ライフサイエンスコーパス: trophic level

1 through the food web but impacted a specific trophic level.

2 ies of species that interact within a single trophic level.

3 her absent, or present as an ineffective top trophic level.

4 d interspecific competition at the herbivore trophic level.

5 eractions could have been predicted based on trophic level.

6 eraction strengths should decrease with prey trophic level.

7 enyls (PCBs) were explained better by dipper trophic level.

8 determine potential cascading effects across trophic levels.

9 esence of a co-evolutionary signal at higher trophic levels.

10 onization between the phenology of different trophic levels.

11 nal value of food crops, and transfer within trophic levels.

12 energy-transfer from phytoplankton to higher trophic levels.

13 life and animal models, especially at higher trophic levels.

14 ic factors in studies of species from higher trophic levels.

15 n and food security, and transfer of ENMs in trophic levels.

16 usurped trees and consumed prey from higher trophic levels.

17 y variable potential for interaction amongst trophic levels.

18 potentially positive consequences for higher trophic levels.

19 cosystem, with cascading effects at multiple trophic levels.

20 the tendency of species to feed on multiple trophic levels.

21 (DeltaN), which are all needed to calculate trophic levels.

22 te in the food web, affecting species at all trophic levels.

23 on into the food web, particularly to higher trophic levels.

24 capture the effects of extinctions at higher trophic levels.

25 severe mortality due to predation of higher trophic levels.

26 vidence of an oyster-based conduit to higher trophic levels.

27 carbon sources, sinks and transfer to higher trophic levels.

28 ority of which rely on hosts that occupy low trophic levels.

29 munity composition and, consequently, higher trophic levels.

30 terial CO(2) production and away from higher trophic levels.

31 tact quantum dots remain available to higher trophic levels.

32 onomic value are not correlated with fishery trophic levels.

33 chment would stimulate energy flow to higher trophic levels.

34 e major conduits of energy flow up to higher trophic levels.

35 sequestration and energy transfer to higher trophic levels.

36 nts can stimulate the production of multiple trophic levels.

37 ffects of new niche construction move across trophic levels.

38 a chain reaction of speciation events across trophic levels.

39 sed broadly by bacteria and consumers across trophic levels.

40 a carryover effect of algal quality across 3 trophic levels.

41 experimentally in food chains with 3 or more trophic levels.

42 models and examined responses across several trophic levels.

43 rough food webs that poses a threat to upper trophic levels.

44 of soil eutrophication propagating to higher trophic levels.

45 c ecosystem with changes from lower to upper trophic levels.

46 interaction strengths with prey at different trophic levels.

47 n, with stronger effects occurring at higher trophic levels.

48 only on primary producers but also on higher trophic levels.

49 complex cascading effects across and between trophic levels.

50 ct of climate change on species at different trophic levels.

51 interactions between organisms of different trophic levels.

52 MWCNTs bioavailable for organisms at higher trophic levels.

53 the transfer of nutrients and energy across trophic levels.

54 vels and biological interactions across most trophic levels.

55 ify in situ energy and nutrient flow between trophic levels.

56 and humans preferentially impacting specific trophic levels [4-6].

57 primary consumers than for species in other trophic levels (6.2 versus 2.5-2.9 days earlier on avera

58 13)C) revealed C. carpio were feeding at one trophic level above 0+P. parva, suggesting the process o

59 radation worldwide, it remains unclear which trophic levels above the base of the food web are most v

60 acterised by many species occupying the same trophic level and competing over a small number of vital

61 oonlight effects were not clearly related to trophic level and were better explained by phylogenetic

62 III assembled networks tended to have fewer trophic levels and a more pyramidal biomass distribution

63 and hence for biogeochemical cycling, higher trophic levels and biodiversity.

64 tem multifunctionality across multiple taxa, trophic levels and habitats using a comprehensive databa

65 or the scaling of biotic interactions across trophic levels and its ecological implications.

66 easured the response of the biomass of lower trophic levels and nutrient cycling to the different phe

67 aist dynamics, but occurring across multiple trophic levels and only during periods of reduced bottom

68 influence energy transfer vertically through trophic levels and sometimes trophic cascades via direct

69 in significant transfer of carbon to higher trophic levels and the deep ocean.

70 on could lower the energy transfer to higher trophic levels and thus hamper the productivity of the n

71 he gut contents of invertebrates, varying by trophic level, and across trophic levels, the overall in

72 in delta(15)N in selected reference baseline trophic level, and in the enrichment factor of delta(15)

73 Although species, trophic level, and means of production are typically con

74 taminant concentration is regressed onto the trophic level, and TMFs are represented by the slope of

75 c data for the population span more than one trophic level, and we offer a qualitative evaluation of

76 lants to herbivores, they do not reach other trophic levels, and biodiversity remains unchanged.

