ライフサイエンスコーパス: toxigenic

1 isolates that the other assays identified as toxigenic.

2 es from both PUD and gastritis patients were toxigenic (35/46 and 29/35, respectively).

3 merase chain reaction was used to analyze 50 toxigenic, 39 nontoxigenic, and 2 toxin-defective isolat

4 Vesicles from the more toxigenic 60190 strain contain more VacA (s1i1 type) tha

5 etinal pigmented cells, transgenic mice with toxigenic ablation of neural crest-derived melanocytes h

6 emination of the PA- mutant, suggesting that toxigenic action occurs in close proximity to secreting

7 In addition, another potentially toxigenic algal species, Pseudo-nitzschia, was present a

8 Subjects positive for C. difficile by toxigenic anaerobic culture were asked to submit additio

9 Relative to toxigenic anaerobic culture, the sensitivity, specificit

10 concordance with those of the Elek test: 87 toxigenic and 158 nontoxigenic isolates.

11 We found that toxigenic and atoxigenic isolates employ distinct mechan

12 76 with non-toxigenic strains, 12 with both toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains (non-concurrently),

13 Likewise, the studies showed that toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of C. difficile diff

14 which regions of vacA were exchanged between toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains.

15 thods for detecting alterations within both, toxigenic and nontoxigenic C. difficile strains after va

16 Toxigenic and nontoxigenic P. multocida isolates cannot

17 The expression of fpn by both toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains suggests that this pr

18 llowed for the rapid differentiation between toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains.

19 ant proportions of C. difficile in swine are toxigenic and often are associated with antimicrobial re

20 We examined transcriptomes of three toxigenic and three atoxigenic isolates of A. flavus in

21 reduction is found in colonisation with non-toxigenic and toxigenic strains.

22 Both toxigenic and weak toxigenic strains gave clear and repr

23 trains of V. cholerae, including attenuated, toxigenic, and environmental isolates.

24 t mice were challenged with nonencapsulated, toxigenic B. anthracis or with anthrax toxins.

25 of B. anthracis infection using infusion of toxigenic B. anthracis Sterne 34F2 bacteria (5 x 10(5) t

26 FT), we studied the expression of bft in non-toxigenic B. fragilis (NTBF) strains.

27 gonucleotide probes specific for each bft to toxigenic B.fragilis strains revealed that 51 and 49% of

28 A and B genes by PCR, and only two contained toxigenic bacteria.

29 Toxigenic bacterial culture was performed as follows.

30 utralization assay (CCCNA), and to anaerobic toxigenic bacterial culture, as the "gold standard," for

31 omated sample-to-result molecular test, to a toxigenic bacterial culture/cell cytotoxin neutralizatio

32 The toxigenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae belonging to the O1

33 ted with human fecal material containing the toxigenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.

34 B. anthracis Ames and more like those of the toxigenic but nonencapsulated B. anthracis Sterne.

35 We noted no increase in mortality when toxigenic C difficile alone was present.

36 Cytotoxigenic culture detects toxigenic C difficile and gives a positive result more f

37 mark, we found that asymptomatic carriers of toxigenic C difficile in hospitals increase risk of infe

38 itals in Denmark, screening all patients for toxigenic C difficile in the intestine upon admittance,

39 four (79%) were not colonized, 40 (15%) had toxigenic C. difficile (TCD), and 15 (6%) had nontoxigen

40 n the evaluation of new diagnostic tests for toxigenic C. difficile (where the best reference standar

41 alternative FDA-cleared molecular tests for toxigenic C. difficile (Xpert C. difficile, Illumigene C

42 levated pMK2 correlated with the presence of toxigenic C. difficile among 100 patient stool samples s

43 We compared the Portrait Toxigenic C. difficile Assay, a new semiautomated sample

44 s significantly more sensitive for detecting toxigenic C. difficile bacteria than cytotoxin neutraliz

45 f each index case with CDI were screened for toxigenic C. difficile by culturing rectal swabs.

46 13 (16.5%) of 683 subjects were positive for toxigenic C. difficile by direct toxigenic culture, and

47 ating and/or isolating patients positive for toxigenic C. difficile by PCR but negative for in vivo t

48 ecutive stool samples (n = 312) positive for toxigenic C. difficile by the GeneXpert C. difficile/Epi

49 Toxigenic C. difficile culture was performed on the 12 d

50 tients, perirectal swabs provide an accurate toxigenic C. difficile detection strategy.

