ライフサイエンスコーパス: uric acid

1 I 1.11, 1.30) per 59.48 micromol/L (1 mg/dL) uric acid.

2 , apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein CIII, and uric acid.

3 endent modulation in optical response toward uric acid.

4 C2A9), polymorphisms with variation in serum uric acid.

5 acid and 100% of glycine, glutamic acid and uric acid.

6 xanthine into xanthine and then further into uric acid.

7 d the first genome-wide analysis of CNPs and uric acid.

8 roactive compounds such as ascorbic acid and uric acid.

9 minophen, 100 muM ascorbic acid, and 100 muM uric acid.

10 and supersaturation for calcium oxalate and uric acid.

11 finity of the prepared bio-electrode towards uric acid.

12 ific AMP downstream metabolite through AMPD, uric acid.

13 ically modified to accumulate high levels of uric acid.

14 pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory effects of uric acid.

15 thine oxidase of hypoxanthine to xanthine to uric acid.

16 galactose (1.2%), ascorbic acid (1.0%), and uric acid (3.3%).

17 natriuretic peptide (482 +/- 337 pg/mL) and uric acid (8.2 +/- 2.6 mg/dL), decreased left ventricula

18 principle, this biosensor was used to detect uric acid, a biomarker for wound severity and healing, i

19 Excess circulating uric acid, a product of hepatic glycolysis and purine me

20 lymphocytes, monocytes, glucose, creatinine, uric acid, albumin, bilirubin, total cholesterol, trigly

21 While uric acid alone was unable to trigger a chloride secreto

22 Uric acid also proved superior to placebo in reducing in

23 Improvement Amendments (CLIA) criterion for uric acid analysis (+/-17%).

24 it is free from common interferences such as uric acid and ascorbic acid.

25 l for electrochemical detection of dopamine, uric acid and ascorbic acid.

26 positive genetic correlations between serum uric acid and BMI z score (rhoG = 0.45, P = 0.002), perc

27 laboratory analysis for the readily detected uric acid and for the clozapine which is present at 100-

28 erence observed in the presence of dopamine, uric acid and fructose.

29 blood was taken for the measurement of serum uric acid and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C).

30 h is modulated by the redox reaction between uric acid and hexacyanoferrate ions.

31 exclusion of the main interfering substances uric acid and hydrogen peroxide.

32 inflammation, where there is large amount of uric acid and inflammatory peroxidases.

33 he device shows a near Nernstian response to uric acid and is highly specific.

34 sted whether there is an association between uric acid and normal variation in trait impulsivity meas

35 Any interference of uric acid and other electroactive AAs was noticed.

36 the uox mutant, drawing a novel link between uric acid and peroxisome function, which may be relevant

37 d other nonhemodynamic factors, such as high uric acid and renal dysfunction, on changes in the left

38 rinol inhibited the increase in fetal plasma uric acid and suppressed the fetal femoral vasoconstrict

39 Uric acid and the GRS were both associated with cardiova

40 e evaluated the association between baseline uric acid and the primary composite outcome of doubling

41 ed agents to increase the renal clearance of uric acid and thereby control hyperuricemia.

42 ed uricase towards the oxidation of analyte (uric acid) and promotes the direct transfer of electrons

43 eading to de novo lipogenesis, production of uric acid, and accumulation of visceral and ectopic fat.

44 signals, such as high-mobility group box 1, uric acid, and ATP, that activate the dendritic cell net

45 Fasting glucose, triglycerides, uric acid, and bilirubin levels were decreased in the sa

46 of glomerulonephritis, higher serum level of uric acid, and blood cyclosporine trough level (C0) and

47 of glomerulonephritis, higher serum level of uric acid, and blood cyclosporine trough level (C0) and

48 nism for SLC2A9-mediated modulation of serum uric acid, and detail a bioinformatic approach for asses

49 that apes, including humans, cannot oxidize uric acid, and it appears that multiple, independent evo

50 serum urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, serum uric acid, and serum phosphorus; and faster rate of decl

51 potential interference by ascorbic acid and uric acid appeared to be negligible.

52 Elevated concentrations of serum uric acid are associated with increased risk of gout and

53 iated with any biochemical marker except for uric acid, arguing against pleiotropy.

