ライフサイエンスコーパス: vernalization

1 of low temperatures to accelerate flowering (vernalization).

2 riod) or reductions in fall/winter chilling (vernalization).

3 in the promotion of flowering through cold (vernalization).

4 Flowering Locus C (FLC), which occurs during vernalization.

5 by cold in leaves and remains high following vernalization.

6 ses to different photoperiods and lengths of vernalization.

7 of the FLC gene family during the course of vernalization.

8 RING LOCUS C (FLC) and its related genes, by vernalization.

9 longed period of cold (e.g. winter) known as vernalization.

10 nd that of variation in flowering time given vernalization.

11 elevated global temperature via insufficient vernalization.

12 of FLC and rapid flowering in the absence of vernalization.

13 , encoded by the recessive allele for 6-week vernalization.

14 cold treatment, an epigenetic process called vernalization.

15 sses contain different large-effect QTLs for vernalization.

16 nitor changes in nuclear organization during vernalization.

17 esent at VIN3 chromatin during the course of vernalization.

18 es FLC in a Polycomb-mediated process called vernalization.

19 cold for rapid flowering, a process known as vernalization.

20 s flowering repressors down-regulated during vernalization.

21 This process is known as vernalization.

22 methylation of FLC chromatin increase after vernalization.

23 low temperatures to flower, a process called vernalization.

24 lved in flowering promoted by gibberellin or vernalization.

25 nt of low temperatures and flower later with vernalization.

26 , and the flowering delay can be overcome by vernalization.

27 FLC expression and therefore do not require vernalization.

28 weeks to cold temperatures, a process called vernalization.

29 essor of flowering that is down-regulated by vernalization.

30 ntragenic chromatin loop at the FLC locus by vernalization.

31 OWERING LOCUS C) suppress flowering prior to vernalization.

32 gene in the cluster, MAF5, is upregulated by vernalization.

33 e SOC1, AGL24 mRNA levels are upregulated by vernalization.

34 xtended growth in the cold, a process termed vernalization.

35 different life stages in response to rosette vernalization.

36 fect of FOF2 in flowering can be overcome by vernalization.

37 ment of the stable repressed state of FLC by vernalization.

38 epressor of flowering under long days before vernalization.

39 tating analysis of these interconnections is vernalization.

40 many plant species through a process called vernalization.

41 lenced by prolonged cold in a process called vernalization.

42 dification, which gradually increases during vernalization.

43 ts with the nuclear protein RTV1 (related to vernalization 1).

44 The requirement for vernalization, a need for prolonged cold to trigger flow

45 A requirement for vernalization aligns flowering with the seasons to ensur

46 ambient temperature, short photoperiod, and vernalization, all increased petal number in C. hirsuta

47 These features make vernalization an ideal experimental system to investigat

48 presence of significant interactions between vernalization and FT allelic classes in both wheat and b

49 expressed at higher levels during and after vernalization and in the inflorescence.

50 re, we characterize natural variation in the vernalization and photoperiod responses in Brachypodium

51 an important role in the integration of the vernalization and photoperiod seasonal signals, and prov

52 of these floral repressors is antagonized by vernalization and the activity of a set of genes grouped

53 es FLC expression through a process known as vernalization and thus permits flowering to occur in the

54 velopmental reprogramming in plants, such as vernalization and transition to flowering.

55 cold temperatures accelerate flowering time (vernalization) and improve freezing tolerance (cold accl

56 Thus, SDG7 is a negative regulator of vernalization, and loss of SDG7 creates a partially vern

57 VRN1 or FT flower rapidly in the absence of vernalization, and plants overexpressing VRN1 exhibit lo

58 uding the photoperiodic, the autonomous, the vernalization, and the hormonal pathways.

59 the ability to use winter nonfreezing cold (vernalization) as a cue to ready them for spring floweri

60 ne Northern Swedish accession showed maximum vernalization at 8 degrees C, both at the level of flowe

61 both functional and confer a requirement for vernalization, but they show distinct expression dynamic

62 Here we show that vernalization causes changes in histone methylation in d

63 ndicated that, in vrn-H1 genotypes requiring vernalization, Cbf expression levels were dampened after

64 e detected across a range of photoperiod and vernalization conditions, suggesting that the genetic co

65 stachyon accession Bd21 was crossed with the vernalization-dependent accession ABR6.

