ライフサイエンスコーパス: whisker

1 than to suppress responses to the principal whisker.

2 ralateral thalamus and cortex represent each whisker.

3 e responses to the deflection of surrounding whiskers.

4 uitable for visualization of one or more rat whiskers.

5 nd contralateral stimulation of the specific whiskers.

6 us, salt-and-pepper tuning to many different whiskers.

7 by a late overt cross-modal reactivation by whiskers.

8 rates and low sensitivity to the movement of whiskers.

9 continuous map of the space swept out by the whiskers.

10 the trigeminal nerve (PrV) correspond to the whiskers.

11 In the column corresponding to the spared whisker, 300 layer (L) 2/3 pyramidal neurons (17%) each

12 tryptamine (5-HT) receptors are expressed on whisker Abeta-afferent endings and that their activation

13 , primary among them the low contrast of the whisker against its background.

14 ploratory behavior, rats brush and tap their whiskers against objects, and the mechanical signals so

15 e of sensory input were driven by volitional whisker and body movements.

16 o bending moment (torque) at the base of the whisker and its rate of change and largely explained by

17 t and postnatal survival, but had defects in whisker and pelage hair formation.

18 We showed that the whiskers and activity in the primary somatosensory corte

19 without whisking and that this involves both whiskers and barrel cortex activity.

20 formation available to rodents through their whiskers and how rodents direct their attention.

21 -response relationships involving individual whiskers and likely emerges within cortical circuits.

22 rafast "ping" (>50,000 degrees /s) to single whiskers and sampled primary afferent activity at 500 kH

23 tained a brief vibration stimulus applied to whiskers and the remaining 20% of trials contained a bri

24 ad to learn to localize an object with their whiskers, and based upon this location they were trained

25 ixed mice as they explored a pole with their whiskers, and simultaneously measured both whisker motio

26 n within a whisk cycle (phase), not absolute whisker angle, and arose from stresses reflecting whiske

27 ry neuron responses were poorly predicted by whisker angle, but well-predicted by rotational forces a

28 igh-frequency bursting activity at preferred whisker angles.

29 For example, titanium trisulfide (TiS3) whiskers are made out of weakly interacting TiS3 layers,

30 Movable tactile sensors in the form of whiskers are present in most mammals, but sensory coding

31 al microstimulation compared with the caudal whisker area (CWA) in animals under deep anesthesia.

32 he caudal forelimb area (CFA) and the caudal whisker area (CWA) of M1.

33 nd whisker area, which we termed the rostral whisker area (RWA), based on its differential response t

34 rostral forelimb area (RFA) and the rostral whisker area (RWA).

35 ve previously proposed existence of a second whisker area, which we termed the rostral whisker area (

36 urces of thalamic inputs to the two proposed whisker areas.

37 We used a three-dimensional model of the whisker array to construct mappings between the horizont

38 Systems consisting of whisker arrays are fabricated, and as a proof of concept

39 The shapes of whiskers, as well as their movements, are exquisitely ad

40 We also carried out stimulation of different whiskers at different times.

41 layers in regions surrounding the activated whisker barrel cortex.

42 al plasticity, we find reduced somatosensory whisker barrel plasticity.

43 c depolarization arose preferentially in the whisker barrel region of parietal sensory cortex.

44 chanical signals (forces and moments) at the whisker base while simultaneously monitoring whisker kin

45 Here, we report electronic whiskers based on highly tunable composite films of carb

46 Whisker-based object localization requires activation an

47 in particular, can contribute to learning a whisker-based object localization task when timing is re

48 y across motor cortex while mice performed a whisker-based object localization task with a delayed, d

49 ved and studied in rodents in the context of whisker-based tactile sensation.

50 Here we present a whisker-based, tactile virtual reality system for head-f

51 ariables, respectively) associated with this whiskers-based perceptual process.

