ライフサイエンスコーパス: toxin

1 ralenone (ZEA), four enniatins, T-2 and HT-2 toxins).

2 as sensitive to ERK inhibitors and pertussis toxin.

3 24microg/kg for ZEA and 12microg/kg for T-2 toxin.

4 ntrations and the activity of CcdA's cognate toxin.

5 titoxin, thus facilitating inhibition of the toxin.

6 n delaying insect resistance evolution to Bt toxin.

7 for the pores formed by the trypsin-treated toxin.

8 -regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2 or by pertussis toxin.

9 ffecting growth and sensitivity to the ricin toxin.

10 occurring in a large cytolytic pore-forming toxin.

11 was elevated expressed very little pertussis toxin.

12 xynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA) and T-2 toxin.

13 us effects of an increasingly common natural toxin.

14 y represent a common feature of pore-forming toxins.

15 nn-configured plasmonic sensing of bacterial toxins.

16 her enzymes, including sirtuins or bacterial toxins.

17 ilizing, sequestering and reactivating plant toxins.

18 d to detect proteome stress induced by other toxins.

19 ) and fluorescently labeled Nav1.4-targeting toxins.

20 ct individuals against several pathogens and toxins.

21 erious effects of environmental stresses and toxins.

22 host, including the production of cytolytic toxins.

23 e while limiting the passage of pathogens or toxins.

24 s through the translocation of proteinaceous toxins.

25 he two bacterial toxins examined, shiga-like toxin 1 subunit B bound to ten EWs with similar glycosyl

26 ocidin toxin (PVL), and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tst) genes.

27 Ricin toxin A chain (RTA) binds to stalk P-proteins to reach t

28 produces three protein toxins: C. difficile toxins A (TcdA) and B (TcdB), and C. difficile transfera

29 Here, we exploit the Hm1a spider toxin, a Nav1.1-selective modulator, to better understan

30 Typhoid toxin, a unique virulence factor of Salmonella Typhi (th

31 loci that alter the expression of cytolytic toxins, a polymorphism in the cyoE gene, which encodes a

32 NAL]) and VOCs (including metabolites of the toxins acrolein; acrylamide; acrylonitrile; 1,3-butadien

33 s pertussis toxin (PT) and adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) to kill and modulate host cells to allow the

34 Cry6Aa1 is a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin active against nematodes and corn rootworm insects

35 oxin complexes that are important to inhibit toxin activity as well as to release the active toxin re

36 Monoclonal antibodies that neutralize toxin activity provide a survival benefit in preclinical

37 many involved in bacterial virulence such as toxins, adhesins, flagella, and pili, among others.

38 98 being the critical residue in determining toxin affinity.

39 re, recombinant strains co-expressing Hybrid toxin and AaIT (Na(+) channel blocker) produced synergis

40 aratus in a bidirectional manner, delivering toxin and acquiring beneficial cargo, thereby maximally

41 and structural relationship between typhoid toxin and ArtAB, an evolutionarily related AB5 toxin enc

42 xperiments for the recovery and detection of toxin and bacterial agents.

43 The relationship between T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON) and the risk of Kashin-Be

44 ition, we determined the distribution of T-2 toxin and DON in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats after a single

45 directed anthrax pore for transport of TccC3 toxin and established Photorhabdus luminescence TccC3 as

46 hat it is the systemic activity of pertussis toxin and not pulmonary pathology that promotes mortalit

47 flatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2, ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin and zearalenone, were found in the analysed sample

48 layer and monoclonal antibodies against the toxin and, after washing, the chip could be taken out an

49 to assess the contribution of human-specific toxins and better explore the roles of specific componen

50 Pathogenic bacteria secrete toxins and degradative enzymes that facilitate their gro

51 e identified six CPPs from large clostridial toxins and have demonstrated the ability of PepB2 to pro

52 riety of viral, bacterial, and nonmicrobial (toxins and irritants) agents, resulting in production of

53 d efficiently protects cells against various toxins and pathogens including viruses, intracellular ba

54 , and 2-5 d to synthesize the small-molecule toxins and prepare the gsADCs.