51 nd to toxigenic culture for the detection of toxigenic C. difficile directly from fecal specimens.

52 We typed 350 isolates of toxigenic C. difficile from 2008 to 2009 from seven labo

53 when the reference standard was recovery of toxigenic C. difficile from stool plus the presence of c

54 quired to confirm the presence or absence of toxigenic C. difficile in GDH-positive/CDT-negative spec

55 ve (both tests negative) for the presence of toxigenic C. difficile in less than 30 min and with mini

56 ted by laboratory data, and the detection of toxigenic C. difficile in stool does not necessarily con

57 and easy-to use assays for the detection of toxigenic C. difficile in stool specimens.

58 In addition to sensitively detecting toxigenic C. difficile in stool, on-demand PCR may also

59 In addition to the infection due to toxigenic C. difficile in the gastrointestinal tract of

60 rapid, and accurate method for detection of toxigenic C. difficile in unformed stool specimens and i

61 say an important advance in the diagnosis of toxigenic C. difficile infection.

62 s performed on DNA samples isolated from 199 toxigenic C. difficile isolates (31% BI/NAP1) from 2001

63 Prodesse ProGastro Cd assay did detect more toxigenic C. difficile isolates than the CCCNA.

64 Toxigenic C. difficile isolates were cultured from stool

65 te CCNA testing detects an additional 23% of toxigenic C. difficile missed by direct CCNA.

66 The optimal approach for the detection of toxigenic C. difficile remains controversial because no

67 is negative but a high clinical suspicion of toxigenic C. difficile remains, (ii) in the evaluation o

68 el to the donor strain, demonstrating that a toxigenic C. difficile strain is capable of converting a

69 Cdiff assay was more sensitive in detecting toxigenic C. difficile than the Tox A/B II assay (P < 0.

70 ive and specific method for the detection of toxigenic C. difficile that can provide same-day results

71 Toxigenic C. difficile was detected in 6.0% (27/451) aft

72 Transmission was defined as possible if toxigenic C. difficile was detected in contacts, as prob

73 The "gold standard" for toxigenic C. difficile was detection of C. difficile by

74 tivity of the GDH-Q as a screening test, and toxigenic C. difficile was found in 1.9% of 211 GDH-Q-ne

75 eadout, creating a manual assay that detects toxigenic C. difficile with high sensitivity and specifi

76 in EIA was sufficiently sensitive to exclude toxigenic C. difficile, and combining EIAs with CYT in a

77 re GDH positive, 866 of 1447 (60%) contained toxigenic C. difficile, and fecal toxin was detected in

78 a suggest that the PaLoc is highly stable in toxigenic C. difficile, nontoxigenic isolates lack the u

79 ents screened, 314 (10.4%) were positive for toxigenic C. difficile, of whom 226 (7.5%) were detected

80 ed to anaerobic culture for the detection of toxigenic C. difficile, the Prodesse ProGastro Cd assay

81 ive method for highly sensitive detection of toxigenic C. difficile.

82 e confounded by asymptomatic colonization by toxigenic C. difficile.

83 88 were determined to be true positives for toxigenic C. difficile.

84 The toxigenic C. diphtheriae isolate NCTC13129 produces thre

85 t a potential reservoir for the emergence of toxigenic C. diphtheriae strains if they possessed funct

86 Toxigenic C. diphtheriae was isolated from five members

87 herefore represent a potential reservoir for toxigenic C. diphtheriae.

88 y might be of assistance for differentiating toxigenic C. jejuni from C. coli in clinical laboratorie

89 In vitro, cells were infected with toxigenic cag-positive or nontoxigenic cag-negative stra

90 During coculture, wild-type, toxigenic, cagA-positive H. pylori induced both apoptosi

91 the hamsters were given 100 spores of 1 of 3 toxigenic CD strains previously shown to cause mortality

92 preventing CDAD in hamsters challenged with toxigenic CD strains, which suggests that use of a probi

93 trains for preventing CDAD after exposure to toxigenic CD.