66 In Arabidopsis thaliana vernalization depends on the cold-induced epigenetic sil

67 RVR1 may be involved in processes other than vernalization despite a lack of any obvious pleiotropy i

68 mainly regulated by seasonal cues including vernalization (determined mainly by VRN1 and VRN2 genes)

69 ansient VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3-mediated vernalization, differential growth rates or exposure to

70 In two separate vernalization experiments we discover each set of crosse

71 To test whether genes in the vernalization flowering pathway also influence germinati

72 Genes in the vernalization flowering pathway also influenced seed ger

73 ls such as photoperiod or cold temperatures (vernalization), flowering time is also regulated by ligh

74 ering plants and late-flowering plants after vernalization for 3 weeks.

75 a screen for mutants that no longer require vernalization for rapid flowering, we identified a domin

76 arry deletions encompassing VRN-1, the major vernalization gene in temperate cereals.

77 in the lineage and that at least part of the vernalization gene network is conserved throughout the s

78 ss Pooideae and compared expression of wheat vernalization gene orthologs VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) and V

79 The vernalization gene VRN-1 plays an important role in this

80 ort here the positional cloning of the wheat vernalization gene VRN2, a dominant repressor of floweri

81 is study, we show that in these species, the vernalization gene VRN3 is linked completely to a gene s

82 All known vernalization genes are cloned according to qualitative

83 lization response is mainly regulated by the VERNALIZATION genes, VRN1 and VRN2 Here, we characterize

84 n depends on the integration of photoperiod, vernalization, gibberellin and/or autonomous signaling p

85 Vernalization has been dissected in Arabidopsis thaliana

86 is of changes in nuclear organization during vernalization has revealed that disruption of a gene loo

87 This process, referred to as vernalization, has been extensively studied in Arabidops

88 Loss of SDG7 results in a vernalization-hypersensitive phenotype, as well as more

89 Vernalization in Arabidopsis results in the suppression

90 made in understanding the molecular basis of vernalization in Arabidopsis.

91 LOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) during the process of vernalization in Arabidopsis.

92 tion of a wide range of natural variation in vernalization in Arabidopsis.

93 d up-regulation of HvFT transcript levels by vernalization in barley winter plants (P = 0.002).

94 AP1 transcription was regulated by vernalization in both apices and leaves, and the progres

95 VERNALIZATION1 (RVR1), represses VRN1 before vernalization in Brachypodium distachyon That RVR1 is up

96 The genetic basis of vernalization in cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare subs

97 ed development, ensuring the requirement for vernalization in every generation.

98 pend on replication and temperature, such as vernalization in plants and position effect variegation

99 uch as anatomical development in mammals and vernalization in plants.

100 e requirement for a period of cold-chilling (vernalization) in 46 populations of annuals and perennia

101 nd to shared environmental cues, focusing on vernalization, in Arabidopsis thaliana plants.

102 te-flowering) parent was strongly induced by vernalization, in contrast to the Ku (early-flowering) p

103 (n = 384) F(2) populations with and without vernalization, in order to reveal both the genetic basis

104 Vernalization, in turn, leads to an epigenetic down-regu

105 Rosette vernalization increased seed germination in diverse ecot

106 The Arabidopsis thaliana VERNALIZATION INDEPENDENCE (VIP) gene class has multiple

107 We identified recessive mutations designated vernalization independence (vip) that confer cold-indepe

108 y mapped narrow-leafed lupin loci conferring vernalization independence, anthracnose resistance, low

109 , FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) via an autonomous, vernalization-independent pathway.

110 ing identified genomic regions linked to the vernalization-independent, late-flowering habit of Bur-0

111 ore differentially expressed genes than does vernalization, indicating that RVR1 may be involved in p

112 lymorphisms differentiate FLC(A) and FLC(B), vernalization induces the expression of an alternatively

113 uations, average temperature, day length and vernalization influence the flowering time of 59 genotyp

114 the vernalization pathway, VIL1, along with VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3 (VIN3), is necessary for the

115 ding a unique, cold-specific PRC2 component, vernalization insensitive 3 (VIN3), which is necessary f

116 his acceleration was not caused by transient VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3-mediated vernalization, diff

117 In Arabidopsis thaliana, VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE3 (VIN3) and its related plant

118 VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE3 (VIN3) induction by vernaliza

119 VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE3 (VIN3) is induced by winter c

120 The expression of AGL19, FT, and VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE3 was associated with altitude,

121 Vernalization involves the epigenetic silencing of the f

122 lowering by prolonged cold, a process called vernalization, involves downregulation of the protein FL

