ライフサイエンスコーパス: Australopithecus

1 al component in the positional repertoire of Australopithecus.

2 rhi(3), and the newly discovered Ledi-Geraru Australopithecus.

3 y of the earliest known members of the genus Australopithecus.

4 with reference to African apes, humans, and Australopithecus.

5 traints on neural and cranial development in Australopithecus.

6 trial bipedality more primitive than that of Australopithecus.

7 , thereby accentuating the derived nature of Australopithecus.

8 Ar. ramidus was more primitive than in later Australopithecus.

9 is not more closely related to Homo than to Australopithecus.

10 ng the running skills of the famous 'Lucy' - Australopithecus afarensis - finds that they performed p

11 early ontogeny in African apes, H. sapiens, Australopithecus afarensis and Paranthropus robustus.

12 aunal change on the one hand and the fate of Australopithecus afarensis and the evolution of Homo on

13 We further demonstrate that A. anamensis and Australopithecus afarensis differ more than previously r

14 able carbon isotopic data from 20 samples of Australopithecus afarensis from Hadar and Dikika, Ethiop

15 in in the mid-Pliocene, contemporaneous with Australopithecus afarensis in East Africa.

16 The skeleton is thus coeval with early Australopithecus afarensis in eastern Africa.

17 cies that does not match the contemporaneous Australopithecus afarensis in its morphology and inferre

18 e presence of a species contemporaneous with Australopithecus afarensis in the Ethiopian Afar Rift.

19 The substantial fossil record for Australopithecus afarensis includes both an adult partia

20 Analyses of Australopithecus afarensis metatarsals reveal morphology

21 preparation, and synchrotron scanning of the Australopithecus afarensis partial skeleton DIK-1-1, fro

22 Notably, both scapulae of the juvenile Australopithecus afarensis skeleton from Dikika, Ethiopi

23 ong and narrow dental arcade more similar to Australopithecus afarensis than to the derived parabolic

24 .(2) Here, we present physics simulations of Australopithecus afarensis that demonstrate this genus w

25 from Ethiopia, Kenya, and Chad indicate that Australopithecus afarensis was not the only hominin spec

26 The Pliocene fossil 'Lucy' (Australopithecus afarensis) was discovered in the Afar r

27 ecus sediba) and partial hands from another (Australopithecus afarensis), fundamental questions remai

28 stages, as well as with the DIK-1-1 (Dikika; Australopithecus afarensis), KNM-WT 15000 (Nariokotome;

29 ary trend that began in earlier taxa such as Australopithecus afarensis, and presumably facilitated u

30 ralopithecus came from both A. africanus and Australopithecus afarensis, and the members of this genu

31 Specimens of Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus,

32 ord and a possible ancestor of these genera, Australopithecus afarensis, disappears.

33 Here, we find the limb joint proportions of Australopithecus afarensis, Homo erectus, and Homo naled

34 scovered in 1978 at Site G and attributed to Australopithecus afarensis.

35 atyops in addition to the well-known species Australopithecus afarensis.

36 ns, thoracic form, and locomotor heritage in Australopithecus afarensis.

37 and hindlimb elements has been reported for Australopithecus afarensis.

38 The type specimen for Australopithecus africanus (Taung) includes a natural en

39 Here we show that Australopithecus africanus (~3 to 2 million years ago) a

40 ified as a homology of South African species Australopithecus africanus and Australopithecus robustus

41 d that our results of human-like hand use in Australopithecus africanus are not novel.

42 carpal trabecular bone structure, argue that Australopithecus africanus employed human-like dexterity

43 of a proximal femur (StW 522) attributed to Australopithecus africanus exhibits a modern human-like

44 The naming of Australopithecus africanus in 1925, based on the Taung C

45 us infants than in the developmentally older Australopithecus africanus juvenile from Taung.

46 s, microwear texture analysis indicates that Australopithecus africanus microwear is more anisotropic

47 us holds that the 3-million-year-old hominid Australopithecus africanus subsisted on fruits and leave

48 es in cochlear shape between P. robustus and Australopithecus africanus that exceed those among moder

49 and they put an emphasis on the Taung Child (Australopithecus africanus) as evidence for the antiquit

50 human microcephalic, specimen number Sts 5 (Australopithecus africanus), and specimen number WT 1700

51 Specimens of Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus, and Australopithecus boisei

52 Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus sediba, and

53 ntein, South Africa, tentatively assigned to Australopithecus africanus, is approximately 515 cubic c

54 ow using fossil teeth that several hominids (Australopithecus africanus, Paranthropus robustus, early

55 panzees and in fossil hominins attributed to Australopithecus africanus, Paranthropus robustus/early

56 enging(1)-particularly for a species such as Australopithecus africanus, which has a highly variable

57 stus as well as additional ear ossicles from Australopithecus africanus.

