ライフサイエンスコーパス: ventral striatum

1 relatively ancient neural circuitries (e.g., ventral striatum).

2 sses (eg, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum).

3 d increases in extracellular dopamine in the ventral striatum.

4 somedial prefrontal cortex and reward PEs in ventral striatum.

5 atterns in the hippocampus and the connected ventral striatum.

6 ity in the thalamus bilaterally and the left ventral striatum.

7 heir influence on target structures, such as ventral striatum.

8 ntributing to reward-related activity of the ventral striatum.

9 havior depends on its communication with the ventral striatum.

10 ivity between the midbrain, hippocampus, and ventral striatum.

11 d by divergent anticipatory signaling in the ventral striatum.

12 ly modulate the connectivity between TPJ and ventral striatum.

13 rger reward responses in the left (vs right) ventral striatum.

14 craving measures and the dorsal, but not in ventral striatum.

15 : the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the ventral striatum.

16 d dopamine D2/3 receptor availability in the ventral striatum.

17 st notably connectivity strength in the left ventral striatum.

18 ed in the value assignment to stimuli in the ventral striatum.

19 tem, through a thalamic interaction with the ventral striatum.

20 nce of dense 'clusters' of inputs within the ventral striatum.

21 neural activity marker Fos in dorsal but not ventral striatum.

22 ed coding of model-free prediction errors in ventral striatum.

23 synaptic impairment in the nucleus accumbens/ventral striatum.

24 e behavioral tendency related to activity in ventral striatum.

25 ful loss avoidance as a reward signal in the ventral striatum.

26 eal differentially altered GBC in dorsal and ventral striatum.

27 es confirmed for the posterior cingulate and ventral striatum.

28 adult olfactory tubercle slices in the mouse ventral striatum.

29 ide responses, particularly within the right ventral striatum.

30 tions of adaptive coding in the midbrain and ventral striatum.

31 ward prediction error (RPE) signaling in the ventral striatum.

32 tochemistry for enkephalin (ENK) mRNA in the ventral striatum.

33 luence on the ventromedial prefrontal cortex/ventral striatum.

34 vity with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex/ventral striatum.

35 ion of dopamine neurons sending axons to the ventral striatum.

36 five tested haplotypes, particularly in the ventral striatum.

37 cores, mapping specifically to the bilateral ventral striatum.

38 ed volumes of the accumbens subregion of the ventral striatum.

39 he reward-related response properties of the ventral striatum.

40 nhibited dopamine release in dorsal, but not ventral, striatum.

41 in the caudate (0.6), putamen (1.7 and 1.4), ventral striatum (0.7), and SN (0.5 and 0.4).

42 , putamen (1.39 +/- 1.04 vs. 4.41 +/- 0.54), ventral striatum (2.26 +/- 0.93 vs. 3.30 +/- 0.46), and

43 gen level-dependent activity was measured in ventral striatum, a dopamine target area known to repres

44 In humans, activation of the ventral striatum, a region associated with reward proces

45 mice with dopamine signaling only in in the ventral striatum acquired a CR.

46 Ventral striatum activation during eudaimonic decisions

47 Low ventral striatum activation predicted transition to subt

48 nal declines in depressive symptoms, whereas ventral striatum activation to hedonic decisions related

49 ipulation acutely elevates positive mood and ventral striatum activation.

50 We conclude that ventral striatum activity during decision making is dyna

51 search, both preclinically and clinically-on ventral striatum activity during performance of a reward

52 hat damage to the vmPFC results in decreased ventral striatum activity during reward anticipation.

53 More generally, they indicate that ventral striatum activity may contribute to conscious pe

54 Low ventral striatum activity was associated with anhedonia

55 Using intracranial EEG, we recorded ventral striatum activity while 7 patients performed an

56 s have demonstrated that the vmPFC modulates ventral striatum activity.

57 medial PFC (provoking<non-provoking) and the ventral striatum (alcohol<placebo) across our healthy sa

58 e valuation (ventromedial prefrontal cortex, ventral striatum, amygdala) and social cognition (dorsom

59 cision making, through interactions with the ventral striatum and amygdala.

60 and punishment prediction errors within the ventral striatum and anterior insula.