55 ost-effective methods to detect these marine toxins and protect seafood consumers' health is becoming

56 proximal tubule (PT) transporters of uremic toxins and solutes (e.g., indoxyl sulfate, p-cresol sulf

57 SD, including genetic factors, environmental toxins and stressors, impaired immune responses, mitocho

58 S. aureus toxins and virulence proteases often circulate in host b

59 gonist rimonabant and Gi uncoupler pertussis toxin, and absent in Cnr1(-/-) RGCs.

60 e a geometrical map of Nav1.4 with the bound toxins, and reveal voltage-dependent structural changes

61 ressed in their ability to secrete cytolytic toxins, and this appears to be mediated through repressi

62 sm underpinning activation of pertussis-like toxins, and we also identified differences in host targe

63 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are gene modules that are u

64 to become specialized toward the control of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems known to promote bacterial

65 The features of toxin-antitoxin complexes that are important to inhibit

66 cherichia coli contains at least 36 putative toxin-antitoxin gene pairs, and some pathogens such as M

67 (p)ppGpp and requires chromosomally encoded toxin-antitoxin modules.

68 h as Mycobacterium tuberculosis have over 90 toxin-antitoxin operons.

69 an operon that also has characteristics of a toxin-antitoxin system, thus joining several enigmatic f

70 the repression complex in contrast to other toxin-antitoxin systems.

71 We employ rational design and a toxin/antitoxin titering approach to produce and screen

72 ase A superfamily fold, and homologs of this toxin are associated with secretion systems in many Gram

73 Since enterotoxin and beta toxin are produced in the intestines during human and an

74 ducts and transgenic plants expressing their toxins are driven by their specificity, safety and the m

75 isogenic mutants lacking SPN, SLO, and both toxins are equally impaired in ability to cause necrotiz

76 alk of effector function suggests that MARTX toxins are not simply a sum of all their parts.

77 Pertussis-like toxins are secreted as disulfide-bonded heterohexamers i

78 ver, the increase was inhibited by pertussis toxin as well as by wortmannin but not by AG1478, indica

79 Thus, the use of these toxins as chemical tools to study the relationship betwe

80 for DON, 90-fold for ZEA and 12-fold for T-2 toxin assay using Ab2-AuNPs.

81 only SA-15 and SA-17 significantly inhibited toxin association with the cell surface.

82 n monoclonal antibody, binds to C. difficile toxin B (TcdB), reducing recurrence presumably by limiti

83 We conjugated unimNPs with the cholera toxin B domain (CTB) for RGC-targeting and with Cy5.5 fo

84 The bioreceptor unit, cholera toxin B Subunit, modified with biotin, was then immobili

85 ease from ETBF colonization in a B. fragilis toxin (BFT)-dependent manner.

86 Cry1A insecticidal toxins bind sequentially to different larval gut protein

87 Typhoid toxin binding to its glycan receptor Neu5Ac is central,

88 The production of toxins by bloom-forming cyanobacteria can lead to drinki

89 The pathogen produces three protein toxins: C. difficile toxins A (TcdA) and B (TcdB), and C

90 BACKGROUND & AIMS: Cholera toxin can act as a modulator of the immune response with

91 Exposure to the toxin can be lethal and cause significant pathology in h

92 g its endocytosis, and demonstrate whether a toxin can be targeted to Siglec-8-bearing cells to kill

93 a CdtB homologue from cytolethal distending toxin can form a functional complex with ArtA and ArtB.

94 esults demonstrate how resistance to agonist toxins can evolve and that such genetic changes propel o

95 , due to the ubiquity of Neu5Ac, how typhoid toxin causes specific symptoms remains elusive.

96 lly disordered C-terminal arm of CcdA to the toxin CcdB prevents CcdB from inhibiting DNA gyrase and

97 ) and B (TcdB), and C. difficile transferase toxin (CDT).

98 n form a functional complex with the typhoid toxin CdtB subunit after substitution of a single amino

99 se mice were protected against a lethal-dose toxin challenge, but Ty21a-vaccinated mice were not.

