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1 s in delaying insect resistance evolution to Bt toxin.
2  when Bt crops do not achieve a high dose of Bt toxin.
3 ing an ABCC2 protein confers resistance to a Bt toxin.
4 ean frequency of pink bollworm resistance to Bt toxin.
5 at insect glycolipids are also receptors for Bt toxin.
6 hydrate modification is relevant to multiple Bt toxins.
7 ng confers extremely high resistance to four Bt toxins.
8 mental factor that affects susceptibility to Bt toxins.
9 ted with the resistance mechanisms of WCR to Bt toxins.
10 dated, is unique among those known for other Bt toxins.
11 ntly different from those reported for other Bt toxins.
12 st pests with low inherent susceptibility to Bt toxins.
13 st plants other than cotton that do not make Bt toxins.
14 miptera) are not particularly susceptible to Bt toxins.
15  in refuges where insects are not exposed to Bt toxins.
16  virulence effect of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins.
17 c crops that produce Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins.
18 control parasitic nematodes, we are studying Bt toxin action and resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans
19         Cry6Aa1 is a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin active against nematodes and corn rootworm ins
20  lethality approaching that of the wild-type Bt toxin against non-resistant insects.
21  similar to that observed with highly potent Bt toxins against lepidopteran pests.
22 mal gene confers resistance to at least four Bt toxins and enables survival without adverse effects o
23  which have inherently low susceptibility to Bt toxins and have been exposed extensively to one of th
24 vides a framework to study the toxicology of Bt toxins and mechanism of resistance in WCR, an economi
25 le changes associated with field exposure to Bt toxins and suggests that seed-blended refuge will lik
26 ntails refuges of plants that do not produce Bt toxins and thus allow survival of susceptible pests.
27                  ambient CO(2)) on exogenous Bt toxins and transgene expression in promoterregion and
28 relative toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins and pollen from Bt corn to monarch larvae.
29 ted CO2 on exogenous Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins and transgene expression in transgenic rice u
30 orn rootworm does not produce a high dose of Bt toxin, and the magnitude of resistance associated wit
31          The resistance mechanisms of WCR to Bt toxins are not fully understood.
32 earby "refuges" of host plants not producing Bt toxins are required in many regions.
33 d crops that produce Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins are based primarily on theoretical models.
34 ic plants expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins are currently being deployed for insect contr
35 vironmentally benign Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins are deployed increasingly for insect control,
36 c crops that produce Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins are grown widely for pest control, but insect
37 The Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxins (Bt toxins) are widely used insecticidal proteins in engi
38 Efforts to delay resistance with two or more Bt toxins assume that independent mutations are required
39  peptide to enhance insecticidal activity of Bt toxin-based biopesticides and transgenic Bt crops.
40 ese findings have important implications for Bt-toxin-based pest control.
41 in sensitivity is associated with changes in Bt-toxin binding to sites in brush-border membrane vesic
42 pply, we investigated the biomass, exogenous Bt toxins, Bt-transgene expression and methylation statu
43 ut short by rapid evolution of resistance to Bt toxins by pests.
44                                     When fed Bt toxin, C. elegans hermaphrodites undergo extensive da
45 demonstrate for the first time that a single Bt toxin can target a nematode.
46      Refuges of host plants that do not make Bt toxins can promote survival of susceptible insects an
47                                  The highest Bt toxin concentration in pooled kernels of non-Bt maize
48   The different GM genotypes produced either Bt toxins, conferred glyphosate tolerance or a combinati
49 hat N fertilization supply will increase the Bt toxin content in transgenic Bt rice, especially under
50 d with resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins critically impact the development of resistan
51  conferred extremely high resistance to four Bt toxins (Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, and Cry1F).
52  field showed that the mean concentration of Bt toxin Cry1Ab in kernels and the percentage of kernels
53 igned to counter insect resistance to native Bt toxins Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac.
54  protein ABCC2 are linked with resistance to Bt toxins Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac or both in four species of Lepi
55                     The genetically modified Bt toxins Cry1AbMod and Cry1AcMod were designed to count
56 erin-encoding gene linked with resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac and survival on transgenic Bt cotton.