94 erful approach for addressing this question, toxigenic cell ablation of specific subpopulations, has

95 tbreak in southeastern China was caused by a toxigenic clone of S. mitis.

96 have suggested that asymptomatic carriers of toxigenic Clostridium difficile are a source of hospital

97 ATs) are reliable tools for the detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile from unformed (liquid or

98 dentify and isolate asymptomatic carriers of toxigenic Clostridium difficile has been limited by the

99 ences, San Diego, CA) tests for detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in 459 stool samples (9.

100 zation assay (TBC/CCNA) for the detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in 549 stool specimens.

101 s gut microbiota, which consequently enables toxigenic Clostridium difficile species to proliferate a

102 rate a physical map of the chromosome of the toxigenic Clostridium difficile strain ATCC 43594.

103 Toxigenic Clostridium difficile strains produce two toxi

104 rrin was measured in 112 patients tested for toxigenic Clostridium difficile using glutamate dehydrog

105 ibrio cholerae, Yersinia enterocolitica, and toxigenic Clostridium difficile), parasites (Giardia lam

106 cted 17 (68%) of 25 asymptomatic carriers of toxigenic Clostridium difficile, including 93% with skin

107 two-step algorithm for optimal detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile.

108 to 15% of healthy adults are colonized with toxigenic Clostridium difficile.

109 evaluated a two-step algorithm for detecting toxigenic Clostridium difficile: an enzyme immunoassay f

110 Toxigenic Clostridium sordellii causes uncommon but high

111 This toxigenic conversion of V. cholerae has evident implicat

112 ost-to-host phage transmission can result in toxigenic conversion within the secondary host.

113 Human infections caused by toxigenic corynebacteria occur sporadically across Europ

114 In total, there were 20 cases of toxigenic corynebacteria; 12 (60.0%) were caused by Cory

115 ne focus of continued circulation of endemic toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae has been identifie

116 at approximately 4% of them were infected by toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae of both mitis and

117 Toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains cause diph

118 When 23 toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains, 9 nontoxi

119 Despite high population immunity, occasional toxigenic corynebacterium strains are identified in Engl

120 ogical and molecular characterization of all toxigenic corynebacterium strains isolated in England be

121 We report that some toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans strains show atypical

122 patient with cutaneous diphtheria caused by toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans who developed a right

123 in the number of human infections caused by toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans.

124 cholera epidemic, we isolated two novel non-toxigenic (ctxA/B-negative) Vibrio cholerae O1.

125 fficile, and Illumigene C. difficile and for toxigenic culture (P was <0.01 for all except Tox A/B II

126 ficile by toxin enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and toxigenic culture (TC).

127 lex; assays that detect toxigenic organisms (toxigenic culture [TC] and nucleic acid amplification te

128 imens with discrepant results were tested by toxigenic culture as an independent "gold standard." Of

129 Using toxigenic culture as the "gold standard", the sensitivit

130 ard cell culture neutralization assay and to toxigenic culture for the detection of toxigenic C. diff

131 ve by using the combined direct and enriched toxigenic culture method (reference method), for a preva

132 esults of combined direct and broth-enriched toxigenic culture methods in a large, multicenter clinic

133 patients, PCR, glutamate dehydrogenase, and toxigenic culture results converted to negative at simil

134 Anaerobic toxigenic culture was done by heating an additional 1.0

135 Toxigenic culture was performed for 41 samples with disc

136 When toxigenic culture was used as the "gold standard," the s

137 Toxigenic culture was used as the reference method for d

138 ive value, and negative predictive value for toxigenic culture were 94.7, 98.6, 87.1, and 99.5%, resp

139 d forty-three patients with CDI confirmed by toxigenic culture were evaluated in this study.

140 cytotoxicity testing of the isolates (i.e., toxigenic culture with enrichment) and the study sites'

141 Compared to results for toxigenic culture with enrichment, the sensitivity, spec

142 the genes associated with toxin production ("toxigenic culture").