100 Treatment with either botulinum toxin ("chemodenervation group") or standard incisional

101 The toxin comprises A and B chains.

102 BoNTs are dichain toxins, comprising an N-terminal catalytic domain (LC) d

103 ACT toxicity in macrophages, particularly at toxin concentrations close to biological reality of bact

104 Toxin-containing samples were incubated with magnetic be

105 Toxin content was mostly in the range 4-70 pg/cell with

106 The C. difficile toxins contribute directly to CDI-associated lesions of

107 actor PSMalpha, but not alpha-toxin or delta-toxin, contributed to the skin inflammation, which was d

108 Uremic toxins could modify the expression and/or activity of dr

109 These coordinated events can include toxins counteracting or amplifying effects of another to

110 ing of the genetically detoxified diphtheria toxin CRM197 improves significantly the immunogenicity o

111 ce, which was further amplified with cholera toxin (CT) immunization without causing intestinal infla

112 and neural tracing with subunit B of cholera toxin (CTB), we analysed the peripheral and central endi

113 Consequently, SitA toxins define strong identity barriers between strains a

114 studies with isogenic strains having defined toxin deletions have established TcdB as an important ta

115 multiple levels of specificity restrict CDI toxin delivery and activity to the same bacterial strain

116 Toxin delivery and nutrient extraction occur in a contac

117 s developed and validated for three Fusarium toxins, deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA) and T-2

118 C3 exoenzyme (C3bot) is a bacterial protein toxin devoid of a cell-binding or -translocation domain.

119 The Shiga Toxin Direct molecular assay (ST Direct) relies on nucle

120 Here we show that typhoid toxin displays in vivo tropism to cells expressing multi

121 giogenin and other RNase A paralogs, but the toxin does not share sequence similarity with these nucl

122 tentiate the activity of intestinally active toxins during disease.

123 test or died within 90 days after the index toxin EIA date.

124 xin and ArtAB, an evolutionarily related AB5 toxin encoded by the broad-host Salmonella Typhimurium (

125 nol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, HT2-toxin, T2-toxin, enniatin B, B1, A1, A, beauvericin and zearalenon

126 Stool was tested for C. difficile by toxin enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and toxigenic culture (TC

127 stantly exposed to infection and aerosolized toxins, epithelial plasticity might be more of a rule th

128 Bacillus anthracis edema toxin (ET) consists of protective antigen (PA), necessar

129 Of the two bacterial toxins examined, shiga-like toxin 1 subunit B bound to t

130 in eliciting mucosal lesions as long as the toxins exert their action on the epithelium.

131 mains, including biomolecules, environmental toxins, explosives, ionic species, and many others.

132 ntitoxin administration, antitoxin type, and toxin exposure type.

133 nistration to perform ST in a mass botulinum toxin exposure.

134 Toxins expressed under control of a hemolymph-specific p

135 The multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) transporter family comprises 70 m

136 at proteins belonging to the LXG polymorphic toxin family present in Streptococcus intermedius mediat

137 M. prunae utilizes VapC toxins for post-transcriptional regulation under uranium

138 Pore-forming toxins form a family of proteins that act as virulence f

139 ular metabolite and ubiquitous environmental toxin, formaldehyde, stalls and destabilizes DNA replica

140 nociceptor sensory neurons-detect bacterial toxins, formyl peptides, and lipopolysaccharides through

141 er analysis and simultaneously compared to a toxin-free reference and a standard contaminated with cr

142 Here, we present structures of the CDI toxin from Escherichia coli NC101 in ternary complex wit

143 Lysenin is a pore-forming toxin from the earthworm Eisenida foetida, of which both

144 ShK toxin from the sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus is a

145 The CdiA-CT toxin from uropathogenic Escherichia coli 536 is a laten

146 Specifically, multiple virulent toxins from bacterial protein secretions are concurrentl

147 Several general mechanisms for toxin function have been established, but the extent to

148 indings provide insight into how a bacterial toxin functions to specifically impair host signaling pa

149 ne, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, fusarenone X, diacetoxyscirpenol, and 3- and 15-

150 rived from Pseudomonas exotoxin are antibody-toxin fusion proteins that inhibit protein synthesis of

151 851/971 (87.6%) sequenced samples contained toxin genes, and 451 (46.4%) were fecal-toxin-positive.

