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   1 modified procedure described by Robinson and Walker.                                                 
     2 ree', and autonomous locomotion of a bipedal walker.                                                 
     3 ith substrate (or "track") for the molecular walker.                                                 
     4 d displacement (OSD) reaction to release the walker.                                                 
     5 facilitate the development of functional DNA walkers.                                                
     6 inetics and processivity of DNA enzyme-based walkers.                                                
     7 design of small-molecule synthetic molecular walkers.                                                
     8 hose that come closest to being optimal Levy walkers.                                                
     9 s are known to enhance exploration of random walkers.                                                
    10 gnitude more efficiency than Brownian random walkers.                                                
    11  to real-life race performance in elite race walkers.                                                
    12 neously be induced for forwards and reversed walkers.                                                
    13 st walkers (<0.5 m/s) constituting 28%, slow walkers (0.5-0.83 m/s) making up 48%, and normal walkers
    14 ling was attenuated in slow compared to fast walkers (2.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.9 to 6.6
  
    16 ines that lie close to the LSGGQ (P517C) and Walker A (I1050C) sites of NBD1 and NBD2, respectively, 
    17 we have mutated conserved residues in Fml1's Walker A (K99R) and Walker B (D196N) motifs to determine
  
    19 r mutagenesis analyses indicated that Rrp2's Walker A and B motifs are required for borrelial growth;
    20 ctive sites are formed combinatorially, with Walker A and B motifs contributed by one subunit and a c
    21 uivalent mutation at ABP1 (consisting of the Walker A and B motifs of NBD1 and the signature sequence
    22 dies have indicated that ABP2, formed by the Walker A and B motifs of NBD2 and the signature sequence
  
  
  
  
    27  and NMS-873) have differential responses to Walker A and B mutations, to disease-causing IBMPFD muta
    28  Alanine substitution mutants in the deviant Walker A and Signature motifs retain significant, albeit
  
    30 ndent on ATP and have identified ATP-binding Walker A and Walker B motifs that are present in Escheri
  
  
    33  D-loop aspartate functions to stabilize the Walker A asparagine in a position favorable for catalysi
    34 tation of either the D-loop aspartate or the Walker A asparagine results in dramatic reductions in AT
  
  
    37  prior work using mutations in the conserved Walker A box ATPase structural motif strongly suggests t
    38 ly, it appears that two sequence motifs, the Walker A box involved in ATP binding and an iron-sulfur-
    39 ation of the conserved Lys-669 to Met in the Walker A box of the first nucleotide-binding domain (Ycf
  
  
  
    43 ries of point mutants, each lacking a single Walker A Lys residue, was generated to study the effects
  
  
    46 e conserved lysine to alanine (K629A) in the Walker A motif abolished ATP hydrolysis and substrate tr
    47 It is an ATPase in the MinD/ParA/Mrp deviant Walker A motif family which is within the P loop GTPase 
  
    49  all possible combinations of wild-type or a Walker A motif K51E variant tau or gamma have been recon
  
  
  
  
  
  
    56 position is conserved in four of the deviant Walker A motif subfamilies (MinD, chromosomal ParAs, Get
    57 maS adopts an extended conformation, and the Walker A motif undergoes substantial conformational chan
  
  
    60    Here we show that the putative Zn finger, Walker A motif, KNRXG motif and Lon protease homology do
  
    62 with the gamma-phosphate-binding site of the Walker A motif/P-loop, potentially explaining the limite
    63 onstrate that mutations in Cdc6 sensor-2 and Walker A motifs, which are predicted to affect ATP bindi
    64 hat differences in the binding affinities of Walker A mutants stem from differences in stabilization 
  
    66   Interestingly, the VirB4 ATPase, but not a Walker A nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) binding motif mut
  
    68  Hsp104(A503V) variants bearing inactivating Walker A or Walker B mutations in both NBDs are inoperat
  
  
    71 nalysis of human MRP1-NBD1 revealed that the Walker A S685 forms a hydrogen bond with the Walker B D7
  