143 ositive for toxigenic C. difficile by direct toxigenic culture, and 141 of 682 subjects were positive

144 by toxigenic culture, five were positive by toxigenic culture, and seven were not available for furt

145 The testing methodologies, including toxigenic culture, cell cytotoxicity, antigen detection,

146 Of these, two were negative by toxigenic culture, five were positive by toxigenic cultu

147 toxin B genes, glutamate dehydrogenase, and toxigenic culture, from positive to negative during CDI

148 Thus, in comparison to the sensitivity of toxigenic culture, the sensitivities of the toxin immuno

149 Compared to enhanced toxigenic culture, the sensitivity and specificity of th

150 Compared to toxigenic culture, the sensitivity, specificity, and pos

151 the symptomatic carrier proportion among the toxigenic culture-positive cases was >80%.

152 ), all were determined to be positive by the toxigenic culture.

153 Discordant results were resolved by toxigenic culture.

154 nd in combination, were compared to those of toxigenic culture.

155 assay were compared to those of both PCR and toxigenic culture.

156 as 15.7% (n = 44) as determined by anaerobic toxigenic culture.

157 TOX-B] test; TechLab, Blacksburg, VA) and to toxigenic culture.

158 mpared to those for direct CCNA and enhanced toxigenic culture.

159 ncordant specimens were further evaluated by toxigenic culture.

160 ll three amplification assays or positive by toxigenic culture.

161 ity neutralization assay (CCNA) and enhanced toxigenic culture.

162 ifficile NAAT, and with a reference standard toxigenic culture.

163 10 patients were diagnosed with CDI based on toxigenic culture.

164 .7, 98.6, 87.1, and 99.5%, respectively, for toxigenic culture; 87.7, 98.6, 86.2, and 98.8%, respecti

165 pathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Shiga-toxigenic E. coli (STEC), also known as enterohemorrhagi

166 Since EPEC is genetically related to Shiga-toxigenic E. coli (STEC), we wondered whether the benefi

167 , enteropathogenic E. coli [EPEC], and Shiga-toxigenic E. coli [STEC]), Shigella/enteroinvasive E. co

168 opathogenic Escherichia coli(EPEC) and Shiga-toxigenic E. coli(STEC).

169 We found that superinfection of toxigenic El Tor strains with RS1varphi, followed by ino

170 The toxigenic element of Clostridium difficile VPI 10463 con

171 cholerae but were notably absent in all non-toxigenic environmental isolates that lacked the genes f

172 h diarrhea during the 2011 outbreak of Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) O104:H4 in Germany.

173 Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) use subtilase cytotoxi

174 xin (SubAB), produced by non-O157 type Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC), is an important virul

175 glets inoculated intragastrically with Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli but not in 29 controls.

176 intestinal lumen during infection with Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli must translocate across the e

177 Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli strains belonging to serotype

178 ium species, but appear to accommodate these toxigenic fungi differently from cultivated crops.

179 Infection of maize kernels by toxigenic fungi remains a challenging problem despite de

180 among the most important phytopathogenic and toxigenic fungi.

181 ed to prevent infection of growing plants by toxigenic fungi.

182 broad resistance to pathogens including the toxigenic fungus Fusarium graminearum.

183 Stachybotrys chartarum is a toxigenic fungus that has been associated with human hea

184 Stachybotrys chartarum is a toxigenic fungus that has been associated with human hea

185 rape infection by Penicillium, a potentially toxigenic fungus, is relevant to preserve grape quality

186 xfordshire, United Kingdom, identified eight toxigenic genotypes.

187 cillus anthracis (anthrax), a spore-forming, toxigenic gram-positive bacillus.

188 otobiotic piglets were colonized with either toxigenic H. pylori or a nontoxigenic isogenic mutant.

189 regulating metal ion concentrations in this toxigenic human pathogen.

190 The dramatic clinical manifestations of toxigenic infections such as cholera and diphtheria occu

191 rried C. difficile, with 11 (13%) carrying a toxigenic isolate.

192 Of 652 potentially toxigenic isolates >90-days after the study started, 128

193 In toxigenic isolates of Vibrio cholerae, tandem arrays of

194 Culture-positive toxigenic isolates served as the gold standard for compa

195 Consistently, nontoxigenic or toxigenic isolates that lack one, two, or all three pilu

196 amplicons were identified for tcdA-E in the toxigenic isolates; these were absent in the nontoxigeni

197 Our findings highlight the plausible toxigenic mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of NEC.

198 eloped provides a valuable tool for studying toxigenic microorganisms and may also find applications

199 ARAP3 EST impaired entry of PA and its bound toxigenic moieties into both human and mouse cells, resu

200 take and either lethal or edema factors, the toxigenic moieties.

