ライフサイエンスコーパス: transducin

1 -binding protein (PrBP/delta), and activated transducin.

2 th Pgamma but differ in the interaction with transducin.

3 on is released upon binding to the G-protein transducin.

4 nct variants of the heterotrimeric G protein transducin.

5 traint is released upon binding of activated transducin.

6 in approximately twice that of the G-protein transducin.

7 ric rhodopsin is capable of full coupling to transducin.

8 nits allow tight regulation by the G protein transducin.

9 distribution of the heterotrimeric G-protein transducin.

10 endent on cellular signaling downstream from transducin.

11 ir ability to constitutively activate bovine transducin.

12 ity of the photoreceptor-specific G protein, transducin.

13 for interaction with its cognate G protein, transducin.

14 d by their ability to activate the G protein transducin.

15 nable the coupling to its cognate G protein, transducin.

16 ceptors where it functions as a regulator of transducin.

17 and sufficient to promote interactions with transducin.

18 nic lock does not alter its interaction with transducin.

19 accelerate the GTPase activity of activated transducin.

20 a propeller structure characteristic of beta transducins.

21 Both alpha-gustducin and alpha-transducin activate phosphodiesterases to decrease intra

22 ardenafil binding and hydrolytic activity of transducin-activated PDE6 fail to exceed 50% of the valu

23 cally manipulated mice in which the rates of transducin activation and inactivation were altered, we

24 rior ability to tightly control the rates of transducin activation and inactivation, responsible for

25 Efficient transducin activation and isolation of a high affinity t

26 e in bright light and use more ATP s(-1) for transducin activation and rhodopsin phosphorylation.

27 UV-visible spectra and rhodopsin/transducin activation assays revealed only minor differe

28 rption, but this arrangement interferes with transducin activation by restricting the mobility of bot

29 ant differences were observed in the rate of transducin activation by rhodopsin and in the force requ

30 A 1.3-fold reduction in the rate of transducin activation by rhodopsin was observed in the a

31 d with the WT form, and an increased rate of transducin activation by the unbound mutant opsins, whic

32 translocation in cones can be triggered when transducin activation exceeds a critical level, essentia

33 Following transducin activation of membrane-associated PDE6 holoen

34 Transducin activation of PDE6 appears to require interac

35 Transducin activation of PDE6 catalysis critically depen

36 This may contribute to a faster transducin activation rate by accelerating transducin-rh

37 M39R showed a faster rate for transducin activation than WT rhodopsin with a faster me

38 Thus, similar to transducin activation, rhodopsin phosphorylation by GRK1

39 ggest the conformational change of Pgamma on transducin activation.

40 ignaling events alternative to the classical transducin activation.

41 8 to Glu (R238E) in the switch 3 region of a transducin alpha (*Talpha) in which 27 aa of the GTPase

42 In this study, we replaced cone transducin alpha (cTalpha) for rod transducin alpha (rTa

43 aced cone transducin alpha (cTalpha) for rod transducin alpha (rTalpha) in rod photoreceptors of tran

44 acylated N terminus of the rod photoreceptor transducin alpha (Talpha) subunit and Caenorhabditis ele

45 In mice expressing normal phosducin, transducin alpha and betagamma subunits returned to the

46 f cytoplasmic PDE6gamma binding to activated transducin alpha GTP (Talpha-GTP) before the Talpha-GTP

47 by modulation of GAP-dependent hydrolysis of transducin alpha GTP.

48 cascade, since binding of PDE6 gamma to the transducin alpha subunit (T alpha) initiates the hydroly

49 support the notion that the accumulation of transducin alpha subunit in the outer segment is driven

50 n the phosducin phosphorylation mutants, the transducin alpha subunit moved four times slower, with t

51 Finally, we showed that the extent of transducin alpha subunit translocation is affected by th

52 The C-terminal tail of the transducin alpha subunit, Gtalpha(340-350), is known to

53 structural differences between rod and cone transducin alpha subunits (Talpha) in determining the fu

54 the catalytic subunits (Palphabeta) and the transducin alpha-subunit (alpha(t)) in this process is n

55 , we measured the diffusion of the G protein transducin alpha-subunit (Galpha(t)) and the G protein-c

56 of the rhodopsin mutants were crossed onto a transducin alpha-subunit null (Tr(alpha)(-/-)) backgroun

57 se were undetectable, although rhodopsin and transducin alpha-subunit were mostly unaffected.