123 Vernalization is a prerequisite for the floral induction

124 Since the quantitative nature of vernalization is a reflection of a bistable cell autonom

125 Vernalization is a response to winter cold to initiate f

126 Vernalization is an environmentally induced epigenetic s

127 Vernalization is an environmentally-induced epigenetic s

128 Vernalization is an example of temperature influencing t

129 say, we show that the quantitative nature of vernalization is generated by H3K27me3-mediated FLC sile

130 The mechanism for TaVRN1 induction during vernalization is not well understood.

131 RNALIZATION INSENSITIVE3 (VIN3) induction by vernalization is one of the earliest events in the verna

132 Vernalization is the process by which flowering is promo

133 Vernalization is the process by which sensing a prolonge

134 Vernalization is the process whereby flowering is accele

135 Vernalization is the process whereby the floral transiti

136 In certain plant species, the role of vernalization is to suppress the expression of genes tha

137 rly origin hypothesis are that a response to vernalization is widespread within the subfamily and tha

138 This process, vernalization, is controlled mainly by the VRN1 gene.

139 ged cold of winter, through a process called vernalization, is required to alleviate this block and p

140 Vernalization leads to a permanent epigenetic suppressio

141 As a result of vernalization, levels of lysine-9 and lysine-27 trimethy

142 omb-mediated epigenetic silencing induced by vernalization, little is known about the mechanism invol

143 s earlier than, and is independent of, other vernalization markers and coincides with a reduction in

144 sical clustering of FLC loci are part of the vernalization mechanism.

145 NONCODING RNA (COLDAIR)] is required for the vernalization-mediated epigenetic repression of FLC.

146 for epigenetic silencing of FLC and for the vernalization-mediated histone modifications characteris

147 Our results indicate that vernalization-mediated Polycomb silencing is coordinated

148 without some of the components required for vernalization-mediated repression.

149 However, the mechanism responsible for vernalization-mediated VIN3 induction is poorly understo

150 eaves of winter oat and wheat in response to vernalization; no treatment effect was found for spring

151 as consistent with the progressive effect of vernalization on flowering time.

152 e measured the expression of 12 genes of the vernalization pathway and its downstream targets.

153 Analysis of the vernalization pathway has defined a series of epigenetic

154 ght into the photoperiodic regulation of the vernalization pathway in barley.

155 so functions as a flowering repressor in the vernalization pathway of Brachypodium and likely other t

156 The vernalization pathway promotes flowering in response to

157 FLC and other genes of the vernalization pathway vary extensively among natural pop

158 ontrast to our detailed understanding of the vernalization pathway, little is known about how floweri

159 ined by the expression and regulation of the vernalization pathway, most notably by AGAMOUS LIKE19 (A

160 In the vernalization pathway, VIL1, along with VERNALIZATION IN

161 ying candidate genes that are members of the vernalization pathway.

162 regulated by several pathways, including the vernalization pathway.

163 owering independently of the photoperiod and vernalization pathways by repressing FLOWERING LOCUS C (

164 The major target of these vernalization pathways in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thali

165 1), participates in both the photoperiod and vernalization pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana by regula

166 dings demonstrate that the photoperiodic and vernalization pathways interact to control flowering tim

167 f flowering signals from the photoperiod and vernalization pathways occurs, at least in part, through

168 ny plant species through the photoperiod and vernalization pathways, respectively.

169 s integrate signals from the photoperiod and vernalization pathways, we have examined activation-tagg

170 We first tested whether effects of rosette vernalization persisted to influence seed germination.

171 ciations, as for the Arabidopsis response to vernalization phenotype.

172 flowering at the shoot apical meristem; the vernalization process in which exposure to prolonged col

173 We find for many phases of the vernalization process that H3K36me3 and H3K27me3 show op

174 , H3K4me3, and H3K4me2 at FLC throughout the vernalization process were compared to H3K27me3, which a

175 r proper timing of VIN3 induction and of the vernalization process.

176 Vernalization promotes flowering by causing a repression

177 Vernalization promotes flowering via epigenetic repressi

178 All reported barley vernalization QTLs can be explained by the two-locus VRN

179 We then examined critical photoperiod and vernalization QTLs in growth chambers using F(2) progeny

180 s demonstrated that BdODDSOC2 functions as a vernalization-regulated flowering repressor.

181 on-GTs; a germin-like protein (TaGLP); and a vernalization related protein (TaVER2).

