ライフサイエンスコーパス: twitch

1 and increasing the amplitude of the cardiac twitch.

2 y inducing a shift in fiber type toward slow-twitch.

3 2013, 159 patients consented and enrolled in TWiTCH.

4 n: the jerky limb movements called myoclonic twitches.

5 specific cortical activity during periods of twitching.

6 swarming motility, and type IV pilus-driven twitching.

7 ons of corollary discharge are absent during twitching.

8 D With Transfusions Changing to Hydroxyurea [TWiTCH]).

9 before (M3) and after (M2 and M3) training: twitch (56% vs. 62%), lift (6% vs. 5%), and extend (37%

10 ts that spinal reflexes are inhibited during twitching [9-11], this finding suggests that twitches tr

11 erse range of species is able to 'glide' or 'twitch' across surfaces.

12 py) of more-complex, multi-joint patterns of twitching; again, wild-types/heterozygotes exhibited dev

13 has formal similarity to the skeletal muscle twitch, albeit manifest over a much longer time scale.

14 on in hSOD1(G93A)-UeGFP mice, and their slow-twitch alpha and gamma motor neuron identity was confirm

15 to a subset of small-size SMN that are slow-twitch alpha and gamma motor neurons.

16 We show that twitches, although self-generated, are processed as if t

17 This mechanism explains how twitches, although self-generated, trigger abundant reaf

18 ctility by regulating SERCA activity in fast-twitch and atrial muscle.

19 Maximal twitch and isometric tetanic force were reduced at 24 mo

20 ously and respond to electrical stimuli with twitch and tetanic contractions.

21 mproved cardiac function as well as improved twitch and tetanic force in skeletal muscle.

22 s found to induce up to 1.7-fold increase in twitch and tetanus force amplitude.

23 mulated Ca(2+) concentrations in the case of twitch and tetanus, corresponding to different applied c

24 es of muscle fibers called type I "red" slow twitch and type II "white" fast twitch, which display ma

25 vity in muscle bundles was linked with early twitching and eventual coordinated movement.

26 esults show that the forces generated during twitching and gliding have complementary characters, and

27 ing swimming in aqueous media, and swarming, twitching and gliding on solid and semi-solid surfaces.

28 ty mechanisms of Myxococcus xanthus, namely, twitching and gliding.

29 Neurons in the RN fired phasically before twitching and wake movements of the contralateral foreli

30 llowed by a marked and prolonged decrease in twitching and wake movements.

31 Heartbeats, muscle twitches, and lightning-fast thoughts are all manifestat

32 ing brain and spinal mechanisms that produce twitching, and the role that sensory feedback from twitc

33 Hence, for the first twitch, approximately 80% of the energy goes into pumpin

34 Myoclonic twitches are jerky movements that occur exclusively and

35 om the field of developmental robotics: when twitches are mimicked in robot models of the musculoskel

36 These findings indicate that twitches are not produced randomly but are highly struct

37 Hundreds of thousands of limb twitches are produced daily, and sensory feedback from t

38 results also highlight the potential use of twitching as a uniquely informative diagnostic tool for

39 dentified the neural mechanisms that produce twitching as well as those that convey sensory feedback

40 Twitch-associated cortical activity was synchronized bet

41 ng to assess the spatiotemporal structure of twitching at forelimb joints in 2- and 8-day-old rats.

42 Twitching bacterial groups also produce traction hotspot

43 e symptoms of schizophrenia, it reduced head twitch behavior induced by DOI, but it failed to inhibit

44 many phenotypes tested, mucoidy and reduced twitching best predicted subsequent PE.

45 of activity that are tightly associated with twitches but occur infrequently during waking.

46 ion eliminated PFCN stimulation-induced anal twitching but did not change the stimulation-induced bla

47 The ATP usage per twitch by the myosin crossbridges remains essentially co

48 brief bursts immediately following myoclonic twitches; by P12, theta oscillations are expressed conti

49 KO/TG cardiomyocytes exhibited 1), increased twitch Ca transient and fractional release (both by appr

50 enaline) increased RyR1 PKA phosphorylation, twitch Ca(2+) and force generation.