52 daptations in the monocular cortex, in which whiskers become a dominant nonvisual input source to att

53 We used models of whisker bending to quantify mechanical signals (forces a

54 discriminate different textures using their whiskers, both spike-rate and spike-timing information i

55 predicted by rotational forces acting on the whisker: both during touch and free-air whisker motion.

56 er receptive fields, including a single best whisker (BW) and lower magnitude responses to the deflec

57 ditional representations of the forelimb and whiskers, called the rostral forelimb area (RFA) and the

58 Compared to the long reaches that whiskers can make to the side and below the rat, the rea

59 ve (IoN), or selectively altered by repeated whisker clipping on the right side.

60 tivity in rat models of sensory deprivation (whisker clipping, tail suspension, casting).

61 During two of these phases, the rats' whiskers coded object position by first temporal and the

62 Sighted animals also showed changes in whisker control strategy with increased familiarity, but

63 uits for food, we tested the hypothesis that whisker control, as measured by high-speed videography,

64 rimary (S1) and secondary (S2) somatosensory whisker cortex during texture discrimination behavior, s

65 onization during evoked responses induced by whisker deflection did not differ between the two groups

66 Single whisker deflection elicited low-probability spikes in hi

67 We found that a whisker deflection evoked abnormal sensory responses in

68 es, S1 neuronal responses to BW and surround whisker deflection showed comparable latencies in short-

69 ferent amounts of information about columnar whisker deflection.

70 isual stimuli, the magnitude of responses to whisker deflections is highest in the presence of optic

71 system begins as external forces that cause whisker deformations, which in turn excite mechanorecept

72 In mice learning an active, whisker-dependent object localization task, layer 2/3 ne

73 hey showed noticeable deficits in all of the whisker-dependent or -related tests, including Y-maze ex

74 r performance in specific tests that require whisker-dependent tactile discrimination.

75 ssociates with deteriorated performance in a whisker-dependent texture discrimination task.

76 Unilateral whisker deprivation decreased the strength and spatial r

77 of rodent somatosensory cortex, where D-row whisker deprivation drives Hebbian weakening of whisker-

78 berrant structural plasticity in response to whisker deprivation, impaired texture novel object recog

79 A majority of whisker discrimination tasks in rodents are performed on

80 tes and high-resolution videography of rats' whiskers during tactile exploration to study how texture

81 We show that in Mecp2-deficient male mice, whisker-evoked activity is roughly topographic but weak

82 etween wild-type and Fmr1 KO mice in overall whisker-evoked activity, though 45% fewer neurons in you

83 n contrast, chronic ACh deprivation hindered whisker-evoked CBF responses and the amplitude and power

84 enhanced ACh tone significantly potentiated whisker-evoked CBF responses through muscarinic ACh rece

85 neurons in vivo, brief deprivation decreased whisker-evoked inhibition more than excitation and incre

86 We show that whisker-evoked membrane depolarization in L2 PNs arises

87 al surface) allows for convenient imaging of whisker-evoked neural activity in vivo.

88 Cerebrovascular reactivity and whisker-evoked neurovascular coupling responses were mea

89 assessed the effects of varying ACh tone on whisker-evoked NVC responses in rat barrel cortex, measu

90 were compared across development and during whisker-evoked plasticity.

91 Whisker-evoked response probability correlated strongly

92 INs increases trial-to-trial variability of whisker-evoked responses in L2 PNs.

93 cal layer 1 (L1) of rat barrel cortex affect whisker-evoked responses of L2 PNs.

94 asing spontaneous firing and, in some cells, whisker-evoked responses.

95 we report new cortical regions downstream of whisker-evoked sensory processing during active explorat

96 atosensory cortex that transiently maintains whisker-evoked spiking in L2/3, despite the onset of Heb

97 sker deprivation drives Hebbian weakening of whisker-evoked spiking responses after an unexplained in

98 that deprivation (3 d) transiently increased whisker-evoked spiking responses in L2/3 single units be

99 lassical Hebbian weakening (>/=5 d), whereas whisker-evoked synaptic input was reduced during both pe

100 Stimulation of a single whisker evokes neural activity sequentially in its corre

101 regions with high tactile acuity, including whisker follicles, fingertips and touch domes.