182 In Arabidopsis thaliana, vernalization renders plants competent to flower by epig

183 Vernalization required temperatures above 0 degrees C an

184 fying major flowering time loci that control vernalization requirement (VRN-H1 and VRN-H2) have faile

185 s paralog FRUITFULL2 (FUL2), are involved in vernalization requirement across Pooideae, we determined

186 ling quantitative variation for more or less vernalization requirement among winter wheat cultivars r

187 FT]) have been identified that influence the vernalization requirement and are thought to form a regu

188 Since vernalization requirement and photoperiod sensitivity ar

189 ir ability to respond to prolonged cold (the vernalization requirement and response pathways) has ela

190 oth ZCCT1 and ZCCT2 genes are able to confer vernalization requirement and that different ZCCT genes

191 order to reveal both the genetic basis of a vernalization requirement and that of variation in flowe

192 cloned according to qualitative variation in vernalization requirement between spring and winter whea

193 Here we show that in some genotypes this vernalization requirement can be replaced by interruptin

194 suggest that the ecological function of the vernalization requirement conferred by FRI differs acros

195 The positional cloning of the gene for vernalization requirement duration demonstrated that thi

196 We report here that the gene for the vernalization requirement duration in winter wheat was c

197 med by a dominant mutation (Ku) that removed vernalization requirement for flowering.

198 , in contrast, have both a photoperiod and a vernalization requirement for rapid flowering.

199 Studies of natural genetic variation for the vernalization requirement in Arabidopsis have revealed t

200 e two genes result in the elimination of the vernalization requirement in diploid wheat (Triticum mon

201 We discover a novel type of vernalization requirement in perennial populations that

202 DS-box TFs that repress flowering and confer vernalization requirement in the Brassicaceae species Ar

203 in the CCT domain of VRN2 that eliminate the vernalization requirement in winter wheat also reduce th

204 set the level of FLC expression to create a vernalization requirement in winter-annual accessions.

205 ferences at the VRN-A1 locus revealed that a vernalization requirement maintained a higher level of c

206 ove useful in breeding efforts to refine the vernalization requirement of temperate cereals and adapt

207 responsible for natural allelic variation in vernalization requirement, providing additional sources

208 map four important agronomic traits, namely, vernalization requirement, seed alkaloid content, and re

209 in regions, are rapid cycling, have lost the vernalization requirement, show prolific flowering, and

210 The mechanism of the vernalization requirement, which is now being explored i

211 rabidopsis accessions and establishment of a vernalization requirement.

212 a repressor of flowering, and thus confers a vernalization requirement.

213 co-segregates with VRN-1, which affects the vernalization requirement.

214 ING LOCUS C (FLC), whose activities impose a vernalization requirement.

215 and might contribute to the maintenance of a vernalization requirement.

216 ll season, which is necessary to establish a vernalization requirement.

217 NG LOCUS C (FLC) quantitatively controls the vernalization requirement.

218 , we find that it is a good predictor of the vernalization requirement.

219 ermore, the full extent of VIN3 induction by vernalization requires activating complex components, in

220 LOCUS C (FLC), that are determinants of the vernalization-requiring, winter-annual habit.

221 er region, which was perfectly predictive of vernalization response in 216 wild and domesticated acce

222 s induced by winter cold and is essential to vernalization response in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thali

223 n of VIN3 plays a role in mediating a proper vernalization response in Arabidopsis.

224 Extensive natural variation in vernalization response is associated with A. thaliana ac

225 By contrast, in cereals, the vernalization response is mainly regulated by the VERNAL

226 ization is one of the earliest events in the vernalization response of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thali

227 The vernalization response of the different accessions was m

228 ence for direct regulatory links between the vernalization response pathway and other important trait

229 on in Brassica oleracea is from variation in vernalization response through allelic variation at FLOW

230 ing the course of evolution to ensure proper vernalization response through epigenetic changes.

231 lar, maf2 mutant plants display a pronounced vernalization response when subjected to relatively shor

232 Variation in flowering and alignment of vernalization response with winter length are central to

233 esting that this deletion caused the loss of vernalization response.

234 FTc subclade gene has been implicated in the vernalization response.

235 he course of vernalization to mediate proper vernalization response.

236 F5 could play an opposite role to FLC in the vernalization response.

237 key floral repressor in the maintenance of a vernalization response.

238 a significant effect on the photoperiodic or vernalization responses.