57 experiments with transgenic cotton producing Bt toxin Cry1Ac and the bollworm, Helicoverpa zea, showi
58 esults suggest that H. armigera can adapt to Bt toxin Cry1Ac by decreased expression of trypsin.
59               Here we analyzed resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in a field-derived strain of pink bollwo
60 a) resistance to transgenic cotton producing Bt toxin Cry1Ac in six provinces of northern China.
61    Here we report that the resistance to the Bt toxin Cry1Ac in the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni,
62 s linked to high levels of resistance to the Bt toxin Cry1Ac in the cotton pest Heliothis virescens.
63 e we examined the mechanism of resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in the laboratory-selected LF5 strain of
64  cadherin gene associated with resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in the pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossy
65                  The resistance of H. zea to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in transgenic cotton has not caused wide
66 pplied this system to evolve variants of the Bt toxin Cry1Ac that bind a cadherin-like receptor from
67  a recessive allele conferring resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac was 0.16 (95% confidence interval = 0.05
68  importance of APN1 to the mode of action of Bt toxin Cry1Ac.
69 k moths carrying genes for resistance to the Bt toxins Cry1Ac and Cry1C at frequencies of about 0.10
70 e United States have remained susceptible to Bt toxins Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab, but field-evolved practical
71 tically independent resistance mechanisms to Bt toxins Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab, individually and in combina
72 icoverpa zea, on transgenic cotton producing Bt toxins Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab.
73  used pyramid is transgenic cotton producing Bt toxins Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab.
74 trains, showing various resistance levels to Bt toxin (Cry1Ac), to a susceptible strain, we showed an
75 al resistance to transgenic cotton producing Bt toxin Cry2Ab in India, but not in the United States.
76 that in several lepidopterans, resistance to Bt toxin Cry2Ab is associated with mutations in the gene
77       Previous work shows that resistance to Bt toxin Cry2Ab is associated with mutations in the gene
78 orm imposed severe injury to maize producing Bt toxin Cry3Bb1.
79 atory bioassays with maize hybrids producing Bt toxins Cry3Bb1, mCry3A, eCry3.1Ab, and Cry34/35Ab1, w
80 -5 in the intestine led to resistance to the Bt toxin Cry5B.
81                         In contrast to other Bt toxins, Cry6Aa1 formed pores in receptor-free bilayer
82 resistance in response to selection with the Bt toxin CryIA(c).
83 ils a loss of glycolipid carbohydrates; (ii) Bt toxin directly and specifically binds glycolipids; an
84                  Because the mixtures of low Bt toxin dose and CR12-MPED peptide effectively control
85 ith Bt crop 'pyramids' that make two or more Bt toxins effective against the same pest, and planting
86 hogenic potential, whereas the presence of a Bt toxin-encoding plasmid defines Bacillus thuringiensis
87      The development of insect resistance to Bt toxins endangers their long-term effectiveness.
88 ct adaptation to the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins expressed by currently marketed transgenic cu
89  concentration will trigger up-regulation of Bt toxin expression in transgenic rice, especially with
90  Bt resistance occur when, in the absence of Bt toxins, fitness is lower for resistant insects than f
91     We monitored pink bollworm resistance to Bt toxin for 8 years with laboratory bioassays of strain
92 perature, which could reduce N allocation to Bt toxin for transgenic Bt crops (Bt crops), but the N f
93 34/35Ab1, which represent all commercialized Bt toxins for management of western corn rootworm.
94 uggest that plants containing two dissimilar Bt toxin genes ('pyramided' plants) have the potential t
95             Plants containing two dissimilar Bt toxin genes in the same plant ("pyramided") have the
96                  However, resistance to many Bt toxins has occurred.
97 major insecticide because genes that produce Bt toxins have been engineered into major crops grown on
98              To date, cases of resistance to Bt toxins have been reported in agricultural situations
99 nic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins have been used successfully for management of
100 netic analysis of Bt toxin pathways and that Bt toxins hold promise as nematicides.
101 fuges along with a Bt crop that produces two Bt toxins (i.e., a pyramid) that kill the same pest spec
102 ce is restricted to single groups of related Bt toxins, (ii) decreased toxin sensitivity is associate
103 eens for mutations that confer resistance to Bt toxin in C. elegans.