58 Expression levels of M-opsin, cone transducin alpha-subunit, and cone arrestin in CNGB3(-/-

59 -specific proteins, including rhodopsin, rod transducin alpha-subunit, and glutamic acid-rich protein

60 was induced by light in mice missing the rod transducin alpha-subunit.

61 Thus, rod and cone transducin alpha-subunits are functionally interchangeab

62 ta-subunits of PDE6 and the alpha-subunit of transducin (alpha(t)).

63 t cones were destabilized and devoid of cone transducin (alpha- and gamma-subunits), cone phosphodies

64 Recombinant cone transducin-alpha (Galpha(t2)) and native rod Galpha(t1)

65 Gustducin-alpha resembles transducin-alpha functionally and likely mediates the hy

66 ts interaction with the N-acylated GTP-bound transducin-alpha subunit (Galpha(t1)).

67 ness is linked to a G38D mutation in the rod transducin-alpha subunit (Talpha).

68 ates GTPase activity of the alpha-subunit of transducin (alphat) by enhancing the interaction between

69 een concentration and the activation rate of transducin also potentially contribute to the mismatch b

70 f the alpha subunit of the retinal G-protein transducin and a limited region from the alpha subunit o

71 rhodopsin (Rh*) that binds to the G-protein transducin and activates the phototransduction cascade.

72 lect an increase in the lateral diffusion of transducin and an increased activation rate by photoexci

73 We examined light-activated transducin and arrestin translocation in young Rs1-KO mi

74 ed to defective association of isoprenylated transducin and cone phosphodiesterase 6 (PDE6alpha') wit

75 critical for correct compartmentalization of transducin and controls the rate of its deactivation.

76 led phosphodiesterase-6 (PDE6) subunits, rod transducin and G-protein receptor kinase-1 (GRK1) accumu

77 e "cones." Moreover, these cones express rod transducin and have rod ultrastructural features, provid

78 phototransduction proteins did not increase, transducin and its effector phosphodiesterase were distr

79 roach to analyze the interaction strength of transducin and its subunits with acidic lipid bilayers,

80 nt, reflecting a dynamic equilibrium between transducin and PDE6.

81 T1R2, T1R3 and alpha-gustducin versus T1R1, transducin and phospholipase C beta2.

82 G2A mutation reduced the GTPase activity of transducin and resulted in two to three times slower tha

83 Cone transducin and rod arrestin are expressed concurrently w

84 ly reduced in their expression levels (i.e., transducin and Rom1) in Ahi1(-/-) mice.

85 e in stabilizing the outer segment proteins, transducin and Rom1, and that Ahi1 is an important compo

86 spholipase C-beta1) or Gbeta gamma subunits (transducin and the carboxyl-terminal region of bovine G-

87 nding pocket, interactions of rhodopsin with transducin, and molecular interactions stabilizing the r

88 Synthesis and transport of transducin, and rhodopsin kinase 1 (GRK1), also prenylat

89 However, an anti-transducin antibody (AS/7) typically used for plant Galp

90 We employed an anti-transducin antibody (Galphat-S), in combination with oth

91 we propose that the properties described for transducin are common to its homologs within the G(i) su

92 Both Galpha gustducin and Galpha transducin are involved in umami signaling, because the

93 n proteins, such as rhodopsin, arrestin, and transducin, are mislocalized.

94 ive guanosine 5'-3-O-(thio)triphosphate into transducin as an index of activity, that 11-cis-retinol

95 rHDL also results in the rapid activation of transducin, at a rate that is comparable with that found

96 ion domain" (NID) of MeCP2 directly contacts transducin beta-like 1 (TBL1) and TBL1 related (TBLR1),

97 h-1, Siah-1-interacting protein (SIP), Skp1, transducin beta-like 1 (TBL1), and adenomatous polyposis

98 In this study, we characterized the TIG1 transducin beta-like gene required for infectious growth

99 Here, we report that transducin beta-like protein 1 (TBL1) controls the expre

100 These rods produce large amounts of transducin beta-subunit (Gbeta1), which cannot fold with

101 They further suggest that the production of transducin beta-subunit without its constitutive gamma-s

102 cey phenotype is due to absence of the gene transducin (beta)-like 3 (tbl3).

