ライフサイエンスコーパス: DA

1 DA differentially modulates the efficacy of glutamate sy

2 DA is one of the key neurotransmitters monitored for the

3 DA of multiple satellite datasets offers a powerful tech

4 DA projections are misguided and fail to innervate the s

5 DA SGK1 KO significantly decreased body weight of adult

6 omly allocated to a 5-HT depletion (N = 24), DA depletion (N = 24), or placebo (N = 22) group.

7 perfluorinated ether carboxylic acids (PFO(4)DA and PFO(5)DoDA; PFO(5)DoDA range: 5-30 ng/g).

8 yethylene glycol (600) diacrylate (PEG (600) DA) hydrogels at E(p) = 2, 5, 12 uJ.

9 ples that were prepared from PC12 cells by a DA release assay were successfully measured by DA kits,

10 Differential abundance (DA) analysis of microbiome data continues to be a challe

11 udy for identifying differentially abundant (DA) microbes.

12 of alcohol use disorder (AUD) or drug abuse (DA).

13 Domoic acid (DA), a potent marine toxin, is readily oxidized upon rea

14 y reduced the number of spontaneously active DA neurons in the VTA of MAM rats to control levels with

15 Risk-adapted DA-EPOCH-R therapy is effective in adult Burkitt lymphom

16 Mesopic, dark-adapted (DA) cyan and red sensitivities were assessed by using fu

17 MAM rats to control levels without affecting DA firing in SAL rats, which persisted following 14d rep

18 After DA depletion, RGS9 (through its inhibition of medium spi

19 . aureus-induced sepsis and meningitis after DA treatment.

20 Immunofluorescence against DA revealed immunoreactivity in the OB that was denser i

21 ergo a Michael-type addition to Diels-Alder (DA) adducts of furylated drugs and acetylenedicarboxylat

22 which depended on the extent of Diels-Alder (DA) reaction of bismaleimide with furan.

23 lithium cation Li(+)-catalyzed Diels-Alder (DA) reactions of benzene toward a series of acetylenes o

24 developed catalytic asymmetric Diels-Alder (DA) reactions of cinnamate esters with cyclopentadiene.

25 Descriptive analysis (DA) of wine before and after RO-EP treatment indicated d

26 oduction region using discriminant analysis (DA).

27 ees based on the density of cases of AUD and DA.

28 rboxylated polypyrrole nanotubes (CPNTs) and DA-specific aptamers.

29 differentially impacts striatal function and DA-dependent behaviors in males and females.

30 ons with differential degrees of mesopic and DA cyan sensitivity loss outside of the GA lesions.

31 ion between individual sleep/wake states and DA terminal neurotransmission, with higher DA uptake rat

32 ssels, wild-type ECs leave the dorsal aorta (DA) and form new vessels while neighboring ECs defective

33 role in the positioning of the dorsal aorta (DA), but the reason for hypochordal ossification remains

34 influenced by DP, but also observed apparent DA-dependent priming activity, with the ADDD+DADD fracti

35 Distal appendages (DAs) of the mother centriole are essential for the initi

36 confirm DA exocytosis based on aptasensors, DA sensitivity and selectivity were monitored using liqu

37 amine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (DA(VTA) neurons).

38 G-protein-coupled receptor-activation-based DA (GRAB(DA)) sensors and optimized versions of green fl

39 e found that Chow/Palatable rats had blunted DA efflux following d-Amphetamine treatment.

40 Intriguingly, brain DA nuclei are differentially affected in Parkinson's dis

41 rons projecting to the protocerebral bridge (DA-PB) as postsynaptic partners of P1 neurons.

42 gest a broad regulation of motor behavior by DA neurons within multiple hypothalamic nuclei and eluci

43 release assay were successfully measured by DA kits, and the aptasensor sensing properties were comp

44 sulin secretion (GSIS), which is mediated by DA D(2)-like receptors including D(2) (D2R) and D(3) (D3

45 reticulospinal cells that were modulated by DA.

