ライフサイエンスコーパス: BTV

1 BTV exists as at least 26 different serotypes (BTV-1 to

2 BTV infection of ruminants results in a high viraemia, s

3 BTV is a nonenveloped, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus

4 BTV is an arbovirus transmitted between its ruminant hos

5 BTV is some 810 A in diameter and comprised of two prote

6 BTV is the causative agent of a severe disease transmitt

7 BTV possesses a ten-segmented double-stranded RNA genome

8 BTV RdRp has 2 unique motifs not found in other viral Rd

9 BTV RdRp VP1 is anchored to the inner surface of the cap

10 BTV RNA was detected by in situ hybridization in vascula

11 BTV-1 antigen was first time demonstrable in cells of me

12 BTV-inoculated mice were seroconverted by 7 and 5 dpi, a

13 -based replication-deficient BTV serotype 1 (BTV-1) (disabled infectious single cycle [DISC]) strain

14 dian isolate of bluetongue virus serotype 1 (BTV-1), strain IND1992/01.

15 IND2004/01) of bluetongue virus serotype 10 (BTV-10) from Andhra Pradesh, India.

16 orption capacity (mug g(-1)) assessed at 10% BTV showed the superiority of MOF-199 towards phenolic a

17 estock, and with North American serotype 11 (BTV-11).

18 rom a strain of bluetongue virus serotype 3 (BTV-3) from India (strain IND2003/08).

19 infected subcutaneously with BTV serotype 3 (BTV-3), a foreign isolate with unknown pathogenicity in

20 Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8), an arthropod-borne virus of ruminants, emerged i

21 imals were infected with either blood from a BTV-infected animal or from the same virus isolated in c

22 VIBs are predominantly comprised of a BTV-encoded non-structural protein 2 (NS2).

23 Infection of cells with a BTV mutant lacking NS4 results in increased synthesis of

24 e an acceptable approach for patients with a BTV who require permanent pacemaker or defibrillator pla

25 Additionally, BTV-treated macrophages expressed increased HIV restrict

26 fer long-lasting protection in sheep against BTV.

27 ated how mammalian host species, breed, age, BTV serotypes, and strains within a serotype affect the

28 r genetically distant NS3 proteins can alter BTV-host interactions.

29 ealed that various Seg-10/NS3 proteins alter BTV replication kinetics in mammals but not in insects.

30 teins could be neutralized by both BTV-1 and BTV-8 antisera.

31 ve shown that reassortants between BTV-1 and BTV-8 are generated very readily.

32 The protective capabilities of BTV-1 and BTV-8 DISC viruses were assessed in sheep by challenge w

33 approach in cells coinfected with BTV-1 and BTV-8, we have shown that reassortants between BTV-1 and

34 ion of a field reassortant between BTV-1 and BTV-8, we systematically characterized the process of BT

35 ncluding regions derived from both BTV-1 and BTV-8.

36 9.47]; TBRmean, 1.86 [range, 1.63-5.48]; and BTV, 3.59 mL [range, 0.04-23.98 mL], respectively).

37 found between divergent serotypes (BTV-8 and BTV-2).

38 ce of two different BTV serotypes (BTV-8 and BTV-2).

39 bull characteristic failure loads of MON and BTV (1,535 N [90% CI 1,354-1,740] and 1,609 N [90% CI 1,

40 N) showed interval overlaps between MON and BTV.

41 proach, our study clearly indicates that any BTV-1 or BTV-8 genome segment can be rescued in the hete

42 double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genomes, such as BTV.

43 Erythrocyte-associated BTV RNA was detected earlier and at greater concentratio

44 critical to understand the interplay between BTV and the host immune responses.

45 and associated capsid shell proteins between BTV virions and cores suggest that the detachment of the

46 Antigenic cross-reactivity between BTV and EHDV often results in serologic misdiagnosis.

47 the isolation of a field reassortant between BTV-1 and BTV-8, we systematically characterized the pro

48 V-8, we have shown that reassortants between BTV-1 and BTV-8 are generated very readily.

49 within the shared binding region that binds BTV ssRNA preferentially in a manner consistent with spe

50 imeric proteins could be neutralized by both BTV-1 and BTV-8 antisera.