102 Rodents use their mechanosensitive whiskers for a diverse range of tactile behaviors such a

103 octurnal insects and mammals use antennae or whiskers for near-range orientation.

104 r, they moved more rapidly, protracted their whiskers further, and showed decreased whisking amplitud

105 hly abundant in fingertips, touch domes, and whisker hair follicles of mammals.

106 Using mouse whisker hair follicles, we show herein that tactile stim

107 Using rat whisker hair follicles, we show that Merkel cells rather

108 We trained rats to discriminate whisker impulse sequences that varied in single-impulse

109 r, these units did not effectively integrate whisker impulses, but instead combined weak impulse resp

110 hout substantial temporal integration across whisker impulses.

111 Discrete neural modules represent each whisker in the somatosensory cortex ("barrels"), thalamu

112 ker system of mice by deflection of a single whisker in vivo.

113 y of the tag to measure vibration in excised whiskers in a flume in response to laminar flow and dist

114 These animals move their whiskers in a purposive manner to locations of interest.

115 ovel manual stimulation technique to deflect whiskers in a way that decouples kinematics from mechani

116 rats run at high speed, they protract their whiskers in front of the snout without large movements.

117 ead-fixed mice that tracked walls with their whiskers in tactile virtual reality.

118 in the thalamic barreloids by deflection of whiskers in vivo.

119 er angle, and arose from stresses reflecting whisker inertia and activity of specific muscles.

120 Rodent whisker input consists of dense microvibration sequences

121 it somewhat modest synaptic plasticity after whisker input deprivation.

122 Lesions to whisker input pathways had similar effects.

123 Thus, S1 encoded fast time scale whisker input without substantial temporal integration a

124 ary somatosensory cortex, generated by multi-whisker interactions during active touch.

125 directly encode mechanical signals when the whisker is deflected in this decoupled stimulus space.

126 A biomechanical modeling of the whisker is developed, which yields quantitative predicti

127 Each facial whisker is represented by discrete modules of neurons al

128 find that the sea lion's impressive array of whiskers is matched by a large trigeminal representation

129 Visualization and tracking of the facial whiskers is required in an increasing number of rodent s

130 x, activity related to movement of digits or whiskers is suppressed, which could facilitate detection

131 whisker base while simultaneously monitoring whisker kinematics and recording single Vg units in both

132 and temporal characteristics of the observed whisker kinetics, for any given topography.

133 Many species that possess whiskers lack the modular "barrel" organization found in

134 Functional reorganization of the whisker map in rodent barrel cortex has long served as a

135 lly, the spatial organization of boutons and whisker map organization revealed the subdivision of the

136 The two whisker maps crowd in a space normally devoted to the co

137 This led to formation of bilateral whisker maps in both the thalamus and the cortex.

138 d uncrossed sensory inputs creates bilateral whisker maps in the thalamus and cortex.

139 se line, leads to the formation of bilateral whisker maps in the ventroposteromedial, as well as the

140 Mice with bilateral whisker maps perform well in general sensorimotor tasks

141 interactions between the ipsi/contralateral whisker maps.

142 and ease of fabrication of the demonstrated whiskers may enable a wide range of applications in adva

143 Here we show that the vibrations of seal whiskers may provide information about hydrodynamic even

144 discrimination task, nor does it affect the whiskers' mechanical properties.

145 5 mice but is relaxed in adults to allow the whisker-mediated reactivation.

146 ed in two contexts in which either visual or whisker modality was more likely to occur.

147 ideography has proven adequate for measuring whisker motion and deformation during interaction with a

148 r whiskers, and simultaneously measured both whisker motion and forces with high-speed videography.

149 the whisker: both during touch and free-air whisker motion.

150 e information is mechanically encoded in the whisker motion.