152 virus glycoprotein, with homologies to snake toxins, has the ability to alter behaviour in animals th

153 Some pathogens and toxins have the potential to be used as weapons of mass

154 we investigate how the effector molecule HC-toxin (HCT), a histone deacetylase inhibitor produced by

155 BA transporter or by expression of botulinum toxin in AgRP neurons to prevent vesicle-associated memb

156 infection confirmed by the presence of free toxin in stool who were randomly assigned to receive one

157 studies have investigated the role of plant toxins in nectar for defense against nectar robbers [4,

158 were able to discriminate the roles of these toxins in the pathogenesis of pneumonia.

159 rine cone snails contain a high diversity of toxins in their venom such as conotoxins, which are shor

160 ce nectar that attracts pollinators [3], but toxins in this reward could disrupt the mutualism and re

161 ides as immunogenic markers of Cry1A(b)-type toxins in transgenic maize.

162 sify three agriculturally important Fusarium toxins in wheat.

163 ation curves were used to determine Fusarium toxins in wheat.

164 r II that may be critical contact points for toxin inactivation.

165 thod was developed for 12 different Fusarium toxins including modified mycotoxins in beer (deoxynival

166 CD4(+) T cells capable of effluxing cellular toxins, including rhodamine (Rho), through the multidrug

167 We tested whether the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (IS), an endogenous ligand of the

168 s and protected against staphylococcal alpha-toxin-induced keratinocyte cell death.

169 Toxin-induced liver diseases lack effective therapies de

170 VLX103 effectively decreases toxin-induced liver injury in mice and may be an effecti

171 improved muscle regeneration in a separate, toxin-induced model of injury.

172 and body weight in response to metabolic and toxin-induced stresses; we show that Gfral knockout mice

173 Further, the toxin induces conformational changes in EF-Tu, displacin

174 (DTR) mice, in which injection of diphtheria toxin induces selective neutrophil ablation.

175 of the key synthetic precursor of botulinum toxin inhibitors.

176 or the transport of anthrax lethal and edema toxins into human cells.

177 CDI(+) bacteria deliver CdiA-CT toxins into neighboring bacteria and produce specific im

178 Bacterial toxins introduce protein modifications such as ADP-ribos

179 The toxin is also a bioterrorism threat, yet no pharmacologi

180 The polymorphic CagA toxin is associated with Helicobacter pylori-induced dis

181 While the native toxin is extremely lethal, bioengineering of BoNT has th

182 onal autorepression suggesting that the YafQ toxin is not a critical component of the repression comp

183 The production of this toxin is positively controlled by the global regulator v

184 the mutant strain lacking production of both toxins is further attenuated.

185 However, the estrogenicity of Alternaria toxins is still largely overlooked and further data are

186 tulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), the most potent toxins known, are potential bioterrorism agents.

187 viral vector to specifically express tetanus toxin light chain in astrocytes) reduced the HVR in anae

188 None of the other monitored Fusarium toxins like 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, HT2- and T2-toxin,

189 ery system (PDS) with or without heat-labile toxin (LT) from Escherichia coli or subcutaneously with

190 two proteins combine to form anthrax lethal toxin (LT), whose proximal targets are mitogen-activated

191 idea was tested by applying the pore blocker toxin maurocalcine on the cytoplasmic side of RyR.

192 pH-dependent activation of toxins may represent a common feature of pore-forming to

193 a progressive, time-controllable, diphtheria toxin-mediated cell ablation/dysfunction technique, we f

194 al changes within a C-terminal domain of the toxin might be involved in the activation mechanism.

195 lecules employed in the detection of various toxin molecules We review recent developments in modifie

196 gns as a popular choice for the detection of toxin molecules.

197 activity and binding of enterotoxin and beta toxin more strongly than did full-length rNanI.

198 Many bacterial type I toxin mRNAs possess a long 5 untranslated region (UTR) t

199 and p-cresyl sulfate, while for weakly bound toxins, namely, indole-3-acetic acid and p-cresyl glucur

200 atio (and removal) of strongly protein-bound toxins, namely, indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate, wh

201 ores were similar for all three forms of the toxin (native, midgut juice- and trypsin-treated), with

202 ntibodies (mAbs) with distinct mechanisms of toxin neutralization and in vivo efficacy.