51 e a lower diastolic [Ca]i, which also slowed twitch [Ca]i decline (suggesting CaMKII-dependent RyR Ca

52 In this article we track individual twitching cells and observe that their trajectories cons

53 lly structured, or whether the patterning of twitching changes with age; such information is critical

54 xpectedly revealed a category of reflex-like twitching-comprising an agonist twitch followed immediat

55 e placebo group showed a 9% (P=0.01) loss of twitch contractility after loaded breathing, whereas no

56 ask and after bolus administration to assess twitch contractility.

57 lular calcium at rest and its rise with each twitch contraction was greater for cells on the stiffer

58 nd timescale during whole-muscle stretch and twitch contraction.

59 By contrast, during rhythmic twitch contractions (4 Hz), slow onset vasodilatation (S

60 Rhythmic twitch contractions stimulate FA endothelium to release

61 During rhythmic twitch contractions, slow onset vasodilatation (10-15 s)

62 nformation is critical for understanding how twitches contribute to development.

63 arvae exhibited abnormal swimming, increased twitching, defective eye movement and pectoral fin contr

64 development of local and global features of twitching, demonstrating that twitching is shaped by sen

65 Both slow- and fast-twitch diaphragm muscle fibers of critically ill patient

66 and exhibit a partial SPASM motif, coined a Twitch domain.

67 mouse myotubes were stimulated by ACh, with twitch duration and frequency most closely resembling th

68 e troponin Ca(2+) regulatory sites with each twitch during calling.

69 gy, no extant technology can image sarcomere twitch dynamics in live humans.

70 The effects of the mutation on twitch dynamics were fully reproduced by a single parame

71 nists enhance the function of slow- and fast-twitch dystrophic muscles and because their use is limit

72 histologically and functionally rescued slow-twitch dystrophic muscles.

73 ] trigger hundreds of thousands of myoclonic twitches each day [19].

74 ers hundreds of thousands of skeletal muscle twitches each day; sensory feedback from the resulting l

75 eural pathways involved in the generation of twitches early in development.

76 In rat pups, limb twitches exhibit a complex spatiotemporal structure that

77 At both ages, twitches exhibited highly structured spatiotemporal prop

78 uptake into the slow-twitch soleus and fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL)muscles, activatio

79 he specific force of contraction of the fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus muscle yet had no effec

80 -Fc) completely restore the function of fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus muscles in dystrophic m

81 soleus muscles (SOL) with no effect on fast twitch extensor digitorum longus muscles.

82 and reduces strength, muscle mass, and fast-twitch fiber diameter, but increases the metabolic effic

83 ggest that: (1) ERK1/2 are critical for slow-twitch fiber growth; (2) a defective gamma/epsilon-AChR

84 le common pathway important for fast-to-slow twitch fiber type transition.

85 etal muscle, specifically implicated in slow-twitch fiber-type specification, function, and cardiomyo

86 muscle is composed of approximately 67% fast-twitch fibers (MHC IIa+IId).

87 drives expression of the FGF21 gene in fast-twitch fibers and is metabolically protective.

88 fast twitch skeletal fibers and not in slow twitch fibers or cardiac tissues.

89 from fast-twitch muscle fibers, whereas slow-twitch fibers remain innervated.

90 ainly in muscles with a predominance of fast-twitch fibers, suggesting that fiber type-specific lipid

91 mitochondrial biogenesis and specifies slow twitch fibers, suggesting that oxidative metabolism in m

92 Thus, they increased Po in the slow-twitch fibre bundles without significantly affecting tha

93 out significantly affecting that of the fast-twitch fibre bundles.

94 eed running and an important glycolytic fast-twitch fibre recruitment boundary in the rat) principall

95 combination with X-ray diffraction, to fast-twitch fibres from the dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula).

96 omparison of published data from intact fast-twitch fibres of frog muscle and demembranated fibres fr

97 ported previously in enzyme-dissociated slow-twitch fibres that had been AM-loaded with mag-fluo-4: 1

98 However, a mGCR was present only in the slow-twitch fibres.

99 reflex-like twitching-comprising an agonist twitch followed immediately by an antagonist twitch-that

100 ETA, miniagrin increased AChR clustering and twitch force amplitude but failed to improve intracellul

101 atic digestion, attached to carbon rods, and twitch force and intracellular Ca(2+) were measured.