46 covers a mechanism for cocaine that bypasses DA signaling and leads to addiction-relevant neuroadapta

47 s have used single-cell profiling to catalog DA neurons based on their gene expression profiles.

48 nism of these lithium cation Li(+)-catalyzed DA reactions changes to a two-step one for the reaction

49 oles of the DA precursor L-DOPA in beta-cell DA synthesis and release in conjunction with the signali

50 In these cells, DA functions as a negative regulator of glucose-stimulat

51 All rats received a chronic DA agonist and were evaluated for LID severity.

52 ntal area and substantia nigra pars compacta DA neurons in the post-reward period had a significantly

53 se brain slices, detect evoked compartmental DA release from a single neuron in live flies and report

54 ote reinforcement independent of concomitant DA co-release, establishing a non-DA mechanism by which

55 To confirm DA exocytosis based on aptasensors, DA sensitivity and s

56 terogeneity even within anatomically defined DA clusters.

57 pedigrees and were stronger in high-density DA than in high-density AUD pedigrees.

58 While, the TC-GQD/GCE electrode detected DA in the range of 1-500 muM DA, with two linear calibra

59 ether striatal GATs and astrocytes determine DA output are unknown.

60 expression is eliminated exhibit diminished DA secretion during glucose stimulation, suggesting a ne

61 not kinase-dead Nek2A, prematurely displaced DAs from the interphase centrosomes of immortalized reti

62 t that the residues associated with dominant DA interact with myosin whereas the residues altered in

63 Dopamine (DA) neurons are to encode reward prediction error (RPE),

64 Dopamine (DA) neurons of the VTA track cues and rewards to generat

65 Dopamine (DA) plays a critical role in the brain, and the ability

66 Dopamine (DA) signaling is critical for movement, motivation, and

67 Dopamine (DA)-producing neurons are critically involved in the pro

68 e detection of ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), uric acid (UA), and serotonin (5-HT) in 0.1 M PBS (

69 ression is associated with altered dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) functioning, the current study

70 stigate how opioid exposure alters dopamine (DA) responses in medium spiny neurons (MSNs), Muntean et

71 et of adult ventral tegmental area dopamine (DA) neurons expresses vesicular glutamate transporter 2

72 eurotransmitters signaling-such as dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT)-have been independently detecte

73 xidase (MAO) metabolizes cytosolic dopamine (DA), thereby limiting auto-oxidation, but is also though

74 ergic neurons results in decreased dopamine (DA) release in the striatum and thus impaired motor func

75 Dysfunctional dopamine (DA) signaling has been associated with a broad spectrum

76 Drug-induced enhanced dopamine (DA) signaling in the brain is a canonical mechanism that

77 of a representative brain hormone, dopamine (DA), was demonstrated using functional conducting polyme

78 Drugs of abuse increase dopamine (DA) concentration in these brain areas, including the st

79 rontal cortex (PFC) and mesolimbic dopamine (DA) pathway are particularly susceptible to THC-induced

80 neuroadaptations to the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system.

81 he effects of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) on inflammation remain unclear.

82 ctation attenuated the activity of dopamine (DA) midbrain neurons and altered the DA-related behavior

83 we investigated the complexity of dopamine (DA) neuron firing in the sub-regions of the ventral tegm

84 caused by the progressive loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc).

85 [(18)F]DOPA uptake, an estimate of dopamine (DA) synthesis capacity, in the striatum predictive of co

86 pars compacta (SNpc), decrease of dopamine (DA) transmitter, and increased activation of microglia a

87 electrochemical polymerization of dopamine (DA) was employed to modify a gold electrode for immobili

88 The chemical structure of dopamine (DA), one of the most used natural functional monomers, p

89 r rapid and sensitive detection of dopamine (DA).

90 GluR2/3 agonists have no effect on dopamine (DA) in wild type rats, we used the methylzoxymethanol ac

91 poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF)/dopamine (DA) nanofibers (NFs) with a very high beta-phase content

92 bstantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopamine (DA) neuron loss and subsequent motor deficits.

