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1                 Some recorded baro-activated CVLM neurones (n = 13) were activated by hypoxia, and mo
2 onal activity showed that all baro-activated CVLM neurones displayed one of four patterns of CRD-rela
3 st the response to hypoxia in baro-activated CVLM neurones is related to their basal pattern of respi
4            In contrast, other baro-activated CVLM neurones were inhibited during hypoxia (n = 6), and
5 ly lower (i.e., higher affinity) in RVLM and CVLM (164+/-38 and 178+/-27 pM, respectively,) than in D
6  whether nNOS antagonism within the RVLM and CVLM affected cardiovascular responses during the exerci
7 ests that AMPA-receptors within the RVLM and CVLM differentially modulate cardiovascular responses du
8 ults demonstrate that NO within the RVLM and CVLM differentially modulates cardiovascular responses d
9                                 The RVLM and CVLM displayed significantly lower (p<0.01) densities of
10 ured GABA concentrations within the RVLM and CVLM during increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) an
11  i.e., left and right sides of both RVLM and CVLM in sham operated rats and in rats with a temporary
12  i.e., left and right sides of both RVLM and CVLM in sham-operated rats (n = 10) and in rats with a t
13 elial NOS (eNOS) isoform within the RVLM and CVLM might also play a role in integrating cardiovascula
14 tigated the role of iNOS within the RVLM and CVLM on cardiovascular responses and glutamatergic/GABAe
15 during contractions throughout both RVLM and CVLM protocols.
16 ro-Gold injection sites in both the RVLM and CVLM, and the remainder were contralateral.
17 ggest that nitric oxide, within the RVLM and CVLM, plays an opposing role in modulating cardiovascula
18 al ventrolateral medullary regions (RVLM and CVLM, respectively).
19 udal ventrolateral medullary depressor area (CVLM) in regulating/modulating cardiovascular function.
20 udal ventrolateral medullary depressor area (CVLM), and the nucleus tractus solitarius (nTS) were als
21 O(2), presumably by activating barosensitive CVLM neurons and inhibiting RTN chemoreceptors.
22  firing patterns of individual barosensitive CVLM neurones were examined in relation to phrenic nerve
23                  A majority of barosensitive CVLM neurons concurrently displayed markers for the GABA
24                                         Both CVLM- and PVN-projecting neurons had similar, tetraethyl
25  not in the NTS or in the rVRG-pre-Botzinger/CVLM region.
26 roup (rVRG-pre-Botzinger region, also called CVLM) eliminated PND while increasing the stimulatory ef
27 ponses within the rostral (RVLM) and caudal (CVLM) ventrolateral medulla by modulating release of gam
28 blocker, into the rostral (RVLM) and caudal (CVLM) ventrolateral medulla on cardiovascular responses
29 soform within the rostral (RVLM) and caudal (CVLM) ventrolateral medulla.
30 tagonist) into the rostral (RVLM) or caudal (CVLM) ventrolateral medulla are mediated via changes in
31 either GABA(B) receptors nor a contralateral CVLM to RVLM GABAergic pathway explains residual respons
32                                          For CVLM experiments, muscle contraction increased MAP and H
33 d an increased transition barrier height for CVLM (1.5 kcal/mol higher than that of CVIM).
34 ndependent sympathoinhibitory influence from CVLM to RVLM is mediated by glycine receptors.
35 iratory inputs, and baro-activated GABAergic CVLM neurones may contribute to CRD-related modulation o
36 tion evoked large, constant latency EPSCs in CVLM-projecting NTS neurons that were consistent with th
37 rgent polysynaptic responses not observed in CVLM-projecting neurons.
38 fully (> 75%) triggered action potentials in CVLM-projecting neurons but spike output was uniformly l
39 lateral application of AGN (1.0 microM) into CVLM potentiated cardiovascular responses and glutamate
40 nificantly increased in the left ipsilateral CVLM quadrant in left-sided MCAO rats.
41 s significantly augmented in the ipsilateral CVLM in left-sided MCAO rats.
42 verexpression of eNOS within the ipsilateral CVLM.
43 ion of nNOS abundance within the ipsilateral CVLM.
44 tep by perturbing isoleucine into a leucine (CVLM).
45  subtypes and glycine receptors in mediating CVLM sympathoinhibition.
46 h the RVLM and caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) as well as dorsomedial medulla (DMM), there was in
47  projecting to caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) but largely only indirectly contact neurons projec
48            The caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) contains GABAergic neurones that tonically inhibit
49 eurones in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) contribute to the complex sympathetic response to
50 ral (RVLM) and caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) in modulating cardiovascular responses during stat
51 cimol into the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) instantly blocked the sympathetic baroreflex, elim
52 egulation: the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) or paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PV
53 neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) play a major role in regulating the level of sympa
54            The caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) provides tonic inhibitory and also excitatory inpu
55 nts and in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) to a physiologically defined depressor region.