61 autophagosome accumulation in capillaries of ventral striatum and astrogliosis in dorsal striatum in

62 uli activated the striatum, specifically the ventral striatum and caudate, striatal nodes implicated

63 ate other brain regions in learning, notably ventral striatum and cerebellum [5].

64 dACC, instantaneous prediction errors in the ventral striatum and choice signals in the ventromedial

65 Measures of connectivity in the ventral striatum and dorsal striatum were compared betwe

66 tivation was positively associated with both ventral striatum and dorsolateral prefrontal activity; p

67 ed neural responses in motivational centers (ventral striatum and extended amygdala) but also exerted

68 ected behaviors is a global principle of the ventral striatum and have important implications for und

69 rs, receiving relatively few inputs from the ventral striatum and instead receiving more inputs from

70 s, with synaptic deficits selectively in the ventral striatum and insula.

71 nce of a reciprocal relationship between the ventral striatum and medial prefrontal cortex during ens

72 as associated with increased activity in the ventral striatum and medial prefrontal cortex, which sig

73 ted reward neural circuitry, centered on the ventral striatum and medial prefrontal cortex.

74 ity extended also to other areas such as the ventral striatum and mesotemporal lobe.

75 te to reward-seeking behaviours, such as the ventral striatum and midline thalamus.

76 sm, whereas buprenorphine produced increased ventral striatum and motor cortex metabolism in females,

77 vity of tracts projecting from the insula to ventral striatum and OFC.

78 tant relative deactivations were seen in the ventral striatum and orbitofrontal cortex.

79 hermore, functional connectivity between the ventral striatum and prefrontal areas exerting top-down

80 D2/3 receptor availability in the dorsal and ventral striatum and related these changes to impulsivit

81 cortex metabolism in females, and increased ventral striatum and somatosensory cortex metabolism in

82 connectivity of the subthalamic nucleus with ventral striatum and subgenual cingulate, regions simila

83 duals exhibited reduced connectivity between ventral striatum and substantia nigra.

84 he SVPE was also clearly present in both the ventral striatum and the dorsal striatum.

85 ncreased functional connectivity between the ventral striatum and the medial prefrontal and parietal

86 mus, right amygdala, right hippocampus, left ventral striatum and the right dorsal striatum.

87 key nodes of a posited "reward circuit," the ventral striatum and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex

88 connectivity between the mid-insula and the ventral striatum and ventral pallidum.

89 us observations involving negative outcomes, ventral striatum and ventromedial prefrontal (VMPFC) act

90 The ventral striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmP

91 sociated with decreased connectivity between ventral striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmP

92 increased resting cerebral blood flow in the ventral striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

93 pared with nonsmokers (caudate, putamen, and ventral striatum) and with ex-smokers (caudate and putam

94 onses to immediate rewards in the dorsal and ventral striatum, and (iv) reduced brain activity in the

95 , amygdala, hippocampus, dorsal striatum and ventral striatum, and midline cerebellar vermis and subg

96 s involving the dorsal striatum, but not the ventral striatum, and no significant correlations involv

97 Whole-brain, hippocampus, amygdala, ventral striatum, and orbitofrontal cortex volumes were

98 y within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, ventral striatum, and other structures implicated in dec

99 eased D2/3 receptor availability in the left ventral striatum, and that stimulant drugs modulate impu

100 ning rate and reward prediction error in the ventral striatum, and the signal of expected value in th

101 enuated adaptive coding in both midbrain and ventral striatum, and was associated with a decrease in

102 d activation of a number of areas, including ventral striatum, anterior cingulate cortex, and medial

103 n for wins compared with losses in bilateral ventral striatum, anterior cingulate cortex, posterior c

104 activity emerged in the posterior cingulate, ventral striatum, anterior cingulate, and ventromedial p

105 rolled, crossover study of DBS targeting the ventral striatum/anterior limb of the internal capsule (

106 ala (approximately 2.3%; P = .007) and right ventral striatum (approximately 3.5%; P < .005) volumes.