151 This review focuses specifically on cortical whisker motor control.

152 The whisker motor neurons receive synaptic inputs from premo

153 a miniature accelerometer tag to study seal whisker movement in situ.

154 he middle portion of the rising phase of the whisker movement protraction elicited by artificial (fic

155 ion declined by half in surrounding columns; whisker movement representation was unchanged.

156 Purkinje cells (PCs) in Crus 1 represent whisker movement via linear changes in firing rate, but

157 and also show an increase in spike rate with whisker movement.

158 nucleus (VPM) fired in response to touch and whisker movement.

159 barrel cortex of neonatal rats, spontaneous whisker movements and passive stimulation by the litterm

160 barrel cortex of neonatal rats, spontaneous whisker movements and passive stimulation by the litterm

161 ar dependence on stimulus duration as evoked whisker movements and S1 activity.

162 eption, consistent with the coding of evoked whisker movements by reafferent sensory input.

163 ad in Emx1-Cre;Ai27D transgenic mice induces whisker movements due to activation of ChR2 expressed in

164 By studying whisker movements during tactile behaviors, we can learn

165 tes' position in the litter, and spontaneous whisker movements efficiently triggered bursts of activi

166 of a broader neural network that can decode whisker movements in air and on objects, which is a stra

167 In this primer, we focus on how the whisker movements of rats and mice are providing clues a

168 that the rats developed stereotypic head and whisker movements to solve this task, in a manner that c

169 Under some conditions, whisker movements were phase-coupled to strides.

170 showed that tactile signals arising from the whisker movements with touch and stimulation by the litt

171 Yet, whisker movements with touch were more efficient than fr

172 e mice control tactile input through learned whisker movements.

173 ramidal neurons (17%) each encoded touch and whisker movements.

174 In mice locating objects with their whiskers, neurons in the ventral posteromedial nucleus (

175 s per animal, during performance of a single whisker object localization task.

176 on the transient response generated during a whisker-object collision.

177 ontrol of layer 4 neurons can substitute for whisker-object contact to guide behavior resembling wall

178 Stimulation of the whiskers on either side activates the corresponding regi

179 inuous modulated noise sequence delivered to whiskers or fingertips, defined by its temporal patterni

180 single-impulse electrical stimulation of the whisker pad in the anesthetized rat to identify componen

181 ractions evoked by optogenetic activation of whisker pad muscles results in cortical activity and sen

182 anesthetized mice indicated that optogenetic whisker pad stimulation evokes robust yet longer latency

183 ead-fixed mice trained to report optogenetic whisker pad stimulation, psychometric curves showed simi

184 ion in glabrous skin of the paws, but in the whisker pads and body skin ectopic K8+ cells were confin

185 of the skin with additional abnormalities in whisker pads, footpads, and eyes.

186 Whisker plucking induces axonal growth and pruning of ho

187 atosensory cortex before and after selective whisker plucking.

188 d to the brain multiplexed information about whisker position and surface features, suggesting that p

189 ebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) linearly encode whisker position but the precise circuit mechanisms that

190 Self-motion responses encoded whisker position within a whisk cycle (phase), not absol

191 We found that surround whiskers powerfully transform the cortical representatio

192 vates brain stem reticular nuclei containing whisker premotor neurons, which might form a central pat

193 Mammalian whiskers present an important class of tactile sensors t

194 The whisker primary motor cortex (M1) strongly innervates br

195 Here, we investigate the function of mouse whisker primary motor cortex (wM1), a frontal region def

196 tal region defined by dense innervation from whisker primary somatosensory cortex (wS1).

197 togenetic stimulation of wM1 evokes rhythmic whisker protraction (whisking), whereas optogenetic inac

198 orm a central pattern generator for rhythmic whisker protraction.

199 We conclude that whisker protractions evoked by optogenetic activation of

200 tized mice, we characterize the amplitude of whisker protractions evoked by varying the intensity, du

201 y be 'the window to the soul' in humans, but whiskers provide a better path to the inner lives of rod

202 sion discriminates between single- and multi-whisker receptive field layer 2 pyramidal neurons.