54 To discuss the evolving data regarding uric acid as a potential cause of hypertension and progr

55 Future studies investigating uric acid as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease sh

56 Current evidence supports the role of uric acid as marker and mediator of risk for both hypert

57 eptor 4 (TLR-4), interleukin-18 (IL-18), and uric acid as markers of the inflammatory host response i

58 dehydrogenase, resulting in the formation of uric acid as well as ROS.

59 omavirus, dopamine, glutamic acid, IgG, IgE, uric acid, ascorbic acid, acetlycholine, cortisol, cytos

60 ng compounds in biological fluids, including uric acid, ascorbic acid, glucose and acetaminophen.

61 rofluorescein acellular assay but not by the uric acid, ascorbic acid, glutathione, or dithiothreitol

62 was performed using a genetic score with 24 uric acid-associated loci.

63 (SERS) approach for the routine analysis of uric acid at clinically relevant levels in urine patient

64 been utilized in the nanomolar detection of uric acid at physiological pH in water.

65 d increase in 3-nitrotyrosine formation, and uric acid attenuates Ang II-induced decrease in NO bioav

66 correlated to BMI, whereas higher levels of uric acid (beta=0.164; P<0.001), proadrenomedullin (beta

67 st to pure ZnO, ZnO:N (8% N) thin film based uric acid biosensor gives a high sensitivity of about 1.

68 A third generation uric acid biosensor has been developed by exploiting the

69 The genetic score raised uric acid by 17 micromol/L (95% CI 15, 18) per SD increa

70 droperoxide is a product of the oxidation of uric acid by inflammatory heme peroxidases.

71 Uric acid, C-reactive protein, galectin-3, carboxy-termi

72 ated with higher levels of serum creatinine, uric acid, calcium and lower urine pH level.

73 2A9 on chromosome 4p16.1 are associated with uric acid (chi2df2=3545, p=3.19x10-23).

74 ower autophagic activity in cells exposed to uric acid compared with control conditions.

75 Human serum uric acid concentration (SUA) is a complex trait.

76 vel with incident diabetes and the change in uric acid concentration after a diabetes diagnosis.

77 ing response in the range from 0 to 1.0mM of uric acid concentration and the apparent Michaelis-Mente

78 servational studies have identified elevated uric acid concentration as a risk factor for diabetes, w

79 ated a weighted genetic risk score (GRS) for uric acid concentration based on eight uric acid-regulat

80 ect, we found that a 59.48 micromol/L higher uric acid concentration did not have a causal effect on

81 lectrode is demonstrated for determining the uric acid concentration in human serum and urine.

82 or the lack of UOX per se, but the elevated uric acid concentration in the embryo.

83 We conclude that uric acid concentration rises prior to diagnosis of diab

84 ch 1-mg/dl increase in genetically predicted uric acid concentration were significant for cardiovascu

85 between the EC-SERS signal intensity and the uric acid concentration.

86 QDs fluorescence, which was proportional to uric acid concentration.

87 .9 +/- 3.1 mg/dL, P < 0.0001), and 24-h mean uric acid concentrations (0%: -0.13 +/- 0.07; 10%: 0.15

88 In both men and women, serum uric acid concentrations differed significantly by diet

89 investigate the causal effect of circulating uric acid concentrations on type 2 diabetes risk.

90 In women, serum uric acid concentrations were slightly higher in vegans

91 variation in SLC2A9 is associated with serum uric acid concentrations, an important biomarker of rena

92 eking, were associated with higher levels of uric acid concurrently and when uric acid was measured 3

93 rain samples was determined by measuring the uric acid content of their aqueous extracts.