51 protein, including regions derived from both BTV-1 and BTV-8.

52 elongs to the major eastern topotype of BTV (BTV-16e) and can be regarded as a reference strain of BT

53 usceptibility to clinical disease induced by BTV at the host species level but less so at the breed l

54 tly, the induction of antiviral responses by BTV resulted in significant suppression of HIV in macrop

55 In mammalian cells, BTV particles are released primarily by virus-induced ce

56 system identifying the importance of certain BTV proteins for primary replication of the virus.

57 Of the 12 subjects with PCR-confirmed BTV and acute-phase serum samples, 9 had detectable IgM,

58 nd IgG serologic test results for confirming BTV cases.

59 howed that, depending on the NS3 considered, BTV replication kinetics varied in mammals but not in in

60 Further, a defective BTV-8 strain was made by reassorting the two RNA segment

61 omplementing cell lines to recover defective BTV-1 mutants.

62 reverse genetics-based replication-deficient BTV serotype 1 (BTV-1) (disabled infectious single cycle

63 Four VP6-deficient BTV-1 mutants were generated by using a complementing ce

64 We describe BTV vaccines based on "synthetic" viruses in which the o

65 n which the outer core proteins of different BTV serotypes are incorporated into a common tissue-cult

66 e observed in the virulence of two different BTV serotypes (BTV-8 and BTV-2).

67 is study highlights that genetically distant BTV Seg-10/NS3 influence BTV biological properties in a

68 virus isolate/lineage, identifying distinct BTV topotypes.

69 nent of the primary replication stage during BTV infection, NS1 is not an essential component but may

70 protein VP7, a normal partner of VP3 during BTV assembly.

71 Genome Seg-2 and Seg-6 group with eastern BTV-3 strains from Japan.

72 rom IND1988/02 belong to the major "eastern" BTV topotype.

73 gies that fit the risk posed by new emerging BTV strains.

74 l component but may play a role in enhancing BTV protein synthesis.

75 strains with large deletions in an essential BTV gene that encodes the VP6 protein (segment S9) of th

76 rd the beginning and the end of the European BTV-8 outbreak.

77 In contrast, we show that the European BTV-8 strain isolated at the beginning of the bluetongue

78 y known natural mechanism that could explain BTV-8 persistence over this long period without replicat

79 Like those of other members of the family, BTV virions are nonenveloped particles containing two ar

80 The genetically engineered fluorescent BTV particles were observed to enter live cells immediat

81 For BTV these structures are formed as the polymerization pr

82 For BTV we estimate parameters by fitting the model to outbr

83 f goats, as the likely ancestral country for BTV emergence and dispersal worldwide over 1000 years ag

84 ome of the key residues that are crucial for BTV core assembly and illustrates how the structure of V

85 , we show that NS4 is a virulence factor for BTV by favoring viral replication in sheep, the animal s

86 erred that goats are the ancestral hosts for BTV but are less likely to be important for cross-specie

87 cating sugar moiety binding is important for BTV infection.

88 monstrate that CK2 activity is important for BTV replication.

89 The mean IBs (10-90(th) percentiles) for BTV per infectious host were 59 (0-73) during the transm

90 be the development of a vaccine platform for BTV.

91 ster resembles that described previously for BTV in Culicoides.

92 These sequence data provide a reference for BTV-1e that will help to define the phylogenetic relatio

93 strains as the next-generation vaccines for BTV.

94 hile co-expressed VP2, VP5, VP7 and VP3 form BTV virus-like particles.

95 For example, co-expressed VP3 and VP7 form BTV core-like particles, while co-expressed VP2, VP5, VP

96 th some other BTV isolates from India (e.g., BTV-3 IND2003/08), providing further evidence of the exi

97 f these virus strains as the next-generation BTV vaccines.

98 Here, BTV infects and disrupts follicular dendritic cells, hin

99 If BTV is introduced in Denmark, local transmission is very

100 In BTV-infected cells, newly synthesized viral core particl

101 When EGFP-VP3 was expressed in BTV-infected BSR cells, the protein was not associated w

102 onse to a second antigen is also hampered in BTV-infected animals.