102 m voluntary force and potentiated quadriceps twitch force were decreased below baseline after exercis

103 WT muscles displayed reduced passive force, twitch force, and myofilament LDA.

104 We observed the modulation of twitch force, but not of intracellular Ca(2+), by both e

105 rroborated by muscle physiology studies with twitch force, tetanic and eccentric contraction all bein

106 bled as a functional syncytium; (2) systolic twitch forces at a similar level as observed in bona fid

107 ate stiffness plays a role in regulating the twitch forces produced by immature cardiomyocytes.

108 aracterized by marked overexpression of fast-twitch genes and postnatal development of a fatal dilate

109 chanism underlying the specification of fast-twitch glycolytic muscle and illustrates that the oxidat

110 abolic and contractile specification of fast-twitch glycolytic muscle.

111 oth slow-twitch oxidative myofibers and fast-twitch glycolytic myofibers that differentially impact m

112 indings are consistent with the inflammatory twitch hypothesis and the notion that the allergic infla

113 trophy and a shift in fiber type toward slow-twitch in human primary myotubes.

114 cMyBP-C increases the force and kinetics of twitches in living cardiac muscle.

115 irst report of self-generated, sleep-related twitches in the developing whisker system, a sensorimoto

116 N is also a major source of motor output for twitching in early infancy, a period when twitching is a

117 tagonist ketanserin reduces DOI-induced head twitching in MIA offspring.

118 gated the contributions of proprioception to twitching in newborn ErbB2 conditional knockout mice tha

119 with 2 months of diffuse, involuntary muscle twitching in the absence of myasthenic symptoms, electro

120 asured in the biceps muscle using a modified twitch interpolation technique to provide an index of ce

121 ntrol experiments verified that these evoked twitches involved neuromuscular transmission and faithfu

122 It is not known whether the production of twitches is random or spatiotemporally structured, or wh

123 ensory feedback from sleep-related myoclonic twitches is thought to drive activity-dependent developm

124 or twitching in early infancy, a period when twitching is an especially abundant motor behavior.

125 al features of twitching, demonstrating that twitching is shaped by sensory experience.

126 eved maximum peak stress of 6.5 mN/mm(2) and twitch kinetics approaching reported values from adult h

127 muscles showed that the increased force and twitch kinetics because increased pacing or beta1-adrene

128 ted by the observation that reafference from twitching limbs reliably and substantially triggers brai

129 l as those that convey sensory feedback from twitching limbs to the spinal cord and brain.

130 The sensorimotor circuits activated by twitching limbs, and the developmental context in which

131 g fluorescent dye injected into fast or slow twitch lower extremity muscle with slice recordings from

132 s characterized by increased myoglobin, slow twitch markers [myosin heavy chain 7 (MyH7), succinate d

133 re new ideas about the functional roles that twitching might play in the self-organization of spinal

134 confidence interval, 1.19-2.57) and reduced twitching motility (odds ratio, 1.43; 95% confidence int

135 showed that the PilC1 site is necessary for twitching motility and adherence to Chang epithelial cel

136 n that utilizes polar type IV pili (T4P) for twitching motility and adhesion in the environment and d

137 anscription factor that positively regulates twitching motility and alginate synthesis, two phenotype

138 a, the Pil-Chp system regulates T4P-mediated twitching motility and cAMP levels, both of which play r

139 Bacteria lacking FimX are deficient in twitching motility and microcolony formation.

140 the PilC2 site has only a minor influence on twitching motility and no influence on adherence.

141 cs, we simultaneously monitored the speed of twitching motility and the concentration of oxygen.

142 ly system, which promotes surface-associated twitching motility and virulence, is composed of inner a

143 AlgR activates alginate production and twitching motility but represses the Rhl quorum-sensing

144 that domain in the wild-type protein reduced twitching motility by approximately 50% compared with th

145 y, jerky slingshot motions characteristic of twitching motility comprise the transition region betwee

146 At present, it is not clear how twitching motility emerges from these initial minimal co

147 Two sets of candidate twitching motility genes are present within the genome,

148 ovel two-point tracking algorithm to dissect twitching motility in this context.

149 ns of propulsion has much in common with the twitching motility of heterotrophs such as Pseudomonas a

150 ility and upregulate type IV pilus-dependent twitching motility of P. aeruginosa.

151 osa PilE-mCherry fusion failed to complement twitching motility or piliation of a pilE mutant.