93 Striatal dopamine (DA) is critical for action and learning.

94 ne (PDA) from colourless substrate dopamine (DA) in especially prepared H(2)O(2) reaction solution.

95 there is increasing evidence that dopamine (DA) has important roles in the periphery including in me

96 These dopamine (DA) replacement-resistant symptoms are associated with l

97 lytical performance of AGCE toward dopamine (DA) was assessed using differential pulse voltammetry (D

98 t the ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons that project to the medial prefrontal cortex

99 Like ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons, VTA glutamate neuron activity can support p

100 Dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the dopamine reward pathway originate fro

101 Among possible mechanisms, dopaminergic (DA) modulation in the OB might explain the behavioral ch

102 ctive proteasome inhibition of dopaminergic (DA) neurons, we show that the transfer of EVs from blood

103 s the wiring of wake-promoting dopaminergic (DA) neurites to a sleep-promoting region, and loss of PD

104 al and midbrain inputs to the striatum evoke DA signals with unique spatial and pharmacological prope

105 vitro results indicate that cortical evoked DA signals rely on recruitment of cholinergic interneuro

106 ignals are undistinguishable from DAN evoked DA signals in their amplitudes and electrochemical prope

107 PrL/IL-evoked DA signals also differ in their pharmacological properti

108 However, PrL/IL-evoked DA signals are spatially restricted and preferentially r

109 PrL/IL-evoked DA signals are undistinguishable from DAN evoked DA sign

110 oreover, the GRAB(DA) sensors resolve evoked DA release in mouse brain slices, detect evoked compartm

111 Here, we examined DA modulation of olfactory transmission in lampreys.

112 the aptasensors based on CPNTs had excellent DA discrimination in the presence of various neurotransm

113 ese aptasensors, the DA levels of exogeneous DA samples that were prepared from PC12 cells by a DA re

114 me response values to the various exogeneous DA release levels were similar to those of a standard DA

115 riatum triggers an increase in extracellular DA concentration, which coincides with elevation of stri

116 In response to extracellular DA, both the red and green GRAB(DA) sensors exhibit a la

117 the presence of both intrinsic and extrinsic DA innervation.

118 ynthesis and catabolism, as well as all five DA receptors.

119 creatic beta-cells express the machinery for DA synthesis and catabolism, as well as all five DA rece

120 alizes with DA vesicles and is necessary for DA synthesis, was assessed across the sample.

121 noamine oxidase type B, two key proteins for DA uptake and metabolism.

122 p300 to establish the appropriate window for DA innervation.

123 glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), DA, and glutamate neurons within three sub-regions: the

124 ously been shown to modulate levels of GABA, DA, and glutamate in various neural regions and to posse

125 n-coupled receptor-activation-based DA (GRAB(DA)) sensors and optimized versions of green fluorescent

126 optimized versions of green fluorescent GRAB(DA) sensors.

127 xtracellular DA, both the red and green GRAB(DA) sensors exhibit a large increase in fluorescence, wi

128 Moreover, the GRAB(DA) sensors resolve evoked DA release in mouse brain sli

129 alpha-syn in a small fraction of the grafted DA neurons, indicating host-to-graft transfer of alpha-s

130 nsatisfactory average error, the models have DAs with distinctive features and notably improved perfo

131 t hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA) that has been in use at this site since 2013.

132 Hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid (HFPO-DA), a replacement compound for perfluorooctanoic acid (

133 of the plant, had PFOA at 143 ng/L and HFPO-DA at 42 ng/L.

134 included several fluoroethers including HFPO-DA also known as GenX.

135 d DA terminal neurotransmission, with higher DA uptake rate, increased phosphorylation of the DAT, an

136 nsor, we were able to monitor the changes in DA levels in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of a mouse m

137 hemistry, we observed an overall decrease in DA neurons following perinatal nicotine exposure.