103 luding nuclear receptor corepressor (N-CoR), transducin-beta-like protein 1 (TBL1), and TBL1-related

104 cond intron of the gene Gnb1, coding for the transducin beta1-subunit (Tbeta1) protein that is direct

105 r segment is driven by its re-binding to the transducin betagamma dimer, because this process is acce

106 role of phosducin, a phosphoprotein binding transducin betagamma subunits in its de-phosphorylated s

107 roximately 95 minutes, while the movement of transducin betagamma was less affected.

108 Our findings demonstrate that transducin betagamma-complex controls signal amplificati

109 tracellular proteolysis instead of forming a transducin betagamma-subunit complex.

110 Importantly, transducin binding to the activated receptor selects a s

111 howed progressive loss of labeling for alpha-transducin, but the cone outer segments in the oldest mi

112 We show here that redistribution of rod transducin by light requires activation, but it does not

113 r, which appears to hinder the activation of transducin by light-activated rhodopsin.

114 ctroretinography and to couple to vertebrate transducin by light-mediated GTPgammaS-binding assays.

115 lied in studying signaling of the G-protein, transducin, by light-activated rhodopsin.

116 ever, adding a 1000-fold excess of activated transducin can stimulate the hydrolytic activity of PDE6

117 sing G alpha(t)G2A showed a severe defect in transducin cellular localization.

118 totransduction pathway components, including transducin, cGMP-gated channel, and red opsin of cone ph

119 ts suggested a new 3D model of the rhodopsin-transducin complex that fully satisfied all available ex

120 isting computational models of the rhodopsin-transducin complex with each other and with current expe

121 at includes a heterotrimeric G-protein, cone transducin, comprising Galphat2, Gbeta3 and Ggammat2 sub

122 To test whether the absence of alpha-transducin contributed to degeneration by favoring the f

123 7) by itself could not be displaced but that transducin could relieve inhibition of certain Pgamma tr

124 However, cone alpha-transducin (cTalpha, GNAT2) has not been shown to have s

125 nd caused photoreceptor cell death through a transducin-dependent mechanism that is similar to light

126 Expressing K296E in the arrestin/transducin double knock-out background prevented transdu

127 p II AGS proteins primarily engage the Gi/Go/transducin family of G proteins.

128 partment, which results in the uncoupling of transducin from its innate receptor, rhodopsin.

129 lved in binding and GTP-dependent release of transducin from native rhodopsin membranes, we have syst

130 ht causes massive translocation of G-protein transducin from the light-sensitive outer segment compar

131 modulate ON bipolar cell signaling and cone transducin function in mice.

132 lex between rhodopsin and the heterotrimeric transducin (G alpha beta gamma) in an all-atom DOPC (1,2

133 f a well understood G-protein alpha-subunit, transducin (G alpha(t)), we generated transgenic mice th

134 Galpha(t1)GDP as well as with heterotrimeric transducin (G(t)).

135 ing cascade through binding to the G protein transducin (G(t)).

136 d activates multiple copies of the G-protein transducin (G) that trigger further downstream reactions

137 after prolonged dark adaptation, RGS9-1 and transducin Galpha are located in different cellular comp

138 ice lacking the rod G-protein alpha subunit, transducin (Galphat), revealing these responses to be tr

139 n a key step, the activated alpha-subunit of transducin (Galphat-GTP) activates the cGMP phosphodiest

140 ncluding cone opsins (M- and S-opsins), cone transducin (Galphat2), G-protein-coupled receptor kinase

141 ons are affected in degenerating rods of the transducin gamma-subunit (Ggamma1) knockout mouse.

142 Here, we show that elimination of the transducin gamma-subunit drastically reduces signal ampl

143 Here we demonstrate that the knock-out of transducin gamma-subunit leads to a major downregulation

144 cilitate the traffic of the Gbeta subunit of transducin (Gbeta1).

145 r with an inactivated rod-specific G protein transducin gene (Gnat1-/-).

146 ructures of the C-terminal fragment of alpha-transducin (Gt(alpha)(340-350)) and its analogs.

147 opsin (Rho) and its cognate bovine G-protein transducin (Gt) as a model system, we used the retinoid

148 nstituting a one-way reaction that activates transducin (Gt) followed by chromophore release.

149 opsin activates the heterotrimeric G protein transducin (Gt) to transmit the light signal into retina

150 ce between photoactivated rhodopsin (R*) and transducin (Gt), its G-protein.