203 ging with deflection of many whiskers to map whisker receptive fields, characterize sparse coding, an

204 Here, we show that in the whisker-related barrel cortex of neonatal rats, spontane

205 Here, we show that, in the whisker-related barrel cortex of neonatal rats, spontane

206 te layers of the superior colliculus receive whisker-related excitatory afferents from the trigeminal

207 (S1) of mice and rats, but it is unclear how whisker-related input is represented in these species.

208 nts, possibly due to the smaller size of the whisker-related modules and interference between the ips

209 In addition, both spontaneous and whisker-related neural activities in the superior collic

210 tte neurons cross the midline and confer the whisker-related patterning to the contralateral ventropo

211 cyte differentiation from divided cells, and whisker removal decreased the survival of divided cells

212 mammals, but sensory coding in the cortical whisker representation has been studied almost exclusive

213 e report ipsilateral cortical connections of whisker representation in RMA, and compare them with con

214 tical imaging verified functional, bilateral whisker representation in the barrel cortex and activati

215 Barrel cortex, the whisker representation of primary somatosensory cortex,

216 s are segregated resulting in duplication of whisker representations and doubling of the number of ba

217 ce between the ipsilateral and contralateral whisker representations in the same thalamus and cortex.

218 om neurons located in the surrounding intact whisker representations.

219 Importantly, whisker response amplitude is also modulated by presenta

220 d provide evidence for dynamic regulation of whisker responses according to visual experience.

221 nitial delay, but no homeostasis of deprived whisker responses is known.

222 timuli modulates the amplitude of concurrent whisker responses.

223 electrophysiology, we find that a subset of whisker-responsive neurons in the ventral posterior medi

224 electrophysiology, we find that a subset of whisker-responsive neurons in the ventral posterior medi

225 c whisking, whereas stimulation of S1 drives whisker retraction.

226 Removal of all but a single whisker row for 24 h led to an apparent increase in syna

227 The process makes the dyed whisker(s) easily visible against a dark background.

228 ponents, thereby allowing for exploration of whisker sensors with excellent performance.

229 ed voltage-sensitive dye imaging to evaluate whisker sensory evoked activity in the barrel cortex of

230 The whisker sensory system of rodents is an excellent model

231 alamus and cortex.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The whisker sensory system plays a quintessentially importan

232 In a whisker session, 80% of trials contained a brief vibrati

233 ced response to vibration stimuli during the whisker session.

234 rate provide an accurate linear read-out of whisker set point.

235 ing and tests of remote memory retention for whisker-signaled trace eyeblink conditioning.

236 underwater hydrodynamic trail to measure the whisker signals available to the seal.

237 ry neurons in the juvenile (P18 to 27) mouse whisker somatosensory cortex, distinguished by expressio

238 d that mEPSC frequency nearly doubled in the whisker-spared column, a difference that was highly sign

239 In vivo recordings and whisker-specific behavioral tests demonstrated sensory d

240 TEMENT We use a novel paradigm of repetitive whisker stimulation and in vivo calcium imaging to asses

241 mice during periods of true rest and during whisker stimulation and volitional whisking.

242 whole-cell recordings showed that principal whisker stimulation elicits similar amplitude synaptic r

243 deficit in neuronal adaptation to repetitive whisker stimulation in both young and adult Fmr1 KO mice

244 we discovered exaggerated motor responses to whisker stimulation in young Fmr1 knock-out (KO) mice (p

245 dilation and hemodynamic responses evoked by whisker stimulation involve cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) act

246 tosensory barrel cortex, we found that acute whisker stimulation led to a significant increase in the

247 contrast, enhancement of neural activity by whisker stimulation led to an increase in vascular densi

248 increase in spine sGluA1 intensity evoked by whisker stimulation was NMDA receptor dependent and long

249 Optogenetic, whisker stimulation, or cortical spreading depolarizatio

250 aptation of thalamic responses to repetitive whisker stimulation, thereby allowing thalamic neurons t

251 eptor-mediated Ca(2+) signaling, we identify whisker stimulation-evoked large responses in a subset o

252 yet longer latency responses than mechanical whisker stimulation.