138 There were no significant differences in DA transmission in any striatal region between converter

139 spite this evidence, whether fluctuations in DA uptake across the light/dark cycle are associated wit

140 at the developmental expression of VGluT2 in DA neurons can be reactivated at postnatal stages, contr

141 We show abnormally increased DA availability in the VST in CHR and an inverse relatio

142 enhances L-DOPA uptake, leading to increased DA release and GSIS reduction in an autocrine/paracrine

143 gion, and loss of PDM3 prematurely increases DA inhibition of the sleep center, abolishing the juveni

144 composition of secreted factors influencing DA axonal tract formation and renders the striatum non-p

145 seven individuals with dominantly inherited DA, a c.98C>T (p.Ala33Val) variant segregated in all fou

146 rlie both dominant and recessively inherited DA.

147 adaptations in D1- and D2-MSNs to integrate DA inputs and shift signaling strengths in various state

148 Intrasynaptic DA levels can be inferred from imaging the change in rad

149 veal distinct biological processes involving DA, NDA and PD loci.

150 As a proof-of-concept, we show that joint DA of multiple independent satellite datasets reduced mo

151 Chan KK, Joo DA, McRae AD, et al.

152 or less volatile SVOCs, reported values of K(DA) are significantly lower than predicted, with the dev

153 esults demonstrated the role of mesocortical DA projection in antidepressive-like effects of lithium

154 diated by BNDF signaling in the mesocortical DA circuit.

155 in reward system functioning and mesolimbic DA after alternating a standard chow with palatable diet

156 by direct activation of inputs from midbrain DA neurons (DANs) as well as cortical and thalamic input

157 , prompting investigations into how midbrain DA neuron heterogeneity may underpin this variety of beh

158 No Oprm1 mRNA was detected in midbrain DA neurons.

159 f 0.22 muM DA, and sensitivity of 4.9 mA/mM((DA)), in the EC.

160 w mechanism where D(2)-like receptors modify DA release to modulate GSIS.

161 Expression of VGluT2 was detectable in most DA neurons at embryonic day 11.5 and was localized in de

162 Chemogenetic downregulation of VTA-mPFC DA neurons' firing activity abolished the antidepressive

163 libration curve, detection limit of 0.22 muM DA, and sensitivity of 4.9 mA/mM((DA)), in the EC.

164 ctrode detected DA in the range of 1-500 muM DA, with two linear calibration curve, detection limit o

165 iatum, while only few adult substantia nigra DA neurons have this capacity.

166 eport optogenetically elicited nigrostriatal DA release as well as mesoaccumbens dopaminergic activit

167 device operates in the range of 0.1-1000 nM DA requiring only ~2.4 muL sample volume, which correspo

168 oncomitant DA co-release, establishing a non-DA mechanism by which VTA activity can support reward-se

169 termine whether POM may indirectly normalize DA neuron activity in a model representative of the hype

170 neage-mapping approach, we find that >98% of DA neurons have a VGluT2(+) lineage.

171 Activation of DA-PB neurons led to reduced sleep in normally fed but n

172 Despite the attenuated activity of DA midbrain neurons, offspring from mothers exposed to H

173 evented the increased population activity of DA neurons and the associated increase in locomotor resp

174 which corresponds to detectable 240 amol of DA.

175 valuable markers for the risk assessment of DA-contaminated natural waters.

176 sequently, disentangling the contribution of DA neurons in reinforcing versus generating movements is

177 Such control of DA homeostasis occurs through the coordinated activity o

178 led ultrafast (0.34 +/- 0.09 s) detection of DA in a wide linear dynamic range of 0.1-1500 pM.

179 thereby shows great promise for detection of DA levels for early diagnosis of neurodegenerative disea

180 that subsequently leads to disinhibition of DA neurons.

181 tion, processes involved in establishment of DA axonal connectivity remain largely unknown.

182 exhibited a sexually dimorphic expression of DA-related phenotypes, i.e., hyperlocomotion in males an

183 refine the establishment of the homology of DA nuclei between vertebrate species.