94 and the damage-associated molecular pattern uric acid contribute to Nlrp3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1

95 The potential mechanisms by which uric acid could cause vasoconstriction and a progressive

96 , the authors believe that TLR-4, IL-18, and uric acid could have a role in the inflammatory patholog

97 predictors of disease progression including uric acid, creatinine and surprisingly, blood pressure,

98 ng EPEC and STEC infections, we noticed that uric acid crystals became enmeshed in the neutrophilic e

99 While trying to visualize uric acid crystals formed during EPEC and STEC infection

100 Uric acid crystals were formed in vivo in the lumen of t

101 well as other sterile particulates, such as uric acid crystals, induces DCs to produce IL-2 followin

102 Elevated brain natriuretic peptide and uric acid, decreased left ventricular ejection fraction,

103 mutation in uricase, the enzyme involved in uric acid degradation in most mammals, that developed du

104 archetypical cofactor-free uricase catalyzes uric acid degradation via a C5(S)-(hydro)peroxide interm

105 rs placental function via a xanthine oxidase/uric acid-dependent mechanism, and similar effects may o

106 nd that gastrointestinal decontamination and uric acid depletion reduced GvHD severity.

107 al selection would allow the accumulation of uric acid despite the physiological consequences of crys

108 sitivity, selectivity, and stability towards uric acid detection in human saliva, covering the concen

109 ient samples have been used for quantitative uric acid detection using a simple, rapid colloidal SERS

110 Peroxynitrite scavenger uric acid did not affect the first phase but ameliorated

111 ), allows for the absolute quantification of uric acid directly in a complex matrix such as that from

112 We find that uric acid directly inhibits uridine monophosphate syntha

113 ve dietary sodium intake and increased serum uric acid during follow-up despite pharmacological contr

114 on, the relationship between change in serum uric acid during follow-up, final left ventricular mass

115 lic blood pressure, sodium intake, and serum uric acid emerged as independent and significant determi

116 nventional antioxidants, including dopamine, uric acid, epinephrine, serotonin, histamine, and 4-acet

117 identified parameters, including fractional uric acid excretion and plasma copeptin concentration, m

118 glycosuria, increased urinary phosphate, and uric acid excretion.

119 le nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and serum uric acid explain a small fraction of the heritability.

120 ixture of graphene oxide, copper nitrate and uric acid, followed by thermal annealing at 900 degrees

121 om healthy volunteers were first primed with uric acid for 24 h and then subjected to stimulation wit

122 The mean level of serum uric acid for both the groups was within normal range an

123 Quantitative detection of uric acid for rapid and routine diagnosis of early preec

124 Although blocking uric acid formation by allopurinol did not affect outcom

125 ), foods (fructose), and metabolic products (uric acid) function as survival signals to help reduce w

126 We wondered, however, if uric acid generated by XO also had biological effects in

127 Uric acid, generated from the metabolism of purines, has

128 selectivity against ascorbic acid, dopamine, uric acid, glucose and bovine serum albumin.

129 ctive to hydrazine without interference from uric acid, glucose, ammonia, caffeine, methylamine, ethy

130 g metabolic and signaling pathways involving uric acid, gut microbiome products, and so-called uremic

131 gical and experimental evidence suggest that uric acid has a role in the etiology of type 2 diabetes

132 Because uric acid has been implicated as a mediator of adjuvant

133 Uric acid has been linked to the progression of native k

134 ng of epithelial absorption and secretion of uric acid has recently emerged, aided in particular by t

135 Baseline sputum uric acid, high mobility group box-1, CXCL8 mRNA, sputum

136 etic and regulatory networks with effects on uric acid homeostasis have also emerged.

137 ion end-products, high-mobility group box 1, uric acid, IL-33, or inflammasome activation.

138 scopy and used for quantitative detection of uric acid in 0.1 M NaF and synthetic urine at clinically

139 g lipid/lipoprotein risk factors for CVD and uric acid in adults [age: 18-40 y; body mass index (in k

140 ant of Arabidopsis thaliana that accumulates uric acid in all tissues, especially in the developing e

141 tocol is then employed for the estimation of uric acid in blood serum samples of healthy individuals.

142 ation of surprisingly high concentrations of uric acid in both cultured cell and animal models of inf

143 etween RNFL and macular thickness with serum uric acid in both the groups.

144 438 was associated with an increase in serum uric acid in European American males.

145 Our results show that variation in serum uric acid in Hispanic children is under considerable gen

146 s that impulsivity is associated with higher uric acid in humans and mice.

147 ited the expected pharmacodynamics to remove uric acid in hyperuricemic blood in vitro and multiple f

148 ricemic blood in vitro and multiple forms of uric acid in hyperuricemic geese.