77 ially affected phylogenetic diversity across trophic levels, and may also exert a strong selective pr

78 f environmental conditions, anchovy diet and trophic levels, and passive egg dispersal.

79 rch is required on a broad range of species, trophic levels, and polymer types.

80 pecies extinctions are biased towards higher trophic levels, and primary extinctions are often follow

81 t link between primary production and higher trophic levels, and the decrease projected here could be

82 he timing of seasonal events for interacting trophic levels, and this has often led to increased sele

83 cies, the transfer of energy across multiple trophic levels, and thus they play significant roles in

84 aken up by various fish species at different trophic levels, and were further metabolized once inside

85 om natural ecosystems, and large bodied high trophic level animals are especially sensitive and vulne

86 A Tier Two assessment using a trophic level approach was applied to evaluate the remai

87 jor islands of Japan, were derived from high-trophic-level aquatic food.

88 High trophic level arctic beluga whales (Delphinapterus leuca

89 t the waste products of the organisms on one trophic level are consumed by organisms of the next trop

90 Although trophic levels are among the most basic information coll

91 t concentrations is appreciated, whereas the trophic levels are assumed independent and not associate

92 Species at higher trophic levels are at greater risk of human-induced exti

93 Trophic levels are critical for synthesizing species' di

94 ggest that carryover effects across multiple trophic levels are important.

95 ermore, whereas most food webs find that top trophic levels are least vulnerable to natural enemies,

96 s are hindered by a lack of knowledge of how trophic levels are linked across space.

97 assessing how perturbations affecting lower trophic levels are ramified throughout ecosystems and co

98 However, catches from most trophic levels are rising, which can intensify fishery c

99 and local sources of contamination, but not trophic level, are important determinants of [PFAS] in b

100 netic associations, measured across multiple trophic levels, are likely to provide additional and dee

101 nces among prey (most importantly related to trophic level), as well as differences in baseline value

102 tions became greater with increasing dietary trophic level, as bears and foxes consumed more marine a

103 ly to be met by adequate production at lower trophic levels, as smaller prey species are often the fi

104 to an upper bound on the number of effective trophic levels at about 3-4 links.

105 Biota were assigned to three trophic levels based on their tissue 15N isotope values

106 The average trophic level (based on delta(15)N) of the upper-trophic

107 lacier-marine habitats by developing a multi-trophic level Bayesian three-isotope mixing model.

108 es the efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels, became negative when prey were subjected

109 iomass, which restricts C transfer to higher trophic levels because jellyfish are not readily consume

110 t, in a simple food chain, species at higher trophic level become extinct sooner with increasing patc

111 an indirectly impact resource populations (2 trophic levels below the predator) through consumption o

112 s of changes in climate, physical, and lower trophic level biological factors provide substantial evi

113 re comparable to concentrations in other low trophic level biota in the Antarctic food web (i.e., kri

114 risks of PCB-contaminated sediments to high trophic level biota.

115 s well documented for organisms at the lower trophic levels, but requires more research for higher le

116 We also show that variation sets predator trophic level by determining interaction strengths with

117 ss 1.7 +/- 0.7 (mean +/- SD) and 1.8 +/- 0.8 trophic levels (calculated using delta(15)N from baselin

118 Small differences in trophic level can reflect large differences in diet.

119 suggests that losing one species from lower trophic levels can affect ecosystem functioning even in

120 Thus, divergent selection at lower trophic levels can potentially multiplicatively and rapi

121 ts highlight that phenologies of species and trophic levels can shift at different rates, potentially

122 rophic level (krill) may propagate to higher trophic levels (capelin and cod).

123 t the same plant volatile cues used by third trophic level carnivores.

124 ) or significant increases (n = 15) in upper-trophic-level catches when fishing down the food web was

125 by trophic magnification factors (TMFs; per trophic level change in log-concentration of a chemical)

126 . phylogenetic congruence) among interacting trophic levels change across an edge gradient between na

127 benefit prey populations by suppressing mid-trophic level consumers, but often the strength and outc

128 termines energy and material flows to higher trophic levels, conversion of plant-produced carbon into

129 umptions about carrion produced at different trophic levels could therefore lead ecologists to overlo

130 cess and a key energetic link between higher trophic levels, decomposers and primary producers.

131 ed with delta(34)S (R(2) = 0.86) rather than trophic level (delta(15)N of "trophic" amino acids).