107 onal blink task, we tested the idea that the ventral striatum, because of its ability to modulate cor

108 It was stronger in the ventral striatum but weaker in the rDLPFC in methampheta

109 Moreover, functional connectivity between ventral striatum (but not extended amygdala) and motor c

110 evidenced a strong positive association with ventral striatum, but a negative association with dorsol

111 served also in the prefrontal cortex and the ventral striatum, but mechanisms for its generation are

112 Both learning types implicated ventral striatum, but trait learning also recruited a ne

113 ession of prediction error processing in the ventral striatum by the prefrontal cortex.

114 pal output to target structures, such as the ventral striatum, by which the hippocampus may gain prio

115 AMP signaling in medium spiny neurons of the ventral striatum can effectively modulate stress-induced

116 emonstrated reductions in D2/D3R BPND in the ventral striatum compared with controls.

117 distribution of c-fos positive cells in the ventral striatum confirmed the atypical antipsychotic pr

118 d and effort expectations were integrated in ventral striatum, consistent with a computation of an ov

119 and (2) relative caudate head expansion and ventral striatum contraction in females.

120 Here, we recorded single-unit activity from ventral striatum core in rats with sham or ipsilateral n

121 hoice in dopamine terminals in dorsal versus ventral striatum: DA terminals in ventral striatum respo

122 In the ventral striatum, decreased NMDAR-mediated transmission

123 ssic 'salience/reward/learning' regions (eg, ventral striatum) differentiates cannabis-dependent indi

124 These changes are associated with lower ventral striatum dopamine activity and blunted cocaine s

125 found that associated changes include lower ventral striatum dopamine activity and lower cocaine ope

126 sed activation in reward salience circuitry (ventral striatum, dorsal caudate, anterior cingulate cor

127 sal caudate, orbitofrontal cortex, thalamus, ventral striatum, dorsal putamen, and anterior cingulate

128 sal caudate, orbitofrontal cortex, thalamus, ventral striatum, dorsal putamen, and anterior cingulate

129 uctures including the amygdala, hippocampus, ventral striatum, dorsal striatum, and thalamus subserve

130 sistent avoidance, as did DBS applied to the ventral striatum during Ext-RP.

131 prediction errors; blunted activation of the ventral striatum during reward anticipation; blunted aut

132 ubjects showed lower neural responses in the ventral striatum during reward outcomes and higher neura

133 howed greater task-induced activation in the ventral striatum during risky decision making.

134 gene x environment interactions were seen in ventral striatum during smoking abstinence when subjects

135 e PET scanner activate dopamine in the right ventral striatum during smoking but female smokers do no

136 Sustained ventral striatum engagement in the laboratory positively

137 f AKT1 genotype on dopamine increases in the ventral striatum (F(2,53) = 5.3, p = 0.009), with increa

138 inergic prediction-error signals rely on the ventral striatum for the former but not the latter.

139 Aberrant ventral striatum functional connectivity specifically pr

140 Here, we examined whether the ventral striatum, given its ability to modulate cortical

141 In turn, lower ventral striatum gray matter volumes were associated wit

142 DBS of ventral striatum has been previously shown to inhibit lO

143 The ventral striatum has long been proposed as an integrator

144 mates, both the orbitofrontal cortex and the ventral striatum have been implicated in reward computat

145 ume in a subcortical region encompassing the ventral striatum, hypothalamus and anterior thalamus.

146 hyperresponsiveness of brain regions (e.g., ventral striatum) implicated in drug effects and reward

147 was paralleled by greater activation in the ventral striatum in adolescents.

148 In striatal projection neurons of the ventral striatum in adult mice, we therefore examined th

149 ptoms showed the strongest reductions in the ventral striatum in all analyses.

150 ial role for the amygdalar projection to the ventral striatum in aversively motivated actions.

151 vivo oxygen amperometry measurements in the ventral striatum in awake, behaving rats reveal reward-r

152 in the dorsal putamen, and 17% higher in the ventral striatum in pathological gamblers compared with

153 ural ensembles from orbitofrontal cortex and ventral striatum in rats encountering wait or skip choic

154 anticipatory and outcome-locked activity in ventral striatum in response to rewards.

155 re D2/D3R activation, were also found in the ventral striatum in the CNBP sample compared with contro

156 tivity between the right auditory cortex and ventral striatum (including the NAcc).