103 Transvalvular device lead implantation in BTV patients was not associated with an increased incide

104 e outer capsid, VP2 and VP5, are involved in BTV entry and in the delivery of the transcriptionally a

105 Understanding this mechanism in BTV also provides general insights into RdRp activation

106 est that the selective packaging observed in BTV may also apply to other members of the Reoviridae fa

107 h the importance of the endocytic pathway in BTV entry has been reported, detailed analyses of entry

108 Our study has shown that reassortment in BTV is very flexible, and there is no fundamental barrie

109 -10 of the BTV genome, fulfills key roles in BTV infection.

110 ificant difference in the incidence of TR in BTV patients with and without transvalvular leads (p = 0

111 dy was first time investigated TPT of Indian BTV-1 (isolated from aborted and stillborn goat fetal sp

112 This first time TPT of wild-type Indian BTV-1 deserves to be reported for implementation of cont

113 ental transmission (TPT) of wild-type Indian BTV-1 had never been experimentally proved.

114 strated, for the first time, that individual BTV gene segments evolve independently of one another by

115 a 7-A resolution structure of the infectious BTV virion, including the coat proteins.

116 genetically distant BTV Seg-10/NS3 influence BTV biological properties in a host-specific manner and

117 diversity can be another factor influencing BTV virulence.

118 ed KC cells which is effective in inhibiting BTV infection.

119 lanogaster as a genetic model to investigate BTV-insect interactions that cannot be otherwise address

120 nderstand the role of buffalo in maintaining BTV transmission and whether they must be included in va

121 rotein 3 (NS3) plays a key role in mediating BTV egress as well as in impeding the in vitro synthesis

122 Using reverse genetics, a modified BTV-1 that expresses the fluorescent mCherry protein fus

123 ility of Seg-10/NS3 differentially modulates BTV replication kinetics in a host-specific manner and h

124 he time taken from the identification of new BTV strains to the development and production of new vac

125 Normally, BTV infection of mammalian cells in culture results in a

126 used to the viral nonstructural protein NS3 (BTV-1/NS3mCherry) was generated.

127 covered important epidemiological aspects of BTV that may guide future molecular surveillance of BTV.

128 n Culicoides cells and to the attenuation of BTV virulence in a mouse model of disease.

129 The protective capabilities of BTV-1 and BTV-8 DISC viruses were assessed in sheep by c

130 we have co-expressed various combinations of BTV genes in insect cells and produced structures that m

131 ferred method for laboratory confirmation of BTV, a positive serum varicella IgM test result should a

132 l BTV inoculum used to initiate the cycle of BTV infection demonstrated, for the first time, that ind

133 red from sharing of needles, to detection of BTV in the recipient sheep or cattle, was substantially

134 VP2 and NS3 are primary determinants of BTV pathogenesis, but VP1, VP5, VP4, VP6, and VP7 also c

135 to investigate the molecular determinants of BTV virulence, we used a BTV8 strain minimally passaged

136 e increased diversification and dispersal of BTV coincided with the initiation of transcontinental li

137 a result, the three ssRNA-binding domains of BTV nonstructural protein NS2 have been conclusively loc

138 ins, and multi-host transmission dynamics of BTV across the globe.

139 roteins VP2 and VP5 coordinate cell entry of BTV.

140 ding the global evolutionary epidemiology of BTV is critical in designing intervention programs.

141 n sheep and cattle, the two natural hosts of BTV.

142 recently published for a Chinese isolate of BTV-16 (>99% nucleotide identity), suggesting a very rec

143 chaperone proteins in the viral lifecycle of BTV.

144 aphic origins of distinct Indian lineages of BTV-1 as well as their relationships with other BTV stra

145 g the involvement of Hsp90 as a modulator of BTV infection.IMPORTANCE Protein chaperones are instrume

146 e cellular pathogenesis and morphogenesis of BTV.

147 The clinical outcome of BTV infection is extremely variable.

148 The clinical outcome of BTV infection is highly variable and dependent on a vari

149 factors influencing the clinical outcome of BTV infection using a single experimental framework.

150 The clinical outcome of BTV infection varies considerably and depends on environ

151 ow NS3 proteins contribute to the outcome of BTV infection.

152 genetic drift during alternating passage of BTV in its ruminant and insect hosts.