201 idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage is caused by toxigenic mold has not been proven, and its cause remain

202 od safety problems connected to the onset of toxigenic moulds on the peanuts butter, slowed down cons

203 ts two nonpathogenic derivative strains: the toxigenic, nonencapsulated RA3R (pXO1(+) pXO2(-)) and th

204 c epithelial cells were infected with cag(+) toxigenic or cag(-) nontoxigenic strains of H. pylori or

205 Compared to methods that detect toxigenic organism, ultrasensitive toxin detection may a

206 icity assays too complex; assays that detect toxigenic organisms (toxigenic culture [TC] and nucleic

207 More toxigenic organisms increase the risk 11-fold, as does a

208 e PCR amplification protocol is specific for toxigenic P. multocida and can detect fewer than 100 bac

209 The results show that PCR detection of toxigenic P. multocida directly from clinical swab speci

210 f using PCR for accurate, rapid detection of toxigenic P. multocida from swabs was investigated.

211 d had a marked effect on the colonization of toxigenic P. multocida in the nasal cavities of pigs, wh

212 ophage was demonstrated in spent medium from toxigenic P. multocida isolates.

213 A, C, and D were inoculated with 1.4 x 10(8) toxigenic P. multocida organisms given by the intranasal

214 nomes of bacteriophages from three different toxigenic P. multocida strains had similar but not ident

215 assay for detection of B. bronchiseptica and toxigenic P. multocida that can be performed with a sing

216 required for a rapid direct specimen assay, toxigenic P. multocida was recovered efficiently from in

217 Bordetella bronchiseptica and toxigenic Pasteurella multocida are the etiologic agents

218 A more rapid, accurate method to detect toxigenic Pasteurella multocida is needed for improved c

219 d its wild relative A. flavus, a potentially toxigenic plant and animal pathogen [7].

220 ratios (replete N & P)appeared to select for toxigenic populations of Microcystis spp., whereas nonto

221 The rate of transmission of toxigenic, predominantly nonhypervirulent C. difficile,

222 generated either false-positive or negative toxigenic results, which may have caused inappropriate m

223 Attention to toxigenic S aureus in CTCL patients would be expected to

224 Among carriers of toxigenic S. aureus, a significantly lower percentage of

225 different sections and to identify selected toxigenic species of the Aspergillus and Fusarium genera

226 se up to 2-fold at day 3 post-infection with toxigenic Sterne 34F(2) strain, whereas VWF:CBA levels d

227 ed culture supernatant of a nonencapsulated, toxigenic strain (anthrax vaccine absorbed [AVA]) whose

228 : those of avian strain Pm70 and porcine non-toxigenic strain 3480.

229 When hamsters were challenged by toxigenic strain B1 on days 5, 7, or 9, M13 prevented CD

230 A in a non-toxigenic strain with vacA from a toxigenic strain confers full vacuolating activity provi

231 Only piglets given the toxigenic strain developed toxin-neutralizing antibodies

232 re iron deficient conditions (0.05 muM), the toxigenic strain grows slightly less than in iron-replet

233 No toxigenic strain hybridized with both probes.

234 The role of symptomatic patients who are toxigenic strain positive (TS+) but fecal toxin negative

235 ficile strain is capable of converting a non-toxigenic strain to a toxin producer by horizontal gene

236 of the gene compared to tcdB of the standard toxigenic strain VPI 10463.

237 Chromosomal replacement of vacA in a non-toxigenic strain with vacA from a toxigenic strain confe

238 Only 2 of 12 unique toxigenic strains (14%) were methicillin resistant.

239 bloom formation and promoting the growth of toxigenic strains (mcyE possessing).

240 enic strains, 12 with both toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains (non-concurrently), and nine with stra

241 bp GC-rich sequence which was not present in toxigenic strains and may represent a target sequence fo

242 treatment of C. difficile infections, as non-toxigenic strains are being tested as treatments in clin

243 between a toxin variant strain and standard toxigenic strains but no significant differences among t

244 nic derivatives can act as precursors of new toxigenic strains by acquiring the CTX prophage either t

245 strains of V. cholerae can be converted into toxigenic strains by CTXphi infection.