58 present evidence that fossils attributed to Australopithecus anamensis (KNM-ER 20419) and A. afarens

59 Australopithecus anamensis clusters with mammal browsers

60 rliest hominin species in the Turkana Basin, Australopithecus anamensis, derived nearly all of its di

61 milar to those from Ardipithecus ramidus and Australopithecus anamensis, indicating a reliance on C(3

62 The oldest species in this genus (Australopithecus anamensis, specimens of which have been

63 fied in these fossil hominins is shared with Australopithecus and early Homo but not with modern huma

64 These specimens suggest that Australopithecus and early Homo co-existed as two non-ro

65 Comparing with specimens of Paranthropus, Australopithecus and Homo (n = 97), we find that the H.

66 o have a relatively short basicranium, as in Australopithecus and Homo.

67 es, linked to behavioral differences between Australopithecus and later hominins in South Africa and

68 Understanding the extinction of Australopithecus and origins of Paranthropus and Homo in

69 erall but that were not quite reached by the Australopithecus and Paranthropus subclade before its ex

70 correlated with species diversity within the Australopithecus and Paranthropus subclade or within hom

71 We therefore propose that early ontogeny in Australopithecus and Paranthropus was variable, showing

72 ze in australopiths (including Ardipithecus, Australopithecus and Paranthropus).

73 , and were part of a prominent adaptation of Australopithecus and Paranthropus, extinct genera of the

74 hard-object feeding and a dichotomy between Australopithecus and Paranthropus, have been challenged.

75 nd Homo and most strongly resembles those of Australopithecus and Paranthropus, indicating that O. tu

76 d compared with earlier members of the genus Australopithecus and similar to that of the Nariokotome

77 de of the pattern that A. sediba shares with Australopithecus and thus is reasonably assigned to the

78 ods in hominin diets, beginning at 3.8 Ma in Australopithecus and, slightly later, Kenyanthropus This

79 Canals of gracile Australopithecus, and possibly Homo habilis, fall within

80 tive skull and tooth morphology of the genus Australopithecus, and the evolution of the genus Homo by

81 mans) and two extinct apes (Oreopithecus and Australopithecus) as captured by a deformation-based 3D

82 5-88], these results place nearly the entire Australopithecus assemblage at Sterkfontein in the mid-P

83 Homo at 2.78 and 2.59 million years ago and Australopithecus at 2.63 million years ago.

84 Therefore, we argue that Australopithecus at Sterkfontein did not engage in regul

85 wo decades, particularly after the naming of Australopithecus bahrelghazali and Kenyanthropus platyop

86 Carbon isotope data show that Australopithecus bahrelghazali individuals from Koro Tor

87 s afarensis, Australopithecus africanus, and Australopithecus boisei also have hypoglossal canals tha

88 Although Australopithecus boisei usually lacks an external pillar

89 For a long time, our knowledge of Australopithecus came from both A. africanus and Austral

90 Here we recognize a new hominin species (Australopithecus deyiremeda sp. nov.) from 3.3-3.5-milli

91 The naming of Australopithecus deyiremeda(1) from Woranso-Mille (less

92 This suggests that Homo either emerged from Australopithecus during this interval or dispersed into

93 Ar. ramidus shares with Australopithecus each of these human-like modifications.

94 Australopithecus evinced longer hind limbs, extended lim

95 arge infants may have limited arboreality in Australopithecus females and may have selected for allop

96 Australopithecus females, in contrast, had significantly

97 minid canine yet recovered, and the earliest Australopithecus femur.

98 in contain one of the richest assemblages of Australopithecus fossils in the world, including the nea

99 A few other Australopithecus fossils, including the StW 573 skeleton

100 ontein is the most prolific single source of Australopithecus fossils, the vast majority of which wer

101 athic morphological changes that distinguish Australopithecus from Ardipithecus, but it occurs amid a

102 eir morphology differs from A. afarensis and Australopithecus garhi.