203 topes adjacent to V5E1 but display only weak toxin neutralizing activity, thereby providing structura

204 ar, as the parasite neither produces a known toxin nor induces a robust inflammatory response.

205 Antibacterial toxins of the colicin family, which could provide new an

206 le of discriminating trace levels of cholera toxin on a supported lipid membrane interface.

207 cAMP/PKA signaling, insensitive to pertussis toxin or beta-arrestin knock-out, and mimicked by Gs-DRE

208 ial virulence factor PSMalpha, but not alpha-toxin or delta-toxin, contributed to the skin inflammati

209 unteracting or amplifying effects of another toxin or though regulating the stability of virulence fa

210 with diabetes, hypertension, gene mutations, toxins or infections but may also be of unknown cause (i

211 gulated levels (100microg/kg for ZEA and T-2 toxin) or at one third of the EC level (for DON: 400micr

212 s and intestine after cAMP agonists, cholera toxin, or heat-stable enterotoxin of E. coli (STa toxin)

213 itoxin proteins which releases their cognate toxin partners causing rapid inhibition of growth.

214 a2 nAChR complex, and is extendable to other toxin peptides and ion channels.

215 two fundamental challenges of docking large toxin peptides to ion channel homology models, as exempl

216 The toxins perturb host cell function through a multistep pr

217 se glutamic acids to glutamines rendered the toxin pH-insensitive.

218 -specific fixed mutation in the pneumococcal toxin pneumolysin, which is associated with increased he

219 ith eutrophic water containing cyanobacteria toxins poses a potential risk to soil animals.

220 erence method, a CT cutoff of 26.35 detected toxin-positive samples with a sensitivity, specificity,

221 ined toxin genes, and 451 (46.4%) were fecal-toxin-positive.

222 nded to transport the catalytic part of this toxin preferentially into cancer cells using a toxin tra

223 health surveillance, particularly for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Salmonella"

224 y-based amplicon detection to identify Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in preserved sto

225 and outcomes of patients infected with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) remain unclear.

226 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 primarily resid

227 le, c-di-GMP inhibits flagellar motility and toxin production and promotes pilus-dependent biofilm fo

228 ously shown to increase the level of epsilon toxin production and repress sporulation.

229 adherence proteins, microvesicle formation, toxin production and the propensity to form biofilms are

230 Prior reports on e-cigarette toxin production have emphasized temperature as the prim

231 xemia and enteritis in livestock via epsilon toxin production.

232 Toxin profiles were quite different from both qualitativ

233 e the impact of the well-characterised Shiga toxin-prophage varphi24B on its Escherichia coli host MC

234 Consequently, such specific fusion toxin proteins could form the basis of a therapeutic str

235 B. pertussis uses pertussis toxin (PT) and adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) to kill and

236 racterized, and a central role for pertussis toxin (PT) is described.

237 The toxin pulchellin, isolated from the Abrus pulchellus pla

238 ecA, mecC, vanA, Panton-Valentine Leukocidin toxin (PVL), and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tst) gene

239 l murine models, including BDCA-2-diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) transgenic and IFN-alpha receptor 1

240 Here, we have identified anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1) as the receptor for SVV using

241 torial viral technique to express diphtheria toxin receptors in specific neuron populations based on

242 in activity as well as to release the active toxin remain elusive.

243 rmation by a host-directed protein bacterial toxin represents a novel regulatory mechanism and identi

244 Toxin resistance is a recurring evolutionary response by

245 ontrolled virulence factors include secreted toxins responsible for extensive damage to host tissues

246 GDH)-positive specimens, regardless of fecal toxin result, from Oxford (April 2012 through April 2013

247 Despite having only one toxin, RT017 strains have evolved in parallel from at le

248 n x-ray model and yet accounts for 90 of the toxin's 387 amino acid residues.

249 he natural habitat and low-pH environment of toxin-secreting killer yeasts, K28 is structurally stabl

250 n suitable for the development of a targeted toxin selectively killing cancer cells.

251 ically analyzed over 10,000 manually curated toxin sequences using sequence clustering, network analy

252 n chimeras to gain a deeper understanding of toxin specificity and stability.

253 ng the input stool volume did not improve CT toxin specificity.

254 nts itself as a unique tool for the study of toxin-state conversion.