56 neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM)-a downstream target of the NST for vasomotor baror
57 ral (RVLM) and caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM).
58 e RVLM and the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM).
59 ST-evoked spike generation along PVN but not CVLM pathways.
60 synapses directly on somata and dendrites of CVLM-projecting NTS neurons identifying them as second-o
61 ons with levels obtained after inhibition of CVLM neurons, both of which result in sustained elevatio
62 ated on the same or different populations of CVLM-neurons.
63                     A subset of each type of CVLM neurone was identified as GABAergic by individually
64 ferent information output directed to PVN or CVLM pathways.
65 s were inserted bilaterally into the RVLM or CVLM of anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats using stereotax
66 er Fluoro-Gold was injected into the RVLM or CVLM of these animals, and immunofluorescence studies of
67  altered by nNOS blockade within the RVLM or CVLM, which in turn might have contributed to the augmen
68 ontrast, compared to sham rats and the right CVLM quadrant of MCAO rats, eNOS expression was signific
69 ontrast, compared to sham rats and the right CVLM quadrant of MCAO rats, nNOS expression was signific
70 ith more elaborate dendritic morphology than CVLM-projecting neurons.
71  Thus, a sympathoexcitatory pathway from the CVLM can be activated in the presence of RVLM GABA recep
72 , but sympathoinhibitory influences from the CVLM predominate.
73 ulated by sympathoinhibitory inputs from the CVLM to the RVLM, we compared levels of plasma EPI obtai
74  Furthermore, both glutamate and GABA in the CVLM contribute to the complex sympathetic response to a
75 iovascular-related GABAergic neurones in the CVLM display CRD-related activity.
76 at the activity of GABAergic neurones in the CVLM is regulated by cardiovascular and respiratory inpu
77 t from the sympathoinhibitory neurons in the CVLM that project to RVLM sympathetic premotor neurons c
78 the levels of extracellular glutamate in the CVLM were also augmented during the contraction.
79 r input and at a key inhibitory relay in the CVLM.
80 ghtly rostral to those with terminals in the CVLM.
81 re unchanged by inhibition of neurons in the CVLM.
82 : (1) nicotinic receptors are present in the CVLM; (2) activation of these receptors results in depre
83 ins alpha-7 subunits) must be present in the CVLM; and (5) it is not clear whether these two subtypes
84               Microdialysis of CNQX into the CVLM (n=8) potentiated the contraction-evoked responses
85 rast, bilateral application of TRIM into the CVLM attenuated cardiovascular responses during muscle c
86 ntagonist (bicuculline or gabazine) into the CVLM dramatically attenuated the sympathetic response to
87 the glutamate antagonist kynurenate into the CVLM eliminated the respiratory-related fluctuations in
88 ministration of L-NMMA (1.0 microM) into the CVLM for an additional 30 min blocked the augmented MAP
89  (BIC) into the RVLM or of muscimol into the CVLM of urethane/chloralose-anesthetized, artificially-v
90  subsequent microdialysis of L-NMMA into the CVLM reversed the effects of L-arginine.
91            Following CNQX perfusion into the CVLM, the levels of extracellular glutamate in the CVLM
92 taining alpha-7 subunits, were made into the CVLM.
93 ed to make microinjections (100 nl) into the CVLM.
94  mM were microinjected unilaterally into the CVLM.
95 00 pmol CGP35348, 100 nl), inhibition of the CVLM still increased MAP and renal sympathetic nerve act
96 actus solitarius and/or disinhibition of the CVLM unmasked tonic glycinergic inhibition of the RVLM.
97 xcitatory responses due to inhibition of the CVLM with GABA persisted following ipsilateral RVLM GABA
98 ses in MAP and RSNA due to activation of the CVLM with glutamate (500 pmol, 50 nl) were reversed to i
99 re inserted bilaterally into the RVLM or the CVLM.
100     In Inactin anesthetized female rats, the CVLM and RVLM were functionally defined by pressor and d
101          Weaker projections were seen to the CVLM and RVLM and to the contralateral CPA.
102                        The projection to the CVLM, or to A5 area, may provide for the increase in art
103 but decreased GABA concentrations within the CVLM (from 1.20+/-0.20 to 0.78+/-0.17 ng/10 microl).
104 increased nNOS protein expression within the CVLM.
105 ergic pathway explains residual responses to CVLM blockade.
106  100 nl) to the RVLM eliminated responses to CVLM inhibition, suggesting that a GABA(A) and GABA(B) i
107              Histograms of phrenic-triggered CVLM neuronal activity showed that all baro-activated CV
108   GABAergic projections from the caudal VLM (CVLM) provide a primary inhibitory input to presympathet
109           Local blockade of nNOS in RVLM vs. CVLM differentially alters local glutamate and GABA rele

 
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