptors to pr

258 also demonstrated that, like GABA, SDF-1 was tonically released in the DG and that GABAergic transmis

259 oked muscle vasoconstriction is modulated by tonically released NO, but not depressed by additional N

260 ggesting that these neurones were exposed to tonically released taurine/glycine.

261 Ribbon synapses of tonically releasing sensory neurons must provide a large

262 ctivity, and 7 of the 14 phasic units became tonically responsive.

263 e results indicate that alpha2-adrenoceptors tonically restrain NE synthesis, release, and turnover i

264 Substantia nigra dopamine neurons fire tonically resulting in action potential backpropagation

265 We report that eNOS is tonically S-nitrosylated in resting bovine aortic endoth

266 ar transplantation of non-mitotic cells that tonically secrete 5-HT and brain-derived neurotrophic fa

267 room the rat was in; nearly all neurons were tonically selective for environments in a way that depen

268 gonism arises from the requirement that BCL2 tonically sequester proapoptotic BIM in CLL.

269 urs not only in bursting neurons but also in tonically spiking neurons.

270 iated disruption of endophilin function in a tonically stimulated synapse leads to a block in the inv

271 but not NK3, receptors within the SN may be tonically stimulated.

272 tatory current (termed tonic I(NMDA)), which tonically stimulates neuronal activity.

273 the brain, by tonically suppressing DDC and tonically stimulating 5-HTPDC.

274 tors other than type 1 or 2 AngII receptors, tonically support sympathetic nerve activity.

275 We conclude that endocannabinoids tonically suppress cardiac contractility in hypertension

276 two inhibitory kinases (WEE1 and MYT1) that tonically suppress CDK2 and CDC2 activity and activation

277 at TRPV1-mediated signals from the periphery tonically suppress the general locomotor activity.

278 Last, GABA neurotransmission was found to be tonically suppressed in cocaine-extinguished rats.

279 We report that mTOR is tonically suppressed in rat hippocampus under resting co

280 , which accumulates as adenosine, astrocytes tonically suppressed synaptic transmission, thereby enha

281 n autocrine loop by which PTPRZ1 activity is tonically suppressed.

282 Our findings suggest that CK1 tonically suppresses NMDAR activity in the PVN by reduci

283 e demonstrated that this neuronal population tonically suppresses splanchnic SNA (SSNA), arterial pre

284 thesis of dopamine and 5-HT in the brain, by tonically suppressing DDC and tonically stimulating 5-HT

285 anolone sulfate is more potent at inhibiting tonically than synaptically activated NMDARs.

286 These properties are akin to setting tonically the excitation and inhibition balance.

287 Together, the RVLM phosphatase activity acts tonically to attenuate the ERK-dependent pressor effect

288 t respond phasically and others that respond tonically to femorotibial movements.

289 in-expressing (PV+) interneurons and respond tonically to GABA released from these neurons.

290 We found that endocannabinoids act tonically to regulate AMPA miniature postsynaptic curren

291 e quiescent neural stem cells (RGLs) respond tonically to the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric aci

292 2.2b to E as in Ca(v)2.2a converts Ca(v)2.2b tonically to the R state, insensitive to further G prote

293 eurons increased or decreased their activity tonically until the reward was delivered, for both ipsiv

294 channels (VDCCs), including the N-type, are tonically up-regulated via Ras/mitogen-activated protein

295 ly, group III mGluRs, although not activated tonically, were present on excitatory, but not inhibitor

296 Cells fire tonically when depolarized, as during waking.

297 fRG neurons encode pH linearly and discharge tonically when disconnected from the rest of the respira

298 hese interneurons and to cause them to spike tonically while recorded intracellularly.

299 enhance spontaneous neurotransmitter release tonically with minimal extracellular Ca(2+) or with majo

300 Ribbon synapses release neurotransmitters tonically, with a high release rate made possible by con