153 These findings demonstrate the potential of BTV-mediated TLR3 activation in macrophage innate immuni

154 of a membrane envelope, the entry process of BTV is similar in specific lipid requirements to envelop

155 systematically characterized the process of BTV reassortment.

156 Given the propensity of BTV to reassort, it is increasingly important to have an

157 udy, we show that a nonstructural protein of BTV (NS4) is critical to counteract the innate immune re

158 ved safety and efficacy for a broad range of BTV serotypes are currently being developed by different

159 ing motif in the carboxyl terminal region of BTV nonstructural phosphoprotein 2 (NS2).

160 a mechanism for lipid factor requirement of BTV.

161 structures that mimic the various stages of BTV assembly.

162 S3/NS3A genes of a plaque-purified strain of BTV serotype 10 was determined during alternating infect

163 Seg-1 to Seg-10) of an Eastern (e) strain of BTV-1.

164 10 genome segments with a vaccine strain of BTV-10 from the United States.

165 /16 group closely with the vaccine strain of BTV-16 (RSAvvvv/16) that was derived from it, as well as

166 and can be regarded as a reference strain of BTV-16e for phylogenetic and molecular epidemiology stud

167 ntire genome sequence of a western strain of BTV-2 isolated in India, indicating that this virus has

168 individual gene segments of field strains of BTV.

169 ene segments differ between field strains of BTV; thus, we hypothesized that key viral genes undergo

170 To date, the structure of BTV RdRp has been unknown, limiting our mechanistic unde

171 Here, we report the in situ structures of BTV RdRp VP1 in both the triple-layered virion and doubl

172 ere predicted based on crystal structures of BTV type 10 VP7 molecule targeting the monomer-monomer c

173 ostics and molecular epidemiology studies of BTV-2 in the subcontinent.

174 t may guide future molecular surveillance of BTV.

175 /16 belongs to the major eastern topotype of BTV (BTV-16e) and can be regarded as a reference strain

176 ll allow visualization of the trafficking of BTV farther downstream in different host cells.

177 We find that around 90% of transmission of BTV between farms is a result of vector dispersal, while

178 microscopy shows that the tissue tropism of BTV-1/NS3mCherry in D. melanogaster resembles that descr

179 s a model for the replication and tropism of BTV.

180 n, limiting our mechanistic understanding of BTV transcription and hindering rational drug design eff

181 l culture infected with a baculovirus VP4 of BTV serotype 10.

182 nes coding for a structural protein, VP7, of BTV and EHDV were cloned into baculovirus and the recomb

183 fect that this intracellular antibody has on BTV replication.

184 ect of permanent transvenous device leads on BTV function, little is known about the incidence of pro

185 pact of different Seg-10 and NS3 proteins on BTV infection and host interactions.

186 ur study clearly indicates that any BTV-1 or BTV-8 genome segment can be rescued in the heterologous

187 ture, we could not detect wild-type BTV-1 or BTV-8 in any of 140 isolated viral plaques.

188 only occurred 2 years or later after lead or BTV implantation (4 of 5, 80% and 10 of 12, 83%, respect

189 of these sequences to those of the original BTV inoculum used to initiate the cycle of BTV infection

190 In the absence of other BTV proteins, EGFP-VP3 exhibited distinct cytoplasmic fo

191 shows >99% sequence identity with some other BTV isolates from India (e.g., BTV-3 IND2003/08), provid

192 -1 as well as their relationships with other BTV strains from around the world.

193 roteins (VP2 and VP5) of a highly pathogenic BTV-8 with the remaining eight RNA segments of one of th

194 Recombinant BTV VP4 protein was purified to homogeneity from insect

195 by early 2010, puzzlingly, a closely related BTV-8 strain re-emerged in France in 2015, triggering a

196 mals: as many as 1 in 970 monocytes revealed BTV RNA at peak viremia, compared to <1 in 10(5) monocyt

197 he virulence of two different BTV serotypes (BTV-8 and BTV-2).

198 V exists as at least 26 different serotypes (BTV-1 to BTV-26).

199 ence were found between divergent serotypes (BTV-8 and BTV-2).