151 (Rho), and the rod cell-specific G protein, transducin (Gt).

152 ate, which binds and activates the G protein transducin (Gt).

153 t step of vision by activating the G protein transducin (Gt).

154 receptor with the heterotrimeric G protein, transducin (Gt).

155 GDP for GTP on the heterotrimeric G protein transducin (GT).

156 hodopsin (Rho* or Meta II) and the G protein transducin (Gt-GDP) is the first step in the visual sign

157 C-terminal fragment of the alpha-subunit of transducin, Gtalpha 340-350, within cavities of photoact

158 oactivated rhodopsin (R*) and its G-protein, transducin (Gtalphabetagamma), would significantly benef

159 e complex of betagamma-subunits of G protein transducin (Gtbetagamma).

160 ducin was 15-30% lower in P21 Rs1-KO ROS and transducin GTPase hydrolysis was nearly twofold faster,

161 n the cell exhausts its capacity to activate transducin GTPase, and a portion of transducin remains a

162 The transducin GTPase-accelerating protein complex, which de

163 es the ability of RGS9-1.Gbeta5L to activate transducin GTPase.

164 3 in cones is to establish optimal levels of transducin heteromer in the outer segment, thereby indir

165 controls the expression level of the entire transducin heterotrimer and that heterotrimer formation

166 nal degrees of freedom of the membrane-bound transducin heterotrimer.

167 ction and the progressive loss of cone alpha-transducin immunolabeling.

168 s for Pgamma to stimulate GTPase activity of transducin in a complex with RGS9-1.

169 ever, the Drosophila-expressed Rho activated transducin in a light-dependent manner.

170 th 11-cis-retinal and activate the G protein transducin in a light-dependent manner.

171 distribution of rod transducin in rods, cone transducin in cones does not redistribute during activat

172 nditions and occurred even in the absence of transducin in Grk1(-/-)Gnat1(-/-) mice.

173 ent membrane metabolism and translocation of transducin in photoreceptors.

174 alpha-subunit of the rod-specific G-protein transducin in phototransduction, the physiological funct

175 o the light-stimulated redistribution of rod transducin in rods, cone transducin in cones does not re

176 restin translocation and re-translocation of transducin in the dark were not affected.

177 for the rapid inactivation of the G-protein transducin in vertebrate photoreceptor cells during thei

178 spectrum and activated its cognate G-protein transducin in vitro at a rate similar to native rhodopsi

179 Together, these mechanisms ensure timely transducin inactivation in the course of the photorespon

180 e gross conformational features of rhodopsin-transducin interactions and setting the stage for future

181 signaling proteins, including the G-protein transducin, into and out of the light-sensitive photorec

182 The heterotrimeric G protein transducin is a key component of the vertebrate phototra

183 Transducin is a prototypic heterotrimeric G-protein medi

184 e-activating complex to inactivate GTP-bound transducin is decreased or increased.

185 the interaction of human UNC119 (HRG4) with transducin is dependent on the N-acylation, but does not

186 Remarkably, when cone transducin is expressed in rods, it does undergo light-s

187 9-1 . Gbeta5 to accelerate GTP hydrolysis on transducin is independent of its means of membrane attac

188 Transducin is peripherally attached to membranes of the

189 In darkness, transducin is sequestered within the membrane-enriched o

190 rmation between photoactivated rhodopsin and transducin is severely compromised in the absence of Gtb

191 When rod transducin is stimulated, its subunits dissociate, leave

192 f the cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase (PDE6) by transducin is the central event of visual signal transdu

193 - trans form, enabling rhodopsin to activate transducin, its G protein.

194 on of the interactions between rhodopsin and transducin, its intracellular G-protein counterpart, and

195 The adverse effect of K296E in the arrestin/transducin knock-out background can be mimicked by const

196 nd three pathway-specific knockout mice (rod transducin knockout [Tralpha(-/-)], connexin36 knockout

197 us genetic backgrounds including a rod alpha-transducin knockout to test cone function.