239 eas others accessions are late flowering and vernalization responsive and thus behave as winter annua

240 Our results demonstrate that vernalization responsive Pooideae species are widespread

241 ptome analyses suggested a possible role for vernalization-responsive genes in the developmental resp

242 predictions, we determined and reconstructed vernalization responsiveness across Pooideae and compare

243 it loci (QTLs) revealed polygenic control of vernalization responsiveness and anthracnose resistance,

244 d that railway plants have sharply abrogated vernalization responsiveness and high constitutive expre

245 it is unknown how important the evolution of vernalization responsiveness has been for the colonizati

246 icum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), vernalization responsiveness is determined by allelic va

247 nt with the hypothesis that the evolution of vernalization responsiveness was important for the initi

248 ypothesis that VRN1 is a common regulator of vernalization responsiveness within the crown pooids.

249 on was facilitated by the early evolution of vernalization responsiveness.

250 In Arabidopsis, vernalization results from the epigenetic silencing of t

251 In temperate grasses, vernalization results in the up-regulation of VERNALIZAT

252 ime correlated with altitude under different vernalization scenarios.

253 Vernalization, sensing of prolonged cold, is important f

254 In vernalization-sensitive genetic backgrounds, FLC levels

255 gene TaFT, which integrates photoperiod and vernalization signals promoting flowering, interacts wit

256 While vernalization silences a repressor (FLC, MADS-box transc

257 n observed after the VRN2 down-regulation by vernalization, suggesting the existence of a second VRN1

258 The mitotic stability of vernalization, suggestive of an epigenetic mechanism, ha

259 The slow dynamics of vernalization, taking place over weeks in the cold, gene

260 The different accessions had characteristic vernalization temperature profiles.

261 The vernalization temperature range of 0-14 degrees C meant

262 Here, we analyse natural variation for vernalization temperature requirement in accessions, inc

263 MAF2 expression is less sensitive to vernalization than that of FLC, and its repressor activi

264 ow that VRN1 is involved in processes beyond vernalization that are essential for Arabidopsis develop

265 r a large proportion of natural variation in vernalization that contributes to adaptation of A. thali

266 romotes flowering through a process known as vernalization that epigenetically represses FLC expressi

267 ensive variation in critical photoperiod and vernalization that may be a consequence of local adaptat

268 For example, vernalization (the promotion of flowering by cold temper

269 ow seasonal changes influence development is vernalization, the acceleration of flowering by prolonge

270 However, the loop is disrupted during vernalization, the cold-induced, Polycomb-dependent epig

271 nes known to enable flowering in response to vernalization, the most prominent is FLOWERING LOCUS C (

272 Vernalization, the perception and memory of winter in pl

273 A requirement for vernalization, the process by which prolonged cold expos

274 Vernalization, the promotion of flowering by cold, invol

275 Vernalization, the requirement of a long exposure to low

276 Vernalization, the requirement of a period of low temper

277 We have exploited the process of vernalization, the slow quantitative epigenetic silencin

278 (FLC) is a major determinant of variation in vernalization--the acceleration of flowering by prolonge

279 sulted in spring lines, which do not require vernalization to flower.

280 ifferentially regulated during the course of vernalization to mediate proper vernalization response.

281 eties, which differ in their requirement for vernalization to promote subsequent flowering.

282 require a long exposure to low temperatures (vernalization) to become competent for flowering.

283 n1 gene (VRN1) is induced by prolonged cold (vernalization) to trigger flowering of cereal crops, suc

284 In the vernalization treatment, all parents and F(2)s flowered,

285 -day photoperiods, with and without a 30-day vernalization treatment, and genotyped them for two comm

286 d earlier flowering upon gibberellic acid or vernalization treatment, which means that HAP3b is not i

287 nd short-day conditions and still respond to vernalization treatment.

288 atprmt5), that fails to flower rapidly after vernalization treatment.

289 Vernalization triggers the recruitment of chromatin-modi

290 the facultative growth habit (cold tolerant, vernalization unresponsive) is a result of deletion of t

291 gh subsequent development by the activity of VERNALIZATION (VRN) genes.

292 The VERNALIZATION (VRN)-PRC2 complex contains VRN2 and SWING

293 Vernalization was required for AP1 transcription in apic

294 a, encoded by the dominant allele for 3-week vernalization, was mutated to Val(180) in vrn-A1b, encod

295 plants across time courses with and without vernalization, we found that railway plants have sharply

296 A classic example is vernalization, where plants quantitatively sense long-te

297 to low temperatures to accelerate flowering (vernalization), whereas spring varieties do not have thi

298 of low temperatures and flower earlier with vernalization, whereas spring cultivars are intolerant o

299 prolonged period of cold, a process known as vernalization, which aligns flowering with the favourabl

300 identified three QTLs for flowering without vernalization, with much of the variation being attribut