200 st, reverse transcription-in situ PCR showed BTV RNA from both viral serotypes in high numbers of tis

201 Since BTV infects both mammalian and insect cells, the generat

202 portant for virus replication by stabilizing BTV proteins and preventing their degradation via the ub

203 e considered to be diagnostic in a suspected BTV case; however, a negative IgM test result cannot be

204 of GMP to the 5' end of in vitro synthesized BTV ssRNA transcripts to form a cap structure.

205 on, we also designed and rescued a synthetic BTV chimera containing a VP2 protein, including regions

206 Here we demonstrate that BTV can be transmitted by needle sharing during subcutan

207 We demonstrate that BTV-1/NS3mCherry is not only replication competent as it

208 Collectively, these findings show that BTV infection is widely distributed during acute infecti

209 Previous phylogenetic comparisons show that BTV RNA sequences cluster according to the geographic or

210 This study shows that BTV virulence is determined by different viral genomic s

211 Our study shows that BTV, similarly to other antigens delivered through the s

212 obtained in this study strongly suggest that BTV NS4 is an IFN antagonist and a key determinant of vi

213 The BTV nonstructural protein NS2 is the major component of

214 illator (n = 6) lead implantation across the BTV was conducted.

215 ever, no data are available to correlate the BTV genotype to virulence.

216 tidine-fenofibrate (at short periods) in the BTV biopiles in respect to NB biopiles, coincident with

217 2-fold symmetry in the inner capsids of the BTV and reovirus cores.

218 protein was expressed in the presence of the BTV core protein VP7, a normal partner of VP3 during BTV

219 NS3, encoded by Seg-10 of the BTV genome, fulfills key roles in BTV infection.

220 ere is a link between the variability of the BTV population as a whole and virulence, and our data al

221 nes was evident after the development of the BTV reverse-genetics system that allows the introduction

222 itopes are present in different areas of the BTV VP2 and likely "bivalent" strains eliciting neutrali

223 e remaining eight RNA segments of one of the BTV-1 DISC viruses.

224 on, viRNA profiles strongly suggest that the BTV dsRNA genome is accessible to a Dicer-type nuclease.

225 In this study, we show that the BTV nonstructural protein NS4 favors viral replication i

226 somes but instead was distributed within the BTV inclusion bodies, where it colocalized with NS2.

227 as at least 26 different serotypes (BTV-1 to BTV-26).

228 d the function of Hsp90 and its relevance to BTV replication.

229 ber (early autumn) can successfully transmit BTV to a new host until mid-November (late autumn).

230 alidation for this approach, we selected two BTV-8 synthetic reassortants and demonstrated their abil

231 cell culture, we could not detect wild-type BTV-1 or BTV-8 in any of 140 isolated viral plaques.

232 FN compared to cells infected with wild-type BTV-8.

233 spective review of 58 patients who underwent BTV implantation and subsequently required endocardial p

234 with 265 consecutive patients who underwent BTV implantation without undergoing subsequent transvalv

235 ow that the NS1 non-tubular form upregulates BTV mRNA translation, whereas zinc-finger disruption dec

236 incidence of bioprosthetic tricuspid valve (BTV) regurgitation compared with BTV patients without a

237 vaccinated persons (breakthrough varicella [BTV]) present diagnostic challenges.

238 As Seg-10 sequences from various BTV strains display genetic variability, we assessed the

239 rowns, the latter with a buccal thin veneer (BTV) of 0.5 mm, were fabricated and then sliding-contact

240 al bioaugmentation with Trametes versicolor (BTV-systems) and compared with the effect of autochthono

241 ir ability to protect sheep against virulent BTV-8 challenge.

242 mans and livestock such as bluetongue virus (BTV) (Reoviridae), Oropouche virus (Bunyaviridae), and l

243 Bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) are

244 We used bluetongue virus (BTV) and its natural sheep host to reveal a previously u

245 framework to outbreaks of bluetongue virus (BTV) and Schmallenberg virus (SBV) in Great Britain, bot

246 Here we have used bluetongue virus (BTV) as a model system for this broad family of importan

247 Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes bluetongue, a major hemorrhagic disease of r

248 The bluetongue virus (BTV) core protein VP3 plays a crucial role in the virion

249 surface of the icosahedral bluetongue virus (BTV) core.