184 Despite the importance of DA striatal innervation, processes involved in establish

185 Optogenetic inhibition of DA neurons in either region slowed fear extinction, with

186 downregulated, tonic GABAergic inhibition of DA release augmented, and nigrostriatal GABA co-release

187 Local injection of DA agonists in the medOB decreased the reticulospinal ce

188 rface waters, the environmental half-life of DA due to singlet oxygen-induced transformations is betw

189 We show that MAO metabolism of DA does not increase cytosolic H(2)O(2) but leads to mit

190 The (1)O(2) reaction product mixture of DA did not exhibit significant biological activity based

191 Release of DA from these neurons into the dorsal striatum is crucia

192 iably adjusted by varying the temperature of DA/reverse-DA reaction.

193 place the lost cells, the transplantation of DA neurons derived from embryonic stem cells or induced

194 2 knockout led to incomplete dissociation of DAs and cilia in mitosis.

195 s of prepubertal (postnatal day 21-40) EE on DA neurons, pyramidal neurons in the ventral hippocampus

196 ular interaction between the NH(2) groups on DA and the CF(2) groups on PVDF is responsible for align

197 al least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were applied to characterize the profile of volatile

198 al least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), and hierarchical cluster analysis.

199 Pairwise comparison using OPLS-DA also displaying good regional predictability (>=0.77)

200 g of pedigrees with a high density of AUD or DA are multiply disadvantaged and typically suffer from

201 High rates of AUD or DA in the pedigrees were associated in the offspring wit

202 In addition, PEG-DA also acts as an enzyme stabilizer, and the shelf-life

203 erized poly(ethylene) glycol diacrylate (PEG-DA) hydrogel that was cast-molded into a circular shape.

204 hat enzyme activity can be maintained in PEG-DA over a long period of time.

205 and demonstrate a major hurdle in performing DA analysis of microbiome data is the bias introduced by

206 astrocytes postnatally produces loss of PFC DA homeostasis, leading to defective synaptic transmissi

207 PLS-DA revealed models with smallest error rate for controls

208 PLS-DA was less sensitive to edge effects on spectra and poo

209 A PLS-DA model was applied to classify all milks samples, resu

210 tial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and internally validated (leave 10%-out cross-valida

211 ial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMC

212 ial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) identified variables to discriminate wine geographic

213 ial-least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of images, to develop a rapid method for identificat

214 ial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) of metabolomes of individual plants allowed statisti

215 riate (ANOVA) and multivariate analysis (PLS-DA) through the variable importance projection (VIP) val

216 ial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) to discriminate the origin and harvest year of 'Temp

217 ial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), while group lasso explored sub-pathway-level differ

218 ial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA).

219 tial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA).

220 ial least squares discriminant analysis, PLS-DA) were applied to deconvolute the components present i

221 develop a robust model using FT-NIR and PLS-DA to discriminate extra virgin olive oil samples and bu

222 trol and contaminated samples by PCA and PLS-DA was also achieved by this workflow using XCMS, even f

223 PCA-LDA and PLS-DA were applied, and results showed that, the MS-eNose p

224 l chemometrics approaches (i.e., PCA and PLS-DA) were used to classify samples as either skin or bone

225 py-based feature selection (SOM-EFS) and PLS-DA-VID to identify discriminant compounds in 17 blue che

226 For the blend, the best PLS-DA-GA model presented Acc and Spe values greater than 98

227 The best PLS-DA-OPS classification model for olive oils showed specif

228 oxon, 300 by logistic regression, 295 by PLS-DA and 259 by group lasso, corresponding to 11, 13, 12 a

229 with partial least square-discriminant (PLS-DA) and PLS to identify fat/oil origins and adulteration

230 ing only 14 volatiles compared to 78 for PLS-DA-VID, SOM-EFS proved more effectively discriminant and

231 f the model to 0.94 compared to 0.82 for PLS-DA-VID.

232 In some cases, it outperforms PLS-DA, which is made aware of the class labels in its input

233 tem were used for the development of the PLS-DA (classification) and PLS (calibration) models.