198 poor cone ERG signal and loss of cone alpha-transducin label, the cones survive at 14 weeks as demon

199 We show that the transcriptional corepressor Transducin Like Enhancer-1 (TLE1) associates with rRNA g

200 nism of the Ser43Cys and Ser43Asn mutants of transducin-like chimeric Gtalpha* in the visual signalin

201 also resulted in increased levels of Groucho/transducin-like enhancer of Split (TLE) and led to incre

202 scriptional repressors by binding to Groucho/Transducin-Like Enhancer of split (TLE) proteins that fu

203 We investigated interaction between transducin-like enhancer of split 1 (TLE1) and NOD2 in H

204 Tle1 (transducin-like enhancer of split 1) is a corepressor th

205 1 is associated with loss of the corepressor transducin-like enhancer of split 4 from the PU.1 comple

206 tion of antibodies against Wilms' tumor-1 or transducin-like enhancer of split 4.

207 Transducin-like enhancer of split-1 (TLE1) plays a criti

208 d with zymosan upon coimmunoprecipitation of transducin-like enhancer of split.

209 ies showed that miR-657 directly targets the transducin-like enhancer protein 1 (TLE1) 3' untranslate

210 We now show that the human Groucho protein, Transducin-like enhancer protein 1 (TLE1), positively as

211 it (AES), a transcriptional regulator of the transducin-like enhancer/Groucho family as a novel inter

212 terotrimer formation is essential for normal transducin localization.

213 fector, cGMP phosphodiesterase, and inhibits transducin-mediated activation of cGMP degradation.

214 7Leu (VPP) caused degeneration by persistent transducin-mediated signaling activity.

215 activation and isolation of a high affinity transducin-metarhodopsin II complex was demonstrated for

216 mma inhibition upon binding of two activated transducin molecules.

217 lphat/PDEgamma interaction suggests that the transducin N terminus plays an active role in signal tra

218 ds the operating range of rods, but in cones transducin never translocates, which is puzzling because

219 ed with each other and with alpha-gustducin, transducin or phospholipase C beta2 to different extents

220 embranes and resulted in decreased levels of transducin, PDE6alpha', and cone G-protein coupled recep

221 ufficient to activate its cognate G protein, transducin, prompted us to test whether the same monomer

222 rom its ability to inactivate the G protein, transducin, regardless of its effector interactions, whe

223 Activated rod transducin releases from membranes, whereas activated co

224 Furthermore, transducin relieves Pgamma inhibition of PDE6 in a bipha

225 activate transducin GTPase, and a portion of transducin remains active for a sufficient time to disso

226 eases from membranes, whereas activated cone transducin remains bound to membranes.

227 : i) increased Gsk3beta activation, ii) beta-transducin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

228 rminus of REST that require activity of beta-transducin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

229 known functions, WTX interacts with the beta-transducin repeat containing family of ubiquitin ligase

230 omplex," glycogen synthase kinase 3 and beta-transducin repeat containing protein, to promote their n

231 by a reduction in YAP association with beta-transducin repeat protein (betaTRCP), which is known to

232 nase kinase kinase 7 (MAP3K7; TAK1) and beta-transducin repeat-containing gene (betaTRC)--contain a h

233 Vpu recruits beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (beta-TrCP) and med

234 r previous finding that upregulation of beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (beta-TrCP) express

235 emonstrate that the E3 ubiquitin ligase beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (beta-TrCP) is requ

236 se SCF(beta-TrCP), we hypothesized that beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (beta-TrCP) targets

237 The beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (beta-TrCP), a comp

238 ells by up-regulating the expression of beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (beta-TrCP), an F-b

239 in-F-box ubiquitin E3 ligase component, beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (beta-TrCP), that p

240 use Nrf2 contains two binding sites for beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (beta-TrCP), which

241 Despite a specific interaction between beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (betaTrCP) and the

242 ke ECH-Associated Protein 1 (Keap1) and beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (betaTrCP), which t

243 x with beta-catenin, AXIN1, beta-TrCP2 (beta-transducin repeat-containing protein 2), and APC (adenom

244 x responsible for activating NF-kappaB (beta-transducin repeat-containing protein [beta-TrCP]).

245 ts with the ubiquitin ligase beta-TRCP (beta-transducin repeat-containing protein) and undergoes degr

246 conjugating enzyme 5 (UbcH5), and beta-TRCP (transducin repeat-containing protein).

247 ed that Sirt1-mediated up-regulation of beta-transducin repeat-containing protein-facilitated proteol

248 SMAD3 inhibited beta-transducin repeat-containing protein-mediated degradatio

249 inase 3beta (GSK3beta) and a subsequent beta-transducin repeat-containing proteins (betaTRCP) mediate

250 We identify Skp/Cullin/F-box(Slimb/beta-transducin repeats-containing protein) (SCF(Slimb/beta-T

251 ce of Wnt, beta-catenin is targeted for beta-transducin repeats-containing proteins (beta-TrCP)-media

252 r transducin activation rate by accelerating transducin-rhodopsin complex formation.