132 ounting for proximate biotic factors such as trophic level (delta(15)N) and carbon source (delta(13)C

133 enrichment factor of delta(15)N between two trophic levels (DeltaN), which are all needed to calcula

134 Specifically, trophic levels describe the position of species in a foo

135 to greater levels of intermediate and lower trophic level diversity, with omnivorous traits likely b

136 espread effects on other species at the same trophic level due to indirect population-dynamic effects

137 e for horizontal extinction cascades at high trophic levels due to the proposed mechanism.

138 ears and intensities on insect abundance and trophic level during manipulative sheep grazing are not

139 For instance, forest specialists at higher trophic levels (e.g. understory-insectivores, woodpecker

140 A multimetric approach showed that across trophic levels, earlier phenological events have been as

141 y symbiosis between the third and the fourth trophic level enemies.

142 ductivity changes may flow through to higher trophic levels even in deep water habitats.

143 litates efficient energy transfers to higher trophic levels, evidence from previous large-scale enric

144 periodic life history strategy, and for all trophic levels except primary consumers.

145 itoids, top consumers acting from the fourth trophic level, exploit the same plant volatile cues used

146 that species dispersal range increases with trophic level, exploiting pair-approximation techniques

147 If plankton synchrony is altered, higher trophic-level feeding patterns may be modified.

148 lated age-structured populations of four mid-trophic-level fish species with distinct life-history tr

149 c levels indicate the serial addition of low-trophic-level fisheries ("fishing through the food web")

150 phic-level fisheries with less valuable, low-trophic-level fisheries as the former become depleted to

151 fishing down marine food webs") and when low-trophic-level fisheries expand ("fishing through marine

152 indicative of the serial replacement of high-trophic-level fisheries with less valuable, low-trophic-

153 Even temporary collapses of small, low trophic-level fishes can have ecosystem-wide impacts by

154 ty changes in San Francisco Bay across three trophic levels followed a state change in the California

155 This, by necessity, assumes a three-trophic level food chain where carnivores benefit plants

156 that coincident with the apparent decline in trophic level, foraging segregation among petrel populat

157 Reconstructions of dietary composition and trophic level from stable isotope measurements of animal

158 -term data set ( 60 years) covering multiple trophic levels from phytoplankton to predatory fish.

159 on have direct or indirect effects on higher trophic levels, from zooplankton organisms to marine mam

160 cross species in relation to factors such as trophic level, habitat cover preference and visual acuit

161 hange scenarios because the responses across trophic levels have complex underlying climate drivers o

162 collected for animals in ecosystems, a human trophic level (HTL) has never been defined.

163 ng the combination of endpoint from multiple trophic levels, identified invertebrates and nonvascular

164 revealed variations in insect abundance and trophic level in response to continuous sheep grazing in

165 phic magnification slope (TMS), from several trophic levels in a food web can represent the overall d

166 a, that help capture a view through multiple trophic levels in a Paleoproterozoic ecosystem.

167 oplankton and thus energy transfer to higher trophic levels in aquatic ecosystems.

168 dulates methyl mercury accumulation at lower trophic levels in aquatic food chains.

169 Because marine mammals occupy upper trophic levels in Arctic food webs, they may be useful i

170 y which climate variability affects multiple trophic levels in food webs is essential for determining

171 rces as they are passed from lower to higher trophic levels in glacial-marine habitats.

172 ort-term and long-term forcings across three trophic levels in grassland plots subjected to natural a

173 We found differences across trophic levels in how their phylogenetic diversity respo

174 the selenium naturally present at the lower trophic levels in marine food chains may play an essenti

175 edation that may ramify and influence higher trophic levels in model agroecosystems.

176 cts of consumer species loss across multiple trophic levels in natural complex ecosystems.

177 tion of processes occurring within and among trophic levels in natural ecosystems and (2) tests of co

178 fication of methyl mercury toward the higher trophic levels in the aquatic food chains.

179 ty of basal resources is reflected at higher trophic levels in the food web.

180 by UCYN-A is directly transferred to higher trophic levels in these waters.

181 d opportunistic feeding, relative to that of trophic level, in explaining interspecific differences i

182 and IV being restricted to a small number of trophic levels, in contrast to the non-dynamic, topologi

183 t often studied in the context of one or two trophic levels, in reality species invade communities co

184 rimary production and the dynamics of higher trophic levels including (small) copepods and a standard

185 s suggest that exposure to mercury at higher trophic levels including humans can be affected by proce

186 mparatively less has been conducted on lower trophic levels including zooplankton and the subsequent

187 nanoparticles to representatives of various trophic levels, including bacteria, plants, and multicel

188 Ericaceae with different life histories and trophic levels, including multiple representatives from

189 One case uses the mean trophic level index and its changes, and the other uses

190 Consequently, we suggest that the low mean trophic level index calculated in the earlier article fo

191 In our reanalyses, the low mean trophic level index for the GOM actually resulted from l

192 lternative to this view, that declining mean trophic levels indicate the serial addition of low-troph

193 fishers are not selectively removing higher trophic level individuals, a concave trophic distributio

194 fts from high-trophic-level predators to low-trophic-level invertebrates and plankton-feeders.