  
    74  with sterol transport, whereas swapping the Walker A, Walker B, and signature motifs together result
    75 istic, deviant ATP-binding site with altered Walker A, Walker B, Signature (C-loop), and Q-loop resid
    76 dings support the hypothesis that a deviant "Walker A-like" phosphate-binding motif lies adjacent to 
    77 ibuted to the binding of ATP to glycine rich Walker A-type motifs present in the regulatory domain of
  
    79 aired translocation phenotypes and show that Walker-A residues play important roles in determining mo
    80 le microscopy observations confirm that such walkers achieve directional movement by sensing and modi
    81  had 35% higher 30-day mortality than normal walkers (adjusted odds ratio, 1.35; 95% confidence inter
    82 e show that the movement of a small-molecule walker along a five-foothold track can be monitored cont
    83 hydrolysis of the rear foot of macrocyclized walkers (an information ratchet mechanism), the rear foo
  
    85  allowing its cargo to be transferred to the walker, and an 'OFF' state, in which no transfer occurs.
    86 e their exquisite programmability, DNA-based walkers are challenging to work with because of their lo
  
  
  
  
  
  
    93 erved residues in Fml1's Walker A (K99R) and Walker B (D196N) motifs to determine whether its activit
    94 ns the key residues of the catalytic motifs, Walker B and C, in the ATPase center and is structurally
  
    96 bution that two other structural motifs, the Walker B box and arginine finger, make to each Mcm2-7 AT
    97 ir, a predicted inactivating mutation of the Walker B box domain has no impact on FA pathway associat
    98 Walker A S685 forms a hydrogen bond with the Walker B D792 and interacts with the Mg (2+) cofactor an
    99 ecause they can alternately contact ptDNA or Walker B glutamate in the ATPase site and lie close to t
   100 83A) or gain-of-ATP binding mutations at the Walker B motif (D299N) resulted in Reptin mutants with a
   101 at could still bind nucleotide represent the Walker B motif (D478 and D479) and Sensor 1 (N523), thre
   102 e third, D290N mutation in the conserved NS3 Walker B motif appeared >/=16 days post-transfection.   
   103 riant carboxylates, Asp Box motif Glu163 and Walker B motif Glu204, have been assigned to Mg(2+) bind
   104 ents that a mutation T194M downstream of the Walker B motif in the phage lambda gpA packaging motor c
   105 he C-terminal region of RNase R, whereas the Walker B motif is in its N-terminal region implying that
  
  
   108 otein F (PspF), by specifically altering the Walker B motif sequence required in catalyzing ATP hydro
  
  
  
   112  combined data suggest that the Walker A and Walker B motifs of Rrp2 are involved in the control of a
   113 and have identified ATP-binding Walker A and Walker B motifs that are present in Escherichia coli RNa
   114 riant (ClpC(trap)) with mutations within the Walker B motifs to identify the direct substrates of Clp
  
  
   117 of the noncanonical methionine residue M584 (Walker B sequence of nucleotide binding site 1) by gluta
   118 somerization of a conserved cis peptide near Walker B to the trans configuration, which appears to pr
   119 ol transport, whereas swapping the Walker A, Walker B, and signature motifs together resulted in fail
  
  
  
  
   124  approximately 0.7 s per step) than previous walkers based on covalent chemistry and is weakly proces
   125 entirely to autonomous decisions made by the walker, behaviour analogous to amorphous chemical reacti
  
   127 jP protein (Soj from pXO1) contains putative Walker box motifs and belongs to the ParA family of ATPa
  
   129 e insight into a unique mechanism by which a Walker box protein forms polymers that involves the gene
  
  
   132 , and an assembling protein that is either a Walker-box ATPase (type I) or an actin-like ATPase (type
  
  
  
   136 induced propagation both below and above the Walker breakdown field it is shown that all experimental
  
  
   139 rvation and the piezoelectric control of the Walker breakdown separating two regimes with different m
  
  
   142 pplications of this SNA-based stochastic DNA walker by exploiting movement-triggered cascade signal a
  
   144 on reactions, the nanoscale movements of the walker can lead to the generation of a single-stranded p
  
   146 ticle, we show that the presence of multiple walkers can be beneficial for a procedure to estimate th
   147  show that the translocation kinetics of DNA walkers can be effectively controlled by external light 
   148 onvergence Zone and weakening of the Pacific Walker circulation (PWC) between approximately 1000 and 
  