152 We also identified a twitching motility phenotype active at low-nutrient conc

153 swarming motilities powered by flagella, and twitching motility powered by Type IV pili, little is kn

154 phosphorylated AlgR (AlgR-P) is required for twitching motility through the fimU promoter but is not

155 position 54) that does not activate fimU or twitching motility was compared to PAO1, PAO1 algRD54E,

156 tion of this domain had a dramatic effect on twitching motility, adhesion, and piliation but did not

157 Genetic competence, wild-type twitching motility, and attachment to human urogenital e

158 or microcolony formation, biofilm formation, twitching motility, and attachment.

159 of diverse functions, including attachment, twitching motility, biofilm formation, and horizontal ge

160 ce structures, involved in processes such as twitching motility, biofilm formation, bacteriophage inf

161 only uses type IV pili for surface-specific twitching motility, but also as a sensor regulating surf

162 nd are important for processes as diverse as twitching motility, cellular adhesion, and colonization.

163 host cell attachment, biofilm formation, and twitching motility, making this system a promising targe

164 is required for the coordinate activation of twitching motility, rhamnolipid production, and swarming

165 sembly but had a reduced capacity to support twitching motility, suggesting impairment of putative Pi

166 in covalent homo- or heterodimers eliminated twitching motility, suggesting that specific PilNO confi

167 ly activates fimU transcription and exhibits twitching motility, was created.

168 were significantly impaired in T4P-mediated twitching motility, whereas the motility of the N3 mutan

169 Twitching motility-mediated biofilm expansion is a compl

170 use type IVa pili (T4aP) for attachment and twitching motility.

171 The bacteria move on a surface by means of twitching motility.

172 yperpiliated but defective in pilus-mediated twitching motility.

173 lagella-mediated swimming and pilus-mediated twitching motility.

174 of processes, including surface adhesion and twitching motility.

175 nerate surface motions collectively known as twitching motility.

176 ve toward chemoattractants using pili-based "twitching" motility and the Chp chemosensory system.

177 al and free [Ca(2+)], was determined in fast-twitch mouse muscle cells subjected to depleting membran

178 in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles from fast twitch muscle (SERCA1a isoform) was selectively labeled

179 y complex formation between SLN and the fast-twitch muscle Ca-ATPase (SERCA1a isoform).

180 xtraocular muscles contain singly innervated twitch muscle fibers (SIF) and multiply innervated nontw

181 rated calcium entry (SOCE) in fast- and slow-twitch muscle fibers from normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats

182 ingly, axonal dieback occurs first from fast-twitch muscle fibers, whereas slow-twitch fibers remain

183 erapeutically beneficial, especially in slow-twitch muscle fibres.

184 cient to cause a switch from a slow- to fast-twitch muscle phenotype.

185 e fast firing subtypes that innvervates fast twitch muscle was lost.

186 a transcriptional cofactor enriched in fast-twitch muscle, promotes a switch from oxidative to glyco

187 firing MNs are connected with fast and slow twitch muscle, respectively.

188 sistent with the high expression in the slow-twitch muscle, suggests that this variant may contribute

189 the rat) principally within glycolytic fast-twitch muscle.

190 d decreased specific force in fast- and slow-twitch muscles and muscle fibres.

191 t fast-twitch muscles were converted to slow-twitch muscles as myositis progressed, and microarray re

192 E and that tetanic force development in slow twitch muscles is supported by the dynamic interaction b

193 Fiber typing suggested that fast-twitch muscles were converted to slow-twitch muscles as

194 cts muscle mass over time, particularly fast-twitch muscles, which should be taken into consideration

195 necrosis in the diaphragm and slow- and fast-twitch muscles.

196 te loss of myofibrillar organization in fast-twitch muscles.

197 rin) and JP45-CASQ2 on calcium entry in slow twitch muscles.

198 l-angle X-ray diffraction measurements of WT twitching muscles during diastole revealed stretch-induc

199 ranscription of myo18b is restricted to fast-twitch myocytes in the zebrafish embryo; consistent with

200 nonexcitable muscle membrane indicates fast-twitch myofiber atrophy during the early course of criti

201 ession of genes encoding normal cardiac slow-twitch myofiber proteins and pathologically increased ex

202 alance in gene expression for fast- and slow-twitch myofiber proteins, and rescued cardiac function i

203 d expression of genes encoding skeletal fast-twitch myofiber proteins.