104 ply may promote the expression of transgenic Bt toxin in transgenic Bt rice, particularly under eleva
105 ance to Cry3 toxins and Cry34/35Ab, the only Bt toxins in commercially available corn that kill rootw
106 e efforts to prevent or manage resistance to Bt toxins in insect control programs.
107  is the first insect to evolve resistance to Bt toxins in open-field populations.
108 dapt, the benefits of environmentally benign Bt toxins in sprays and genetically engineered crops wil
109     Because inheritance of resistance to the Bt toxins in transgenic crops is typically recessive, DN
110 ase of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin in transgenic cotton plants, there is a need t
111 ued effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins in sprays and transgenic crops.
112 pp34/Tpp35Ab1 maize, with resistance to each Bt toxin increasing in a linear manner over time.
113 nalyses of insect strains with resistance to Bt toxins indicate that (i) resistance is restricted to
114                        Bioassays of purified Bt toxins indicate that Cry9C and Cry1F proteins are rel
115 s control, a narrower spectrum, and for some Bt toxins, inheritance that is not recessive and not ass
116    Understanding how Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins interact with proteins in the midgut of susce
117         Understanding the modes of action of Bt toxins is important for WCR control and resistance ma
118 enic crops producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins kill some key insect pests and can reduce rel
119 enic crops producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins kill some key insect pests and thus can reduc
120 -5 mutants displayed resistance to Cry14A, a Bt toxin lethal to both nematodes and insects; this indi
121 to 31 m from Bt maize caused low to moderate Bt toxin levels in kernels of non-Bt maize refuge plants
122 We find that a second, unrelated nematicidal Bt toxin may utilize a different toxicity pathway.
123 hich requires refuges of host plants without Bt toxins near Bt crops to promote survival of susceptib
124 enic crops producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins, nearby "refuges" of host plants not producin
125 rtake detailed molecular genetic analysis of Bt toxin pathways and that Bt toxins hold promise as nem
126                         Typical three-domain Bt toxins permeabilize receptor-free planar lipid bilaye
127 loping resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins produced by transgenic crops is a major chall
128 cting the fate of insecticidal Cry proteins (Bt toxins), produced by genetically modified Bt crops, i
129  agricultural pest targeted for control with Bt-toxin-producing crops.
130                                     Variable Bt toxin production in seeds of refuge plants undermines
131 an be explained by refuges of cotton without Bt toxin, recessive inheritance of resistance, incomplet
132 t cell receptor affinity can overcome insect Bt toxin resistance and confer lethality approaching tha
133              Here we report the cloning of a Bt toxin resistance gene, Caenorhabditis elegans bre-5,
134 demonstrate that (i) the major mechanism for Bt toxin resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans entails a
135 o distinct binding sites, thereby presenting Bt toxin resistance without growth penalty.
136                           We present data on Bt-toxin resistance in Heliothis virescens, a major agri
137                In contrast to other cases of Bt-toxin resistance, this H. virescens strain exhibits c
138                          Without exposure to Bt toxins, resistance to both toxins decreased.
139 ifts in WCR larval metabolome exclusively by Bt toxins, several candidate metabolites and metabolic p
140 regulatory decisions regarding deployment of Bt toxins targeting H. zea in maize, cotton, and other c
141 e, some transgenic crops produce 2 different Bt toxins targeting the same pest.
142 irescens strain exhibits cross-resistance to Bt toxins that differ significantly in structure and act
143 enic crops producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins that kill pests.
144 roducing two or more Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins that kill the same insect pest have been wide
145   However, evolution of insect resistance to Bt toxins threatens the long-term future of Bt applicati
146 a from 38 studies that report effects of ten Bt toxins used in transgenic crops against 15 insect pes
147 the effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins used in transgenic and organic farming.
148 s with resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins utilized in commercial transgenic traits have
149 nic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins were first released, resistance evolution lea
150 ts to develop resistance rapidly to multiple Bt toxins when structural similarities are present among
151 Our findings establish that the evolution of Bt toxins with novel insect cell receptor affinity can o
152 xylostella has evolved a mechanism to resist Bt toxins without incurring significant fitness costs.

 
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