149 These studies identify a key role AMPD and uric acid in mediating hepatic gluconeogenesis in the di

150 wed significantly higher level of mean serum uric acid in no diabetic retinopathy group (p = 0.004 re

151 n blood digestion, a massive accumulation of uric acid in the midgut posterior region, and a signific

152 es a reliable and sensitive determination of uric acid in the serum.

153 ayer (RNFL) and macular thickness with serum uric acid in type 2 diabetic patients.

154 High levels of uric acid in urine and serum can be indicative of hypert

155 quantum dots (QDs) for the determination of uric acid in urine sample is described.

156 sent study, we sought to investigate whether uric acid, in the soluble form, could also activate the

157 ich inhibits autophagy and recapitulates the uric acid-induced proinflammatory cytokine phenotype.

158 uvant in CD4KO mice might be associated with uric acid, inflammatory cytokines, and the recruitment o

159 filtering out signals from ascorbic acid and uric acid interferents.

160 pite its role in converting highly insoluble uric acid into 5-hydroxyisourate.

161 Subjects underwent uric acid, iothalamte GFR, and urine albumin to creatini

162 ce of data support the hypothesis that serum uric acid is a cause or exacerbating factor of hypertens

163 Uric acid is a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP

164 Uric acid is a final breakdown product of purine catabol

165 Uric acid is a potential important biomarker in urine an

166 d Mendelian randomization to examine whether uric acid is an independent and causal cardiovascular ri

167 These data suggest that uric acid is associated with IF/TA and thus may be a via

168 These results suggest that high uric acid is causally related to adverse cardiovascular

169 In addition, how uric acid is cleared from the circulation is incompletel

170 Serum uric acid is determined by production and the net balanc

171 om disparate lines of research suggests that uric acid is elevated in psychiatric disorders character

172 reanalysis of the URICO-ICTUS trial whether uric acid is superior to placebo in improving the functi

173 as to investigate whether variation in serum uric acid is under genetic influence and whether the ass

174 these damage-associated molecular patterns, uric acid, is increased in the maternal circulation in p

175 We show that XO-derived ROS, but not uric acid, is the trigger for IL1beta release and that X

176 e (35.2 [33.0-38.0] vs 33.0 [30.0-35.5] cm), uric acid level (4.9 [4.0-5.8] vs 4.5 [3.7-5.5] mg/dL),

177 (95% confidence interval: 0.04, 0.15) lower uric acid level after adjustment.

178 evidence shows a strong correlation between uric acid level and essential hypertension, supporting i

179 antified the independent association between uric acid level and incident diabetes via Cox proportion

180 Current evidence supports use of serum uric acid level as a biomarker for diagnosis of essentia

181 ildren, presenting the possibility for serum uric acid level to serve as a biomarker for diagnosis an

182 Uric acid level was associated with diabetes even after

183 n between duration of diabetes and change in uric acid level was examined via linear regression.

184 We examined both the association of uric acid level with incident diabetes and the change in

185 height, family history of ESRD, higher serum uric acid level, and lower measured GFR.

186 sma AST, salivary AST, and salivary ALT with uric acid level.

187 interest was hyperuricemia, defined as serum uric acid levels >/=6 mg/dL.

188 tricular ejection fraction </=40%, and serum uric acid levels >/=9.5 mg/dL to receive allopurinol (ta

189 difference = 1.7, 95% CI: -0.1, 3.4), plasma uric acid levels (for those born early preterm, differen

190 nd the allopurinol groups had baseline serum uric acid levels (SDs) of 8.7 (1.6) mg/dl and 8.3 (1.4)

191 ) has been shown to be associated with serum uric acid levels and gout in Asians, Europeans, and Euro

192 These results indicate that, although uric acid levels are elevated in the airways of NO2-expo

193 A modest rise in uric acid levels beginning early after donation, and a s

194 purinol effectively and safely lowered serum uric acid levels in adults with stage 3 CKD and asymptom

195 etween maternal serum fructose and placental uric acid levels in humans.

196 Moreover, plasma uric acid levels in mice fed the WD were decreased after

197 ed cell systems and in the intestine in vivo Uric acid levels in the gut lumen increased in response

198 and non-human primates and normalized serum uric acid levels in uricase-deficient mice.

199 py number polymorphisms (CNPs) contribute to uric acid levels is unknown.