204 inantly associated with loss of type 2b fast-twitch myofibers.

205 ite to the notion that sensory feedback from twitches not only activates sensorimotor circuits but mo

206 2+) per kg muscle is released with the first twitch of an 80 Hz stimulus (15(o)C).

207 yocytes are coupled with increased isometric twitch of the myocardium and arrhythmic events, suggesti

208 REM) sleep, infant mammals exhibit myoclonic twitches of skeletal muscles throughout the body, genera

209 once every 12 s were preceded by spontaneous twitches of the hindlimbs and/or tail.

210 had a rapid onset of progressive confusion, twitching of the face and hand, and abnormal basal gangl

211 ory cortex, which reflected the synchronized twitching of the limbs and tail.

212 ed nonsynaptically on the plasma membrane in twitch once, mutant rapsyn was retained in the Golgi com

213 action is reciprocal, we examined the mutant twitch once, which has a missense mutation in rapsyn.

214 The resulting behavior ranges from simple twitches or jerks to complex behavior.

215 companied by a calcium transient that drives twitching or full contraction of the egg-laying muscles.

216 pression and the proportion of type IIa fast-twitch oxidative muscle fibers, which was verified using

217 Skeletal muscle is composed of both slow-twitch oxidative myofibers and fast-twitch glycolytic my

218 limb muscles analysed in this study was fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic fibres (FOG).

219 rozygotes exhibited developmental changes in twitch patterning that were not seen in knockouts.

220 mical results together with in vivo cAMP and twitching phenotypes of key ChpA phosphorylation site po

221 ing, and the role that sensory feedback from twitching plays in sensorimotor system development.

222 hat we consider a novel approach to quantify twitch power by combining the temporal resolution of opt

223 Using this approach, twitch power was found to be greater for cells cultured

224 For twitching, powered by type-IV pilus retraction, we find

225 Low twitch pressure (odds ratio, 0.60; 95% confidence interv

226 t but weak correlation between MRC score and twitch pressure (rho = 0.26; P = 0.03) and TFdi (rho = 0

227 Changes in twitch properties and maximum compound muscle action pot

228 s analysis revealed developmental changes in twitching quantity and patterning.

229 report in 3- to 6-day-old rats that whiskers twitch rapidly and asynchronously during active sleep; f

230 ular Ca(2+) handling and increase tetanus-to-twitch ratio.

231 o the Ca2+ regulatory mechanism by analyzing twitch records measured in transgenic mice expressing a

232 f the ECN unmasked wake-related reafference, twitch-related reafference was unaffected.

233 early defects in the rate of cardiac muscle twitch relaxation and ventricular torsion.

234 We propose that twitches represent a heretofore-overlooked form of motor

235 HI rats exhibited a greater head-twitch response following administration of the preferen

236 es not influence 5-HT2 receptor induced head twitch response or impulsivity in a serial reaction time

237 Egr3(-/-) mice also exhibit a decreased head-twitch response to 5HT(2A)R agonist 1-(2,5-dimethoxy 4-i

238 vioral alterations, including increased head-twitch response to the hallucinogenic 5-HT(2A) agonist D

239 Similar to LSD, efavirenz induces head-twitch responses in wild-type, but not in 5-HT(2A)-knock

240 rol, in which phase-independent summation of twitch responses produces varying amounts of force deliv

241 Before and immediately after each trial, twitch responses to supramaximal femoral nerve stimulati

242 ee discharges that cause massive involuntary twitch, revealing the prey's location and eliciting the

243 mpaired carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation in fast-twitch rodent skeletal muscle, which we hypothesised occ

244 The sensitivity of the Twitch sensors matched that of synthetic calcium dyes an

245 ynamic range and linear response properties, Twitch sensors represent versatile tools for neuroscienc

246 These 'Twitch' sensors are based on the C-terminal domain of Op

247 The effect was only observed in fast twitch skeletal fibers and not in slow twitch fibers or

248 yosin light chain 1 between cardiac and slow-twitch skeletal muscle and establish Prox1 ablation as s

249 ardiac myocyte preparation or a skinned slow-twitch skeletal muscle fibre.