195 s been hypothesized that FCE across multiple trophic levels is constrained by the efficiency at which

196 to influence diversification across multiple trophic levels is critical to understand eco-evolutionar

197 quivalence," where biomass production within trophic levels is invariant of body size across all spec

198 lation dynamics of communities with multiple trophic levels is, however, severely lacking.

199 t of omnivory, feeding at more than a single trophic level, is formulated as an intermediate stage be

200 of different intensities affecting the lower trophic level (krill) may propagate to higher trophic le

201 ld lead to competitive exclusion at the prey trophic level, leading to extinctions of further carnivo

202 three ecosystem processes operating at three trophic levels (litter decomposition, seed predation and

203 g prediction (iii), and food chains were 0.2 trophic levels longer in logged forest, the opposite of

204 derscoring the extreme vulnerability of high trophic level marine mammals to persistent and bioaccumu

205 ish between the relative importance of lower trophic-level marine foods and terrestrial sources.

206 Furthermore, the number of trophic levels may also constrain FCE, because herbivore

207 dicted pyramid of biomass distribution among trophic levels may be disrupted through trophic replacem

208 Differences in the rate of advance between trophic levels may result in predators becoming mismatch

209 In reality, the trophic levels may vary due to measurement error in stab

210 Here we show, using a comprehensive three-trophic-level model, that competition and predation shou

211 most widely adopted marine indicator is mean trophic level (MTL) from catches, intended to detect shi

212 the inclusion of parasites revealed that mid-trophic levels, not low trophic levels, suffered the hig

213 ere, we find a global HTL of 2.21, i.e., the trophic level of anchoveta.

214 A recurring pattern of declining mean trophic level of fisheries landings, termed "fishing dow

215 ctioning can depend on both the function and trophic level of interest.

216 t common one underlying declines in the mean trophic level of landings.

217 Mean trophic level of the assemblage increased modestly with

218 The trophic level of the catch has decreased slightly, but t

219 g., total biomass, community size structure, trophic level of the community) were most robust (i.e.,

220 , but there is no detectable decrease in the trophic level of the population.

221 However, the highest trophic level of today's marine ecosystems, i.e., macrop

222 natural products that biomagnify into upper trophic levels of marine food webs.

223 and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to higher trophic levels of the anchialine food web in the Yucatan

224 ly anthropogenic, has already affected lower trophic levels of the California Current.

225 mposition of Hg were determined at different trophic levels of the remote and pristine Lake Baikal ec

226 centrates microbial methylation and multiple trophic levels of zooplankton in a vertically restricted

227 uded migratory animals on more than a single trophic level or for periods spanning multiple entire se

228 he nine dominant species regardless of their trophic level or taxon.

229 How this variability affects higher trophic levels or entire food webs remains largely unkno

230 rcury species, CH3Hg(+) and Hg(2+), into low trophic level organisms is important to understanding it

231 contaminants that may bioaccumulate in upper trophic level organisms, were detected in the milk of a

232 hic level (based on delta(15)N) of the upper-trophic-level organisms in the food web was 3.7 +/- 0.8

233 on provide a link between climate and higher trophic-level organisms, which can forage on large spati

234 vironmental toxins that accumulate in higher trophic-level organisms.

235 on is likely to have consequences for higher trophic levels, particularly for the zooplankton grazers

236 The mean trophic level pattern is explained by trophic replacemen

237 FCE across 3 trophic levels (phytoplankton to carnivorous fish) was h

238 whether phylogenetic diversity at different trophic levels (plants, herbivores and parasitoids) and

239 eystone predator might cascade down to lower trophic levels, potentially re-defining the coastal fish

240 s Lamna ditropis are highly migratory, upper trophic level predators in North Pacific ecosystems.

241 lankton biomass, krill recruitment and upper trophic level predators in this coastal Antarctic ecosys

242 catches, intended to detect shifts from high-trophic-level predators to low-trophic-level invertebrat

243 y transferring energy from plankton to upper trophic-level predators, such as large fish, seabirds, a

244 hes, squids, and crustaceans) of their lower trophic level prey sampled from the central North Pacifi

245 n the Bering Sea, and likely consumed higher trophic-level prey in late winter.