   150 o such as the rising branch of the anomalous Walker circulation being shifted to the central Pacific 
   151 ey do show that the observed slowdown in the Walker circulation is presumably driven by oceanic rathe
   152  patterns are the main cause of the weakened Walker circulation over the past six decades (1950-2009)
   153  AMO state, there is an anomalously weakened Walker circulation over the tropical Pacific that transp
   154 simulate the observed changes, including the Walker circulation slowdown and the eastward shift of at
  
   156 ics of the hiatus, including the intensified Walker circulation, the winter cooling in northwestern N
   157 n rainfall variability by altering the local Walker circulation, whereas the influence of the Pacific
  
  
  
   161 risingly, the NHSM as well as the Hadley and Walker circulations have all shown substantial intensifi
  
  
  
  
   166 d no aftereffect, yet when adapting and test walkers differed in size or appeared on opposite sides o
  
   168 of Blood, Keats et al,(1) Egan et al,(2) and Walker et al(3) provide a genome-wide snapshot of the cl
   169 ncorrectly placed to tribe and that Sophonia Walker, Evacanthus Le Peletier &Serville, Bundera Distan
  
  
   172 ers (0.5-0.83 m/s) making up 48%, and normal walkers (>0.83 m/s) constituting 24% of the population. 
  
  
   175 n, a variety of DNA-based and small-molecule walkers have been created, but observing the translation
   176 al Runners' (17,201 male, 16,173 female) and Walkers' Health Studies (3,434 male, 12,384 female).    
   177 olled three isoenergetic diets in elite race walkers: high CHO availability (g kg(-1) day(-1) : 8.6 C
  
  
   180  of the intrinsic quantum nature of multiple walkers, in order to achieve the full computational powe
   181 aining and mild energy deficit in elite race walkers increases peak aerobic capacity independent of d
   182 ssibility of gathering information about the walkers indistinguishability from the observation of bun
  
  
   185  The navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker), is an agricultural insect pest that can be cont
   186 ., Miller, S., Ho, S-Y., Wang, W., Chen, Q., Walker, K., Wypych, J., Narhi, L., and Gunasekaran, K.  
   187 hen the alanine residue (A6) in the atypical Walker-like A box of AaTadZ was converted to lysine, the
  
  
   190 percentile, 0.47-0.79 m/s), with the slowest walkers (<0.5 m/s) constituting 28%, slow walkers (0.5-0
  
   192 frequency of the transitions that the random walker makes - between nodes in different PPI networks, 
  
  
  
   196  chromosome 3q25.1 are associated with Dandy-Walker malformation of the cerebellum, and loss of the o
  
   198 rain abnormalities (e.g., heterotopia, Dandy-Walker malformation), pituitary insufficiency, and/or sy
  
  
  
  
   203 tation is faster than the traditional random walker method or the level set method, and performs bett
  
  
  
   207      The diffusion temperature of molecular 'walkers', molecules that are capable of moving unidirect
  
   209  RNase R due to mutations in its ATP-binding Walker motifs exhibit growth defects at low temperatures
   210 rporate these characteristics, the idea that walker motion is encoded directly, such that viewpoint a
   211 to look for the co-encoding of viewpoint and walker motion, a hallmark of motion template analysis.  
  
   213 esign parameters enables us to demonstrate a walker movement near 5 mum at an average speed of approx
  
   215  we show that a DNA mechanical device--a DNA walker moving along a DNA track--can be used to perform 
   216  predictions derived from this strategy: (1) Walkers must have information about upcoming footholds d
  
   218 ling microscopy shows that the motion of the walker occurs along the [110] direction of the Cu surfac
   219 On the longest track (n = 9) the fraction of walkers on each end-foothold can be quantified with resp
   220 ikely to require assistive devices such as a walker or wheelchair for mobility (OR=23.00; p=0.007).  
  