157 f reinforcement learning (RL) signals in the ventral striatum, including a strong and novel correlati

158 uced activation in the orbitofrontal cortex, ventral striatum, inferior temporal gyrus, and occipital

159 or-specific conditional knockout of Cdk5, or ventral striatum infusion of a small interfering peptide

160 dopamine-excitable cells in dorsal, but not ventral, striatum inhibited sugar's ability to drive the

161 tal cortex are more heavily weighted towards ventral striatum inputs (lower-order), with less weighti

162 ns relevant for reward processing, including ventral striatum, insula, and thalamus.

163 The nucleus accumbens (NAc) in the ventral striatum integrates many neurochemical inputs in

164 the causal mechanisms by which the vmPFC and ventral striatum interact during the anticipation of rew

165 This suggests that ventral striatum iron accumulation is linked to demyelin

166 The ventral striatum is a neural system critical for evaluat

167 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: More than 90% of ventral striatum is composed of two cell types, those ex

168 The ventral striatum is critical for evaluating reward infor

169 ociated with enkephalinergic activity in the ventral striatum is not known.

170 thermore, although dopamine signaling in the ventral striatum is sufficient to support a CR, dopamine

171 In ventral striatum (key brain reward region), MP-induced r

172 ctivity between bilateral insula regions and ventral striatum, left insula and middle orbitofrontal c

173 ine in dorsal (effect size 1.4; P<0.001) and ventral striatum (location of accumbens) (effect size 0.

174 pant findings, anticipatory signaling in the ventral striatum may also be influenced by smoking statu

175 These results suggest that the ventral striatum may be part of a subcortical network th

176 ), and aberrant, increased activation of the ventral striatum, midbrain, and other limbic regions for

177 ning from rewards; blunted activation of the ventral striatum, midbrain, and other limbic regions for

178 n medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and medial ventral striatum (mVS), and temporal coherence of low-fr

179 re, we identify a basolateral amygdala (BLA)-ventral striatum (NAc) pathway that is activated by exti

180 Increased left ventral striatum node strength predicted increased risk

181 The ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) and its role in moo

182 y knocking down Gpr88 gene expression in the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) in a neurodevelopme

183 VTA-innervated limbic regions, including the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens).

184 to express forms of Rgs9-2 in the dorsal and ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens, NAc) in order to ex

185 However, no study examined Slc6a15 in the ventral striatum [nucleus accumbens (NAc)] in depression

186 lly increased functional connectivity of the ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens and ventromedial pref

187 The ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens exhibited decreased g

188 Kmt2a, but not the ortholog Kmt2b, in adult ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens neurons markedly incr

189 D2/3 receptor availability in the dorsal and ventral striatum of HI rats through inverse relationship

190 ntly decreased in the left but not the right ventral striatum of high-impulse (HI) rats compared with

191 We use this mode to activate dorsal versus ventral striatum of individual mice and reveal different

192 behavior via the amygdala projections to the ventral striatum or the ventral tegmental area.

193 tors, may exist for other brain regions (eg, ventral striatum) or at more severe levels of cannabis i

194 Ventral striatum- or D1 dopamine receptor-specific condi

195 ween the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and ventral striatum over time were associated with decrease

196 eral release differed between the dorsal and ventral striatum owing to differential regulation by D2-

197 amen (F(2,90) = 6.6, p = 0.002), but not the ventral striatum (p = 0.3).

198 ther morphological changes in the dorsal and ventral striatum/pallidum relate to or predict therapeut

199 cits structural plasticity in the dorsal and ventral striatum/pallidum.

200 refrontal cortex, orbital prefrontal cortex, ventral striatum, parietal lobe, dorsal putamen, dorsal

201 WE = .001, region of interest corrected) and ventral striatum (PFWE = .02, whole brain corrected) and

202 Dopamine signaling within the ventral striatum plays an important role in reward learn

203 It has been suggested that the ventral striatum provides these predictions.

204 n would go along with increased amygdala and ventral striatum reactivity and impaired functioning of

205 ession was related to increased amygdala and ventral striatum reactivity under alcohol, providing evi

206 al orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC) or DBS of the ventral striatum reduced persistent avoidance.