103 What has not been clear is whether Australopithecus had 12 thoracic vertebrae as in most hu

104 In sum, Australopithecus had a pivotal bridging role in our evol

105 Hominid fossils predating the emergence of Australopithecus have been sparse and fragmentary.

106 a unique phylogenetic relationship with the Australopithecus + Homo clade based on nonhoning canine

107 morphological markers of the Ardipithecus + Australopithecus + Homo clade.

108 hat date to shortly before the extinction of Australopithecus in South Africa about two million years

109 relatively rapid shift from Ardipithecus to Australopithecus in this region of Africa, involving eit

110 than contemporaneous hominins of the genera Australopithecus, Kenyanthropus, and Homo; however, Ther

111 ivory and more open landscapes suggests that Australopithecus lived in more wooded landscapes compare

112 h collection of fossil hominins representing Australopithecus, Paranthropus and Homo(1).

113 nasomaxillary complex) differs markedly from Australopithecus, Paranthropus, early Homo and from KNM-

114 of the earliest known hominins in the genus Australopithecus remains unclear.

115 rican species Australopithecus africanus and Australopithecus robustus.

116 The discovery of a relatively complete Australopithecus sediba adult female skeleton permits a

117 ed forelimb remains of 1.98-million-year-old Australopithecus sediba from Malapa, South Africa, contr

118 Two partial vertebral columns of Australopithecus sediba grant insight into aspects of ea

119 Australopithecus sediba has been hypothesized to be a cl

120 The metacarpals of the palm in Australopithecus sediba have trabecular morphology most

121 To characterize further the Australopithecus sediba hypodigm, we describe 22 dental

122 Hawks et al. argue that our analysis of Australopithecus sediba mandibles is flawed and that spe

123 r, certain measurements and observations for Australopithecus sediba mandibles presented are incorrec

124 al cortical structure of the nearly complete Australopithecus sediba MH2 hand and Homo naledi hand 1

125 ly hominin species (Ardipithecus ramidus and Australopithecus sediba) and partial hands from another

126 Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus sediba, and Homo erectus all had zygapo

127 odern humans, whereas those of A. africanus, Australopithecus sediba, Paranthropus robustus, Paranthr

128 Since the announcement of the species Australopithecus sediba, questions have been raised over

129 onal insights into posture and locomotion in Australopithecus sediba.

130 d the discovery site of the hominin species, Australopithecus sediba.

131 ni and the hominins Ardipithecus ramidus and Australopithecus sediba.

132 DIK-1-1 is the only known Australopithecus skeleton to preserve all seven cervical

133 hat was distinct from both the more ape-like Australopithecus species and H. sapiens.

134 Australopithecus species differ markedly from extant Afr

135 The earliest described Australopithecus species is Au. anamensis, the probable

136 r, have altered this portrayal, showing that Australopithecus species were habitual bipeds but also p

137 idence for arches in the earliest well-known Australopithecus species, A. afarensis, has long been de

138 late-vomer architecture) is similar to other Australopithecus species.

139 ot be distinguished from this, or any other, Australopithecus species.

140 on of the skull of the 3.67-million-year-old Australopithecus specimen StW 573 ('Little Foot') at the

141 Although the Australopithecus specimens cannot yet be identified to s

142 Future studies should include additional Australopithecus specimens for further comparative asses

143 in Member 4 mammalian fauna, including seven Australopithecus specimens.

144 imorphic morphologies in fossil vertebrae of Australopithecus suggest that this adaptation to fetal l

145 H. habilis hypodigm has more in common with Australopithecus than later Homo.

146 Simulations predicted running energetics for Australopithecus that are generally consistent with valu

147 in hand morphology between Ardipithecus and Australopithecus that renews questions about the coevolu

148 The origin of Australopithecus, the genus widely interpreted as ancest

149 sequence older than 2.7 Ma are attributed to Australopithecus, the shift at ~2.7 Ma indicating the ex

150 ggests decreased dietary specialization from Australopithecus to early Homo, and increasing dispersio

151 a time corresponding to the transition from Australopithecus to Homo and the beginning of neocortex

152 We find that the facial skeleton of the Australopithecus type species, A. africanus, is well sui

153 ristics further establish that bipedality in Australopithecus was highly evolved and that thoracic fo

154 rania also show that Homo, Paranthropus, and Australopithecus were contemporaneous at ~2 million year

155 Furthermore, the vocal abilities of Australopithecus were not advanced significantly over th

156 imen combines primitive traits seen in early Australopithecus with derived morphology observed in lat

157 the evidence for a southern African clade of Australopithecus would be strengthened, and support woul