253 Light-induced translocation of rod alpha-transducin (rTalpha, GNAT1) has been recognized as one o

254 sducin double knock-out background prevented transducin signaling and led to substantially improved r

255 Thus transducin signaling, but not channel closure, triggers

256 ires the photobleaching of rhodopsin but not transducin signaling.

257 Gib2 contains a seven-bladed beta transducin structure and is emerging as a scaffold prote

258 normal retinal localizations of GRK1 and rod transducin subunits (GNAT1 and GNB1) in zebrafish.

259 the membrane interactions of the dissociated transducin subunits are very different from those of the

260 Cone transducin subunits do not dissociate during activation

261 The kinetics of the return of the transducin subunits to the outer segments were compared

262 n terms of the return of the light-dispersed transducin subunits to the rod outer segments, occurs si

263 ts show that it is the dissociation state of transducin that determines its localization in photorece

264 ers are capable of activating the G protein, transducin, the activation process is much faster when R

265 -retinols on the opsin's ability to activate transducin to ascertain their potentials for activating

266 ce lacking the rod-specific alpha-subunit of transducin to determine if phototransduction events are

267 e-rich region of Pgamma is also required for transducin to increase cGMP exchange at the GAF domains.

268 Binding of activated transducin to PDE6 holoenzyme resulted in a concentratio

269 pled through G-proteins, alpha-gustducin and transducin, to activate phospholipase C beta2 and increa

270 rtly to the fact that the activation rate of transducin (Tr) by light-activated visual pigment (R*) i

271 retinal chromophore, activate the G protein transducin, traffic to the light-sensitive photoreceptor

272 d G(t)alpha and Gbeta(1)gamma(1) subunits of transducin translocate from the outer segment to other p

273 Notably, the G protein transducin translocates from rod outer segments to inner

274 y light, also accounts for the prevention of transducin translocation at any light intensity.

275 in alpha1-null mice display marked delays in transducin translocation compared with dark-adapted wild

276 Transducin translocation extends the operating range of

277 altered, we demonstrate that, like in rods, transducin translocation in cones can be triggered when

278 ated eyes was determined by evaluating alpha-transducin translocation in photoreceptors in response t

279 This sensitivity reversal indicates that transducin translocation in rods enhances signaling to r

280 ressive reduction in luminance threshold for transducin translocation in wild-type (WT) retinas betwe

281 In shaker1 mice, the rod transducin translocation is delayed because of a shift o

282 enerated transgenic mice where light-induced transducin translocation is impaired.

283 Our data suggest that transducin translocation is triggered when the cell exha

284 Transducin translocation threshold elevation indicates p

285 ptor cell loss, and restoration of the alpha-transducin translocation threshold in the photoreceptors

286 o a moderate rod-saturating light triggering transducin translocation, and then allowed to recover in

287 ctions with membranes impose a limitation on transducin translocation.

288 otein (RG4), has been recently implicated in transducin transport to the OS in the dark through its i

289 The key visual G protein, transducin undergoes bi-directional translocations betwe

290 In rods saturated by light, the G protein transducin undergoes translocation from the outer segmen

291 Expression of transducin was 15-30% lower in P21 Rs1-KO ROS and transd

292 -induced translocation of arrestin and alpha-transducin was documented by immunohistochemical analysi

293 rmation between photoactivated rhodopsin and transducin was measured by extra-metarhodopsin (meta) II

294 Pgamma molecule and tested for activation by transducin, we found that the C-terminal region (Pgamma6

295 rapid GPCR internalization of T1R1, T1R3 and transducin, whereas sucralose internalized T1R2, T1R3 an

296 e visual pigment rhodopsin and its G protein transducin, which reside in a highly specialized membran

297 visual excitation, interaction of activated transducin with Pgamma relieves inhibition.

298 c Ca(2+) current, suggesting interactions of transducin with the synaptic machinery.

299 KB-1753 blocks interaction of G alpha(transducin) with its effector, cGMP phosphodiesterase, a

300 facilitates dispersion of both rod and cone transducins within the cells.