250 Treating fast twitch skeletal muscle from wild-type mice with the beta

251 irect transcriptional repression of the fast-twitch skeletal muscle genes troponin T3, troponin I2, a

252 s exhibit defects specifically in their fast-twitch skeletal muscles.

253 n profile of sMyBP-C in mouse and human fast-twitch skeletal muscles.

254 e in preventing the loss of function of slow-twitch soleus and diaphragm muscles.

255 ulin-stimulated glucose uptake into the slow-twitch soleus and fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus

256 phorylation profile of sMyBP-C in mouse slow-twitch soleus muscle isolated from fatigued or non-fatig

257 longus muscle yet had no effect on the slow-twitch soleus muscle.

258 and in contractile force (30%) in adult slow twitch soleus muscles (SOL) with no effect on fast twitc

259 s supports tetanic force development in slow twitch soleus muscles.

260 To address this issue, we compare the twitch speeds of forelimb muscles in a group of volant p

261 el, which allowed us to predict responses to twitch stimulation in physiological conditions with the

262 ing mechanism, generating an average maximum twitch stress of 660 muN/mm(2) at Lmax, approaching valu

263 rientation within the scaffold affected peak twitch stress, demonstrating its ability to guide cells

264 D With Transfusions Changing to Hydroxyurea (TWiTCH) study and suggest that it may be safe to careful

265 Simulations of twitch tension show that the presence of CIA increases p

266 ter decremental rate in SmbO2 at the maximal twitch tension.

267 In addition, slow muscle twitch, tetanus tension, and susceptibility to injury we

268 e spontaneous activity - in the form of limb twitches - that occurs exclusively and abundantly during

269 twitch followed immediately by an antagonist twitch-that developed postnatally in wild-types/heterozy

270 ions pumped), but by the 10th and subsequent twitches the proportion is approximately 50%.

271 may represent a failure of the inflammatory twitch to resolve toward baseline.

272 t-exercise changes in potentiated quadriceps twitch torque (DeltaQTsingle ) evoked by electrical femo

273 g a significant 17% increase only in maximum twitch torques after a single MVE.

274 The diaphragm was assessed by twitch tracheal pressure in response to bilateral anteri

275 V, diaphragm dysfunction was evaluated using twitch tracheal pressure in response to bilateral anteri

276 trans-diaphragmatic and esophageal pressure, twitch trans-diaphragmatic pressure (Tw Pdi), age, and m

277 in this setting is unknown; we performed the TWiTCH trial to compare hydroxyurea with standard transf

278 twitching [9-11], this finding suggests that twitches trigger the monosynaptic stretch reflex and, by

279 n of ACh release that compromised the muscle twitch triggered by the nerve stimulation.

280 pitulate movement signatures associated with twitching: Two TFP can already produce movements reminis

281 livery during exercise predominantly in fast-twitch type II muscles, and provide a potential mechanis

282 tic fast-twitch (type IIb) to oxidative slow-twitch (type I) and intermediate (type IIa) fibers, an e

283 All injected fibres appeared to be slow-twitch (type I) fibres as inferred from the time course

284 uscle fiber-type switch from glycolytic fast-twitch (type IIb) to oxidative slow-twitch (type I) and

285 l regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in slow-twitch, type 1 skeletal muscle fibers, we studied the so

286 rotein 2 was predominantly contained in fast twitch/type II myofibers.

287 High-speed videography of forelimb twitches unexpectedly revealed a category of reflex-like

288 hesis that accounts for this paradox is that twitches, uniquely among self-generated movements, lack

289 romuscular junction that can be triggered to twitch upon light stimulation.

290 tured on stiffer posts, despite having lower twitch velocities.

291 By electrically stimulating twitches via the microendoscope and visualizing the sarc

292 TWiTCH was a multicentre, phase 3, randomised, open-labe

293 In muscles, we found that the initiation of twitching was associated with a spreading calcium wave i

294 y of half of the threshold for inducing anal twitching was required.

295 curves for electrical stimulation of muscle twitches were measured for each group and chronaxie valu

296 I "red" slow twitch and type II "white" fast twitch, which display marked differences in contraction

297 and vertical deflections of the nose, i.e., twitches, which are driven by activation of the deflecto

298 In contrast, twitches, which are self-generated movements produced du

299 Furthermore, they indicate that twitching, which is characterized by discrete motor outp

300 The discovery of whisker twitching will allow us to attain a better understanding