200 In this regard, humans have higher uric acid levels than most mammals due to a mutation in

201 Uric acid levels were significantly reduced with allopur

202 We evaluated whether lowering serum uric acid levels with allopurinol improves endothelial d

203 d hemoglobin, albuminuria, triglycerides and uric acid levels, and worse measured glomerular filtrati

204 dase inhibitor allopurinol reduced placental uric acid levels, prevented placental inefficiency, and

205 Upon further adjustment for uric acid levels, there was modest attenuation of the as

206 with reduced ejection fraction and elevated uric acid levels, xanthine oxidase inhibition with allop

207 r de novo lipogenesis and leads to increased uric acid levels.

208 vels significantly correlated with placental uric acid levels.

209 , more data will be required to determine if uric acid lowering therapy will become a mainstay of man

210 Uric acid-lowering therapies may therefore not be benefi

211 om episodic, longitudinal sequences of serum uric acid measurements in 4368 individuals we produced c

212 intestinal electrolyte transporters, hepatic uric acid metabolism, as well as renal and cardiomyocyte

213 Next, we tested whether uric acid might mediate inflammasome activation in cells

214 We found that uric acid (monosodium urate [MSU]) crystals induce a pro

215 We also examined the effect of uric acid on behavior by comparing wild-type mice, which

216 s not support a causal effect of circulating uric acid on diabetes risk.

217 sociated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as uric acid or ATP, via NLRP3, which leads to caspase-1-de

218 rotein (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.98-0.99); higher uric acid (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.04-1.22); working in inst

219 jury associated with ATP depletion, elevated uric acid, oxidative stress and inflammation.

220 In multivariate analysis, serum uric acid (P = 0.001), estimated glomerular filtration r

221 sizes, expressed as the percentage change in uric acid per deleted copy, are most pronounced among wo

222 f lipid/lipoprotein risk factors for CVD and uric acid: postprandial triglyceride (0%: 0 +/- 4; 10%:

223 ctivated protein kinase phosphorylation, but uric acid priming induced phosphorylation of AKT and pro

224 broad inflammatory pathways associated with uric acid priming, with NF-kappaB and mammalian target o

225 oxygen species production was diminished by uric acid priming.

226 etion/export with a concomitant reduction of uric acid production.

227 tively related to blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, proteinuria, and supernatant IL-4; whereas po

228 Higher plasma uric acid (PUA) levels are associated with lower glomeru

229 Obesity and diets rich in uric acid-raising components appear to account for the i

230 acologic and nonpharmacologic means of serum uric acid reduction prior to clinical use as a therapy f

231 ) for uric acid concentration based on eight uric acid-regulating single nucleotide polymorphisms.

232 In addition, ORMDL3 mediated uric acid release, another marker of cellular stress.

233 we investigated the mechanisms through which uric acid selectively lowers human blood monocyte produc

234 status, body mass index, haemoglobin, serum uric acid, serum albumin, albuminuria, and C reactive pr

235 waist-to-height ratio, alanine transaminase, uric acid, serum triglycerides, and blood pressure.

236 Serum uric acid showed a poor correlation with RNFL and macula

237 that accurately distinguished (0.97 AUC) the uric-acid signatures of gout vs. acute leukemia despite

238 ared with placebo, allopurinol lowered serum uric acid significantly but did not improve endothelial

239 terovesicular junction stone on imaging, and uric acid stone composition.

240 Soluble uric acid (sUA) is found in high concentrations in the s

241 apable of non-invasively monitoring salivary uric acid (SUA) levels.

242 were higher with potassium citrate; however, uric acid supersaturation was lower.

243 In the placenta, fructose induced de novo uric acid synthesis by activating the activities of the

244 used for ammonia detoxification and [(13)C] uric acid synthesis through multiple metabolic pathways,

245 rmediate of the electrochemical oxidation of uric acid that has a lifetime in solution of 23 ms as we

246 Uric acid therapy was associated with reduced infarct gr

247 Uric acid therapy was more effective than placebo in lim

248 sporter and sterically hinder the transit of uric acid through the substrate channel, albeit with vas

249 peroxidase), which is involved in oxidizing uric acid to allaintoin and hydrogen peroxide.