250 Bluetongue virus (BTV) epidemics are responsible for worldwide economic lo

251 Bluetongue virus (BTV) forms VIBs in infected cells through nonstructural

252 e replication mechanism of bluetongue virus (BTV) has been studied by an in vivo reverse genetics (RG

253 se genetics technology for bluetongue virus (BTV) has been used in combination with complementing cel

254 , 9 of the 26 serotypes of bluetongue virus (BTV) have spread throughout Europe, and serotype 8 has s

255 bites (IBs) generated per bluetongue virus (BTV) infected host (cattle) using estimated hourly micro

256 Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) segmented virus an

257 Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus transmitted to livestock by midges

258 Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an economically important arbovirus of ruminants

259 The insect-borne Bluetongue virus (BTV) is considered the prototypic Orbivirus, a member of

260 Bluetongue virus (BTV) is endemic in many parts of the world, often causin

261 Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the causative agent of bluetongue, a major infec

262 Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the cause of an insect-transmitted virus infecti

263 Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the etiological agent of bluetongue (BT), a hemo

264 Bluetongue virus (BTV) is transmitted by blood-feeding insects (Culicoides

265 pping enzyme activities of bluetongue virus (BTV) minor core protein, VP4.

266 Bluetongue virus (BTV) non-structural protein 1 (NS1) regulates viral prot

267 duced immunosuppression on bluetongue virus (BTV) pathogenesis as a mechanism for virus persistence a

268 of the reference strain of bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 16 (strain RSArrrr/16) was sequenced (a to

269 ian strain (IND1988/02) of bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 23 was determined.

270 he segmented RNA genome of bluetongue virus (BTV), a complex nonenveloped virus belonging to the Reov

271 Bluetongue virus (BTV), a major threat to livestock, is a multilayered, no

272 Bluetongue virus (BTV), a member of the Orbivirus genus in the Reoviridae

273 Bluetongue virus (BTV), a member of the Orbivirus genus within the Reoviri

274 Bluetongue virus (BTV), a nonenveloped double-stranded RNA virus, is a pot

275 ruminants and is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), an arbovirus existing in nature in at least 26 dis

276 ase of ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), an arbovirus transmitted by Culicoides.

277 say and cell biology, that bluetongue virus (BTV), an archetypal member of the Reoviridae, utilizes t

278 ruminants and is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), an arthropod-borne virus transmitted from infected

279 luding the animal pathogen bluetongue virus (BTV), are multisegmented double-stranded RNA (dsRNA).

280 bluetongue (BT), caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), in sheep in southern India, where annual BT outbre

281 Bluetongue virus (BTV), in the family Reoviridae, is an insect-borne, doub

282 otein has been reported in bluetongue virus (BTV), the causative agent of bluetongue disease in lives

283 Bluetongue virus (BTV), which is a model system for the Reoviridae family,

284 In bluetongue virus (BTV)-infected cells, large cytoplasmic aggregates are fo

285 d by an arbovirus known as bluetongue virus (BTV).

286 he 13 odorants at a 10% breakthrough volume (BTV), was 22.6 +/- 42.3, 0.70 +/- 1.08, and 11.0 +/- 18.

287 tio [TBRmax/TBRmean], biologic tumor volume [BTV], and time-activity curves with minimal time to peak

288 This confirms that western BTV strains have been imported and are circulating withi

289 ome segment 5 belongs to the major "western" BTV topotype, demonstrating that IND1988/02 is a reassor

290 performed phylogenetic analyses of 164 whole BTV-8 genomes sampled throughout the two outbreaks.

291 d genetics approach in cells coinfected with BTV-1 and BTV-8, we have shown that reassortants between

292 spid valve (BTV) regurgitation compared with BTV patients without a transvalvular lead.

293 r duration of viraemia for SBV compared with BTV.

294 serum of cattle experimentally infected with BTV and EHDV.

295 des aegypti-derived Aag2 cells infected with BTV or the unrelated Schmallenberg virus resulted in the

296 of greater severity than those infected with BTV-11.

297 Animals infected with BTV-3 had a higher virus burden in monocytes and lesions

298 d was most abundant in animals infected with BTV-3.

299 ssed sheep were infected subcutaneously with BTV serotype 3 (BTV-3), a foreign isolate with unknown p

300 Over the years, BTV serotypes/strains with various degrees of virulence