207 ption, cells within orbitofrontal cortex and ventral striatum represented the missed action, rats wer

208 sal versus ventral striatum: DA terminals in ventral striatum responded more strongly to reward consu

209 This unique adolescent ventral striatum response remained even after matching g

210 Both types of social information modulate ventral striatum response.

211 is that the vmPFC is necessary for enhancing ventral striatum responses to the anticipation of reward

212 ocial interaction, whereas deletion from the ventral striatum resulted in repetitive grooming.

213 Dopamine levels in the ventral striatum rise before initiating a reliably reinf

214 s in the olfactory tubercle subregion of the ventral striatum robustly encode the onset and progressi

215 erent, and efferent similarities between the ventral striatum's nucleus accumbens and olfactory tuber

216 outcome interaction for both right and left ventral striatum seeds.

217 Furthermore, we demonstrate that the ventral striatum serves as an interface between incentiv

218 tivity in ventromedial prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum showed a marked reduction in (1) neural

219 Both hippocampus and ventral striatum showed increased synchronization betwee

220 pothalamus, pallidum, putamen, thalamus, and ventral striatum) showed significant or nearly significa

221 Ventral striatum signal change to controllable setbacks

222 Among 11 reward-network nodes, only the left ventral striatum significantly predicted depression.

223 egions of interest for the caudate, putamen, ventral striatum, SN, and cerebellum were drawn on coreg

224 of the offer, we show choice activity in the ventral striatum solely reflects the value of the curren

225 trol subjects showed increased activation of ventral striatum specifically for cues predicting erotic

226 The olfactory tubercle (OT), a ventral striatum structure that receives monosynaptic in

227 prediction errors correlate with activity in ventral striatum/subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, wh

228 egions of interest for the caudate, putamen, ventral striatum, substantia nigra (SN), and cerebellum

229 dopamine-excitable cells in dorsal, but not ventral, striatum substituted for sugar in its ability t

230 nd are in accordance with the principle that ventral striatum substructures may cooperate to guide mo

231 in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and ventral striatum, such that the normal (vs. slow) genoty

232 en associated with reduced activation in the ventral striatum, suggesting that early- to middle-stage

233 decrease in opioid-evoked DA release in the ventral striatum, suggesting that the occurrence of chro

234 ome encoding from the anterior insula to the ventral striatum, suggesting that value contextualizatio

235 ntrolled trial of DBS at the ventral capsule/ventral striatum target for TRD.

236 ncluding those targeting the ventral capsule/ventral striatum target, have shown encouraging response

237 hoice, reaction time, and neural response in ventral striatum, temporoparietal junction, and ventrome

238 the dopaminergic midbrain, hippocampus, and ventral striatum (the SN/VTA-Hippocampal loop) when succ

239 exly, response types that predominate in the ventral striatum, the M-M model cannot simulate dorsal s

240 rt a role for OFC in shaping activity in the ventral striatum to represent the biological significanc

241 tion of functional connectivity of bilateral ventral striatum to right anterior ventromedial subthala

242 associated with enhanced sensitivity of the ventral striatum to unexpected rewards but not to expect

243 ain stimulation (DBS) of the ventral capsule/ventral striatum (VC/VS) reduces anxiety, fear, and comp

244 in the anterior limb of the ventral capsule/ventral striatum (VC/VS).

245 nterconnected bilateral cluster spanning the ventral striatum, ventral pallidum, amygdala, midbrain,

246 ile the origin of the association with right ventral striatum volumes was unclear.

247 rticular as manifest by relatively increased ventral striatum (VS) activity and relatively decreased

248 determine the relative contributions of the ventral striatum (VS) and amygdala to appetitive RL, we

249 eptors (KORs) are highly enriched within the ventral striatum (VS) and are thought to modulate striat

250 elatively low reward-related activity of the ventral striatum (VS) and high threat-related reactivity

251 ain stimulation (DBS) of the ventral capsule/ventral striatum (VS) as a possible treatment for drug a

252 alcohol cue-elicited activation of the right ventral striatum (VS) between baseline and week 2 and re

253 ted by increasing evidence of reward-related ventral striatum (VS) dysfunction in depression, we inve

254 ociated with prediction error signals in the ventral striatum (VS) in both contexts.