   222 rrent, atmospheric wind, a preference of the walker owing to prior experience, or a general bias in a
   223 ) for males and P=0.02 for females) and male walkers (P=0.01 for males and P=0.08 for females) and fo
   224  P<10(-5) for males and P=0.003 for females; walkers: P=0.03 for males and P<10(-4) for females), hig
   225      Herein we review recent progress on DNA walker principles and characterization methods, and eval
  
  
   228 e track via reversible protonation while the walker remains attached to the track throughout by means
  
  
  
  
  
   234 so the resulting ballistic trajectory of the walker's center-of-mass will facilitate stepping on targ
  
   236 ile varying the presentation duration of the walker selectively affected body motion discriminations.
   237 mple model for a chemically driven molecular walker shows that the elastic energy stored by the molec
   238 demonstrate that previously developed random walkers-so-called molecular spiders that comprise a stre
   239 ryos had cerebellar aplasia similar to Dandy-Walker spectrum malformations observed in human patients
   240 aligning the ellipses that made up a dynamic walker stimulus selectively disrupted body form discrimi
   241 3), distal arthrogryposis 5 (DA5), or Marden-Walker syndrome (MWKS), which encompass contractures of 
  
   243  construct highly processive, autonomous DNA walker systems and to regulate their translocation kinet
   244  The functionalities of state-of-the-art DNA walker systems can thus be analyzed for various applicat
  
   246 tion and hydrolysis reactions lead to 68% of walkers taking two steps directionally along a three-foo
   247 uclease III (Exo III)-powered stochastic DNA walker that can autonomously move on a spherical nucleic
   248 as been used in a remote-controlled inchworm walker that can directly couple a color-changing skin wi
   249 re attached in series to the tile, and a DNA walker that can move on the track from device to device 
   250 e have constructed an autonomous DNA bipedal walker that coordinates the action of its two legs by cy
   251 of a model system comprised of a bipedal DNA walker that strides on a DNA origami track powered by in
  
   253  been developed including self-assembled DNA walkers that can make stepwise movements on RNA/DNA subs
   254 be treated essentially as many-legged random walkers that can pass through a cytoskeletal barrier by 
  
  
   257  By covalently cross-linking aliquots of the walker to its track in successive walking states, we dem
   258 des of control work synergistically to allow walkers to negotiate complex terrain with efficiency, st
  
   260 ding molecular muscles, synthesizers, pumps, walkers, transporters and light-driven and electrically 
  
  
   263 ions, we show dynamic chromosome binding and Walker-type ATPase activity are essential for cluster se
   264 inding protein, typically called ParB, and a Walker-type ATPase, typically called ParA, which also bi
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   272 o identify genetic mutations responsible for Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS), a genetically heterogeneo
   273  linked to a variety of phenotypes including Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS), limb girdle muscular dyst
   274 y (FCMD), Muscle-Eye-Brain disease (MEB) and Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS), which are associated with
   275 th predominantly muscle phenotypes to severe Walker-Warburg syndrome and muscle-eye-brain disease wit
   276 congenital muscular dystrophy 1C (MDC1C), to Walker-Warburg Syndrome and Muscle-Eye-Brain disease.   
   277 stroglycan, which not only causes the severe Walker-Warburg syndrome but is also a common cause of th
   278  with brain and eye anomalies and range from Walker-Warburg syndrome to Fukuyama congenital muscular 
   279 congenital muscular dystrophies that include Walker-Warburg syndrome, muscle-eye-brain disease, and F
   280 e congenital muscular dystrophies, including Walker-Warburg syndrome, muscle-eye-brain disease, Fukuy
   281 fferent clinical manifestations ranging from Walker-Warburg syndrome, the most severe form of dystrog
   282 vere of the congenital muscular dystrophies, Walker-Warburg syndrome, to mild forms of adult-onset li
  
  
  
  
  
   288 ch suggested that the performance of the DNA walker was critically dependent upon the DNA density and
   289  The operation of this Exo III-propelled DNA walker was monitored in real time and at the single-part
  
  
   292 nced a consistent aftereffect: a bistable PL walker, which could be perceived in the adapted orientat
   293 ore reflect the individual steps of a single walker, which require the making and breaking of As-S bo
   294 in this direction was the development of DNA walkers, which have developed from being non-autonomous 
  
   296 int-light displays that portray the gaits of walkers whose gender is digitally morphed from male to f
  
   298 l ring of annihilating and coalescing random walkers with deterministic biases due to selection.     
  
  
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