246 during the day, apparently feeding on higher trophic-level prey.

247 al variation is important in affecting upper trophic-level productivity in these marine ecosystems.

248 The distribution of biomass among trophic levels provides a theoretical basis for understa

249 nged from 3.4 to 14.0 per thousand, implying trophic levels ranging from 1 to 4, and THg concentratio

250 level are consumed by organisms of the next trophic level rather than the organisms themselves.

251 ies richness can increase competition within trophic levels, reducing the efficacy of intertrophic le

252 species deletions by decreasing body mass or trophic level, representing 'fishing down the food web',

253 nism's sensitivity to climate increased with trophic level resulting in strong inter-annual variation

254 passing c. 250 planktonic species from three trophic levels, sampled in the western English Channel.

255 , in combination with the analysis of a high-trophic-level sentinel species, demonstrates a framework

256 ctions about the structure of food webs: (i) trophic level should increase with predator connectivity

257 arine plankton communities as well as higher trophic levels, since metal may be transferred from phyt

258 ical context (e.g., proximate human impacts, trophic level, spatial scale) and still make informative

259 lta(15) N in chick feathers, which reflected trophic (level) specialization, was nevertheless an effe

260 0 kg/ha, suggesting that fisheries for upper trophic level species will only be supported under light

261 lted from large catches of two groups of low trophic level species, menhaden and shrimp, and the mean

262 We conclude that lower trophic-level species can benefit physiologically from t

263 up to twice as many fisheries for small, low trophic-level species have collapsed compared with those

264 organic matter source contribution to upper trophic-level species including fish and seabirds ranged

265 ecosystems showed declining catches of upper-trophic-level species, compared with 21 ecosystems that

266 We found that lower and intermediate trophic level structure increased over time.

267 Species from higher trophic levels, such as snakes, are expected to be parti

268 es revealed that mid-trophic levels, not low trophic levels, suffered the highest vulnerability to na

269 uppressed the foraging of prey in the middle trophic level, suggesting that warming may further enhan

270 the variance in abundance of bottom and mid-trophic levels than does bottom-up control.

271 roviding basal energetic resources to higher trophic levels that support subsistence-based human popu

272 brates, varying by trophic level, and across trophic levels, the overall ingestion of AFs was low (ap

273 Although PFOS precursors were present at all trophic levels, they appear to play a minor role in food

274 timate community-level relationships between trophic level (TL) and body size in size-structured food

275 rom plankton feeders to top predators, whose trophic level (TL) was assessed measuring the biological

276 anic pollutants (POPs) tend to increase with trophic level (TL).

277 he diversion of energy flow away from higher trophic levels to microorganisms.

278 food-web model, resolving species over five trophic levels, to study how total fish production chang

279 d find that in the resulting webs the higher trophic levels typically contain species with the greate

280 esidue guidelines that protect biota of high trophic levels under various PCB management scenarios.

281 environmental compartments and at different trophic levels up to humans.

282 enters the aquatic food chains at the lower trophic levels, uptake and elimination processes at thes

283 n insectivorous lizard) representing several trophic levels, using a series of large, long-term, ungu

284 l species, menhaden and shrimp, and the mean trophic level was slowly increasing rather than decreasi

285 Our dinner table is a trophic level we share with the microbes that also feed

286 959 to 1993 and investigating effects across trophic levels, we are able to elucidate pathways by whi

287 her there is a signal of co-evolution across trophic levels, we test whether related consumer species

288 rences between ecosystems and between marine trophic levels, we used a model-selection approach to as

289 a marine ecosystem when its top- and middle-trophic levels were not substantially impacted by human

290 s a more direct link between lower and upper trophic levels, which may confer greater energy efficien

291 determine whether change has differed among trophic levels, while explicitly accounting for among-me

292 sitive to the species included at the higher trophic level; whole food web TMF differed from TMF excl

293 availability was also amplified through the trophic levels with warming, as predicted by metabolic t

294 asonal mismatches in phenology span multiple trophic levels, with timing of animal reproduction, hibe

295 ns of TCC and TCS were measured in different trophic levels within a terrestrial food web encompassin

296 he abundance of many species across multiple trophic levels within ecosystems.

297 uld have significant implications for higher trophic levels within streams.

298 ntly influence species interactions at lower trophic levels, yet their joint investigation has been p

299 nsparent lake were largely replaced by a two trophic level zooplankton community.

300 l events shifted earlier for all metrics and trophic levels: zooplankton advanced most, and fish leas