246 fragilis strains revealed that 51 and 49% of toxigenic strains contained the 86-5433-2-2 and VPI 1378

247 ficile possess both toxin genes, whereas non-toxigenic strains do not.

248 Both toxigenic and weak toxigenic strains gave clear and reproducible results.

249 m difficile-associated disease (CDAD) due to toxigenic strains is prevented in hamsters by colonizati

250 e, the studies showed that toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of C. difficile differ significantly i

251 conducted in this laboratory indicated that toxigenic strains of C. difficile possess both toxin gen

252 tory-developed PCR assays which could detect toxigenic strains of C. difficile provided a novel and p

253 Five different toxigenic strains of Clostridium difficile of known huma

254 y of infectious causes such as norovirus and toxigenic strains of Clostridium perfringens, Klebsiella

255 Toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae cause r

256 nely used for the detection of exotoxin from toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

257 -producing strain, 630Deltaerm, to three non-toxigenic strains of different ribotypes.

258 s and the possibility of a reintroduction of toxigenic strains of diphtheria create a setting in whic

259 Toxigenic strains of Pasteurella multocida produce a 146

260 1 is associated with Kawasaki syndrome, six toxigenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus from Kawasaki

261 ock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), elaborated by toxigenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus.

262 Toxigenic strains of the El Tor biotype emerged to cause

263 ed or identical to this plasmid exist in all toxigenic strains of V. cholerae but were notably absent

264 Several toxigenic strains of V. cholerae possess a naturally occ

265 vere dehydrating illness of humans caused by toxigenic strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 or O139.

266 olonised with toxigenic strains, 76 with non-toxigenic strains, 12 with both toxigenic and non-toxige

267 C difficile carriers, 95 were colonised with toxigenic strains, 76 with non-toxigenic strains, 12 wit

268 oc is a stable and conserved genetic unit in toxigenic strains, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction

269 s, BI6 and BI17, and with that of 2 standard toxigenic strains, K14 and 630.

270 acA were exchanged between toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains.

271 7%-97% of hamsters that were challenged with toxigenic strains.

272 more, clearer positives were noted with weak toxigenic strains.

273 found in colonisation with non-toxigenic and toxigenic strains.

274 nome sequencing (WGS), using WGS to identify toxigenic strains.

275 tains regulatory genes, and is absent in non-toxigenic strains.

276 symptoms of cystitis in humans infected with toxigenic UPEC.

277 demonstrate a perennial aquatic reservoir of toxigenic V. cholerae around the continent.

278 mice infected with low or moderate doses of toxigenic V. cholerae El Tor O1.

279 indicate that the innate immune response to toxigenic V. cholerae infection differs dramatically fro

280 Thus, the emergence of toxigenic V. cholerae involves horizontal gene transfer

281 ay an important role in the emergence of new toxigenic V. cholerae isolates.

282 We summarized Vibrio infections (excluding toxigenic V. cholerae O1 and O139) reported to COVIS and

283 in aquatic environments, with environmental toxigenic V. cholerae O1 strains serving as a source for

284 temporal fluctuations in the composition of toxigenic V. cholerae populations in the aquatic environ

285 as low (10 colony-forming units/ml) for both toxigenic V. cholerae serogroups.

286 In toxigenic V. cholerae strains, the CTXphi genome is typi

287 ity, and the presence of strains bearing the toxigenic vacA s1 allele, a complete cag pathogenicity i

288 gastric tissues from patients infected with toxigenic (VacA(+)) or nontoxigenic strains.

289 g pathogenicity island (PAI) and potentially toxigenic vacAs1 alleles of the vacuolating cytotoxin ge

290 Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae cause cholera, a severe diarrh

291 data from all cases of laboratory-confirmed toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 infection reported

292 relatedness, and ecological interactions of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 populations in two distinct

293 Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae serogroup O141 has been associ

294 c tool is demonstrated with the detection of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 and O139, which

295 luences virulence gene expression in certain toxigenic Vibrio cholerae strains.

296 Although toxigenic Vibrio cholerae, responsible for the disease c

297 Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the di

298 In El Tor biotype strains of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae, the CTXvarphi prophage often

299 he cholera toxin gene from diarrheal-causing toxigenic Vibrio cholerae.