253 d dendritic shaft sGluA1 intensity following whisker stimulation.

254 n and blood volume in response to mechanical whisker stimulation.

255 ne properties biased spine changes following whisker stimulation.

256 r gene, would be preferentially activated by whisker stimulation.

257 neuronal adaptation in barrel cortex, during whisker stimulation.

258 ding in rats with a multi-directional, multi-whisker stimulator system to estimate receptive fields b

259 on conveyed by thalamic neurons about paired whisker stimuli in male rat.

260 In contrast with conventional single-whisker stimuli, complex stimuli revealed markedly sharp

261 on; VPM) can be excited by visual as well as whisker stimuli.

262 microelectrode arrays to record ongoing and whisker stimulus-evoked population spiking activity in s

263 ats moved at slow speeds and performed broad whisker sweeps.

264 The whisker system is an important sensory organ with extens

265 the function of the cerebellum in the rodent whisker system is unknown.

266 nidentified slowly adapting afferents in the whisker system of behaving mice respond to both self-mot

267 to record 3D neural activities evoked in the whisker system of mice by deflection of a single whisker

268 without whisking.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The whisker system of rodents is a widely used model to stud

269 The whisker system of rodents is an excellent model to study

270 tion, we probed spatial coding in the rodent whisker system using a combination of two-photon imaging

271 the remarkable abilities of their trigeminal whisker system.

272 hey do so by using two functionally distinct whisker systems: the macrovibrissae and microvibrissae.

273 Neurons tuned to ventral whiskers tended to show broad tuning along the rostrocau

274 dination when motor behavior was paired with whisker-texture touches, suggesting that direct S1-S2 in

275 revealed an asymmetry in the position of the whiskers: they oriented toward the rewarded stimulus dur

276 to the network architecture made by the TiB whiskers (TiBw), and a decrease of the steady-state cree

277 Rodents use their whiskers to detect a variety of tactile features of thei

278 oton calcium imaging with deflection of many whiskers to map whisker receptive fields, characterize s

279 To perform the task, the rat positions its whiskers to receive two such stimuli, "base" and "compar

280 Mice used their whiskers to track the walls of the winding corridor with

281 ed to differences in the architecture of the whisker-to-cortex pathway.

282 We stimulated several whiskers together to determine the sensitivity of our ap

283 ation was delivered in spatial register with whisker topography learned the task more quickly.

284 ference between the number of right and left whiskers touching the surface.

285 Whisker-tracking analysis revealed an asymmetry in the p

286 king sensory responsiveness before and after whisker trimming has uncovered diverse effects in indivi

287 t neither reduction of sensory input through whisker trimming nor moderately increased activity by en

288 f the vibrissal (barrel) S1 after unilateral whisker trimming.

289 dendritic spine loss, acutely (4-8 d) after whisker trimming.

290 d secondary somatosensory cortex differed in whisker tuning and responsiveness, and carried different

291 High-speed video of behaving mice revealed whisker velocities of at least 17,000 degrees /s, so we

292 relevant variables, such as head azimuth and whisker velocity.

293 The results showed that whiskers vibrated at frequencies of 100-300 Hz, with a d

294 single units responded differentially to the whisker vibration stimulus when presented with higher pr

295 Rats were trained to detect whisker vibrations or visual flickers.

296 ent surface coarseness or controlled passive whisker vibrations simulating different coarseness, we s

297 lthough it is known that seals can use their whiskers (vibrissae) to extract relevant information fro

298 However, whisker visualization and tracking is challenging for mu

299 itivity of up to approximately 8%/Pa for the whiskers, which is >10x higher than all previously repor

300 riminating surfaces by actively moving their whiskers (whisking) against stimuli, typically sampling