255 from symptomatic patients with either fecal toxin status accounted for a low overall proportion of n

256 CR cycle threshold (CT ) for predicting free toxin status.

257 l half of the mosquitoes in 5 days as single toxin strains.

258 ough treatment with the pancreatic beta-cell toxin streptozotocin induced hyperglycemia and raised pl

259 mechanism of trafficking for the more potent toxin STx2 is unclear.

260 rin (Kal)-9, a dual Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 and Ras homologue gene family, member

261 CXCL8/IL-8-mediated Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 GTPase activity and actin polymerizati

262 neurons via a Rac1 (RAS-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1)-dependent mechanism.

263 s and a binding protein in which the peptide toxins successfully reverted back to near-native crystal

264 Venom peptide toxins such as conotoxins play a critical role in the ch

265 To develop and improve the ITs, different toxins such as ricin, have been used, aiming for higher

266 ar has become increasingly relevant as these toxins, such as ochratoxin A (OTA), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)

267 bound exclusively to the dimeric form of the toxin, suggesting that human B cells recognize epitopes

268 blished Photorhabdus luminescence TccC3 as a toxin suitable for the development of a targeted toxin s

269 eoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, HT2-toxin, T2-toxin, enniatin B, B1, A1, A, beauvericin and

270 The single-chain toxins TcdA and TcdB are the main virulence factors.

271 arrhea and is mediated by the actions of two toxins, TcdA and TcdB.

272 Remarkably, BoNT/X is the only toxin that also cleaves non-canonical substrates VAMP4,

273 be activated by a TRPV1-selective tarantula toxin that binds to the outer pore of the channel.

274 cine (MCPG), naturally-occurring fruit-based toxins that cause hypoglycaemia and metabolic derangemen

275 (GFAP) promoter is used to express cellular toxins that eliminate glia in mice, intestinal epithelia

276 Streptococcus pyogenes secretes many toxins that facilitate human colonization, invasion, and

277 nderstand why such domains are widespread in toxins that target Gram-negative bacteria.

278 ation results in higher birth anti-pertussis toxin titers in preterm neonates.

279 enabled triggered release of the active MMAE toxin to inhibit tumor growth and to extend animal survi

280 Aminoglycoside antibiotics are known toxins to cochlear hair cells, causing permanent hearing

281 Early endosome-to-Golgi transport allows the toxins to evade degradation in lysosomes.

282 ithm was highlighted by redocking of peptide toxins to two ion channels and a binding protein in whic

283 lobal control by RsmA to VgrG spike and T6SS toxin transcripts whose genes are scattered on the chrom

284 xin preferentially into cancer cells using a toxin transporter (Protective antigen, PA) which was red

285 Toxin type A accounted for half of outbreaks, and these

286 Toxin types A, B, E, and F were identified as the causat

287 ective antigen (PA), necessary for host cell toxin uptake, and edema factor (EF), the toxic moiety wh

288 e extent to which previously uncharacterized toxins utilize these mechanisms is unknown.

289 th the organelle, and are independent of the toxin vacuolating activity.

290 he species O. cf. ovata, a certain degree of toxin variability was observed.

291 I) is a mechanism by which bacteria exchange toxins via direct cell-to-cell contact.

292 s megaterium growth by delivering the tRNase toxin WapA.

293 contained toxigenic C. difficile, and fecal toxin was detected in 511 of 866 (59%), representing 235

294 rious carbohydrate ligand complexes with the toxin were accomplished.

295 Cut off levels for all three Fusarium toxins were validated using blank wheat and wheat spiked

296 LAST searches may reveal homology to a known toxin, when in fact the protein may pose no real danger.

297 tified profile, featuring OVTX-f as dominant toxin, whereas OVTX-f was a minor component of very few

298 Our results identify a repertoire of toxins with different modes of action that improve the u

299 , or heat-stable enterotoxin of E. coli (STa toxin), with IC50 down to approximately 5 nM.

300 ed prophylactic protection against bacterial toxins without inducing inhibitory immune responses and

301 However, the aerosol toxin yield depends upon a variety of chemical and physi

302 ns like 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, HT2- and T2-toxin, zearalenone, enniatin B1, A1, A or beauvericin we