250 We found serum uric acid to be significantly heritable [h(2) +/- SD = 0

251 Searching for the molecular cause of uric acid toxicity, we discovered a local defect of pero

252 9-deficient mice develop impaired enterocyte uric acid transport kinetics, hyperuricaemia, hyperurico

253 High affinity inhibition of uric acid transport requires URAT1 residues Cys-32, Ser-

254 n method was done with SU as the exposure, a uric acid transporter genetic risk score as instrumental

255 which can be treated using inhibitors of the uric acid transporter, URAT1.

256 which can be treated using inhibitors of the uric acid transporter, URAT1.

257 acids in the Escherichia coli xanthine- and uric acid-transporting homologs (XanQ and UacT, respecti

258 Uric acid triggered inflammatory responses in the gut, i

259 MP, S100A4 is sensitive to oxidation whereas uric acid (UA) acts primarily as an antioxidant.

260 electrochemical detection of dopamine (DA), uric acid (UA) and ascorbic acid (AA) on three dimension

261 ice was verified by sequential injections of uric acid (UA) and ascorbic acid (AA).

262 ve interferences such as ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA) and dopamine (DA).

263 The relationship between serum uric acid (UA) and outcomes after acute ischemic stroke

264 Uric acid (UA) can scavenge the peroxynitrite to avoid t

265 was proposed for the rapid determination of uric acid (UA) using a carbon nano tube paste electrode

266 Importantly, upon exposure to proteases, uric acid (UA) was rapidly released into the airway lume

267 Elevated levels of uric acid (UA) were detected in mice undergoing sensitiz

268 whether alterations in levels of circulating uric acid (UA), a systemic antioxidant, affects the foll

269 trochemical detection of ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA), and dopamine (DA).

270 i-interference properties in the presence of uric acid (UA), ascorbic acid (AA) and glucose.

271 , Ascorbic Acid (AA), Acetaminophen (Ac) and Uric Acid (UA).

272 e common interferents ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA).

273 15, 18) per SD increase and explained 4% of uric acid variation.

274 nd study that compared the administration of uric acid versus placebo in stroke patients treated with

275 Baseline uric acid was 5.57+/-1.48 mg/dL; male sex, higher BMI, d

276 Continuous sensing of uric acid was also performed using this biosensor which

277 ver time, a 1 mg/dL increase in time-varying uric acid was associated with a 2.39 mL/min lower final

278 Higher uric acid was associated with a higher diabetes risk aft

279 Uric acid was associated with a range of prevalent disea

280 Uric acid was associated with an increased rate of excel

281 variate analysis adjusting for baseline GFR, uric acid was associated with doubling of interstitium o

282 Higher uric acid was associated with impulsivity in both humans

283 ant activity, we sought to determine whether uric acid was elevated and participated in a mouse model

284 The level of plasma uric acid was found to be highly significantly increased

285 The linearity of the system toward uric acid was in the concentration range of 125-1000 mic

286 We found that uric acid was increased in the airways of mice exposed t

287 er levels of uric acid concurrently and when uric acid was measured 3 to 5 years later.

288 Serum uric acid was measured in 3315 patients of the Ludwigsha

289 The mean serum uric acid was significantly higher in patient with HbA1C

290 rotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, and uric acid were also measured.

291 cy questionnaire and serum concentrations of uric acid were measured.

292 methyl-4'pyridyl)porphyrin-pentachloride, or uric acid, whereas exogenous ONOO(-) reduced FMD in non-

293 e, and lower GFR were associated with higher uric acid, whereas older age, less than 3 HLA matches an

294 Thus, the Akt-PRAS40 pathway is activated by uric acid, which inhibits autophagy and recapitulates th

295 ovo pyrimidine synthesis-an effect traced to uric acid, which is 10-fold higher in the blood of human

296 s not known whether the association of serum uric acid with SLC2A9 polymorphisms manifests in childre

297 ype mice, which naturally have low levels of uric acid, with mice genetically modified to accumulate

298 g lipid/lipoprotein risk factors for CVD and uric acid within 2 wk.

299 rips were developed for on-site detection of uric acid without involving any sophisticated instrument

300 The uric acid/xanthine H(+) symporter, UapA, is a high-affin