255 lutamate inhibits dopaminergic inputs to the ventral striatum (VS) indirectly, whereas direct VS glut

256 The ventral striatum (VS) is a key brain center regulating r

257 though dopaminergic (D2) transmission in the ventral striatum (VS) is associated with motivation, lea

258 ated the performance of rhesus macaques with ventral striatum (VS) lesions on a two-arm bandit task t

259 ATEMENT Reinforcement learning models of the ventral striatum (VS) often assume that it maintains an

260 t OFC encoded values in a similar way to the ventral striatum (VS) or the anterior insula (AI) during

261 hed findings, we found an association of the ventral striatum (VS) with reward processing.

262 suggests that reward-related activity of the ventral striatum (VS), a brain region critical for motiv

263 control, and addiction vulnerability-eg, the ventral striatum (VS), anterior cingulate (ACC), and pre

264 in key reward processing areas, such as the ventral striatum (VS), as measured with functional magne

265 We focused on the ventral striatum (VS), due to its association with incen

266 n function, particularly the activity of the ventral striatum (VS), has been identified as a potentia

267 The ventral striatum (VS), like its cortical afferents, is c

268 limbic cortex (PL), infralimbic cortex (IL), ventral striatum (VS), or basolateral amygdala (BLA).

269 studies have not looked specifically at the ventral striatum (VS), which plays an important role in

270 ants exhibited robust fMRI activation in the ventral striatum (VS)--a core region of reward processin

271 ms and activation of presynaptic KORs in the ventral striatum (VS).

272 and in measurements of phasic DA release in ventral striatum (VS).

273 ite dynamics in dopamine axon signals in the ventral striatum ('VS dopamine') and the posterior tail

274 known reward-processing neurocircuitry (eg, ventral striatum, VS) has been reported among medicated

275 tral tegmental area (SN/VTA) (+20%; p=0.02), ventral striatum (VST) (+14%; p<0.01), and pallidum (+11

276 ls (LFPs) recorded from the human and rodent ventral striatum (vStr) exhibit prominent, behaviorally

277 ated limbic areas.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The ventral striatum (vStr) is an area of anatomical converg

278 ptic remodeling of glutamatergic synapses on ventral striatum (vSTR) medium spiny neurons (MSNs) is c

279 Higher presynaptic dopamine in ventral striatum was associated with greater coding of m

280 The left ventral striatum was more active when the chosen option

281 Activity in the ventral striatum was predictive of performance decrement

282 Activity in the ventral striatum was reduced in participants with subthr

283 ity between prefrontal brain regions and the ventral striatum was significantly diminished in the ris

284 tions of dopamine signaling in the dorsal or ventral striatum, we performed virus-mediated restoratio

285 duced upregulation of silent synapses in the ventral striatum; we show it can occur in the dorsal str

286 urthermore, higher levels of iron within the ventral striatum were accompanied by a negative correlat

287 In marijuana abusers, DA responses in ventral striatum were also inversely correlated with add

288 ects, the methylphenidate-induced changes in ventral striatum were associated with intense drug cravi

289 ced increases in connectivity with bilateral ventral striatum were observed across a network of regio

290 ment and reduced rCBF in the hippocampus and ventral striatum were observed.

291 The changes of rs-fc among the PAG, rACC and ventral striatum were significantly associated with head

292 ia Nigra/Ventral Tegmental Area (SN/VTA) and ventral striatum were steeper for prediction errors occu

293 addiction showed increased activation in the ventral striatum, whereas individuals with gambling addi

294 ain stimulation (DBS) of the ventral capsule/ventral striatum, which facilitates patients' response t

295 We recorded in these regions and in the ventral striatum, which has not been associated previous

296 gative correlation of iron and myelin in the ventral striatum, which predicted individual memory perf

297 ve relationship of midbrain RSFC to the left ventral striatum with cognitive impulsivity, whereas a n

298 subjects there was greater perfusion in the ventral striatum with fructose relative to glucose inges

299 showed reduced neural discrimination in the ventral striatum with regard to aversive and nonaversive

300 rate depression showed intact RPE signals in ventral striatum (z = 3.16; P = .002) that did not diffe