234 best classification results, compared to PLS-DA, with sensitivities exceeding 90% and a high class sp

235 Moreover, RAMES technology combined with PLS-DA statistical analysis may allow taxonomic identificati

236 PLS1-DA models using GC data gave better results than those u

237 Non-weighted MB-PLS1-DA models benefiting from the synergy between the two so

238 ta were more discriminative than simple PLS1-DA, yielding better prediction for Chetoui and Oueslati

239 n with the most conservative threshold, PLS1-DA on GC data allowed very good predictions for Chemlali

240 novel functional mechanism for the preoptic DA neurons in the initiation of movement.

241 red the firing properties of mPFC-projecting DA neurons, and also rescued CMS-induced depressive-like

242 d guidance defects and proteins that promote DA axonal outgrowth.

243 ased aptasensors provide efficient and rapid DA screening for neuron-mediated genetic diseases such a

244 Similar to the MAM rats, DA neuron population activity was increased in a hippoca

245 residues altered in families with recessive DA only indirectly impair this interaction.

246 h Nek2 as an important kinase that regulates DAs before mitosis.

247 t of cholinergic interneurons, which renders DA signals less able to summate during trains of stimula

248 elease of the small molecule drug by a retro DA reaction.

249 ted by varying the temperature of DA/reverse-DA reaction.

250 ide, vincristine, prednisone, and rituximab (DA-EPOCH-R) may obviate the need for highly dose-intensi

251 Therefore, sensitive and selective DA detection methods are of high clinical relevance.

252 Our fiber photometry recordings showed DA neurons in medial and lateral VTA have distinct activ

253 ate key signaling pathways important for SNc DA neuron survival and/or proper motor control.

254 proteins, whether primarily expressed in SNc DA neurons (RGS6), striatal neurons (RGSs 4 and 9), or m

255 ators of D(2)R-Galpha (i/o) signaling in SNc DA neurons and striatal medium spiny neurons, respective

256 of cell signaling pathways that promote SNc DA neuron survival and/or proper motor control.

257 e levels were similar to those of a standard DA aptasensor.

258 roperties were compared to those of standard DA reagents.

259 Striatal DA signals can be evoked by direct activation of inputs

260 with dual cortical cholinergic and striatal DA losses (DL rats) exhibit cued turning deficits, model

261 egeneration of LC fibers, decreased striatal DA metabolism, and age-dependent behaviors reminiscent o

262 pite decreased DAT levels in males, striatal DA uptake was enhanced, but was not due to enhanced DAT

263 ydopamine can upregulate VGluT2 in surviving DA neurons, suggesting the possibility of a role in cell

264 overall trend was found for greater synaptic DA availability (DeltaBP(ND)) in CHR than controls (p =

265 hat tyrosine-hydroxylase-2-expressing (th2+) DA neurons in the zebrafish hypothalamus fire phasic bur

266 l. enriches this picture, demonstrating that DA neurons track variability in rewards, providing a rea

267 Although there is increasing evidence that DA neurons in the hypothalamus play a locomotor role, th

268 In addition, we found that DA neurons are more activated in PN sub-region of the VT

269 Here we reveal that DA inhibited TLR2-induced NF-kappaB activation and infla

270 Recent data show that DA release is under tonic inhibition by striatal GABA.

271 The DA reaction of Bz-Li-Cro with acetylene shows a reductio

272 se protein level in the striatum (~60%), the DA (~22%), and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid content (~

273 pamine (DA) midbrain neurons and altered the DA-related behavioral phenotype seen in the offspring.

274 sensing properties of these aptasensors, the DA levels of exogeneous DA samples that were prepared fr

275 The bimolecular rate constant for the DA reaction with (1)O(2) determined by competition kinet

276 Furthermore, the DA-DRD5-ARRB2-PP2A signaling axis can prevent S. aureus-

277 ctioning and related neuroadaptations in the DA and DAT systems in this model of compulsive eating.

278 marginal effect in the same direction in the DA depletion group.

279 defective in Apelin signaling remain in the DA.

280 Here, we assessed the roles of the DA precursor L-DOPA in beta-cell DA synthesis and releas

281 Despite loss of the DA signal, optogenetic activation of VTA glutamate cell

282 of DANs and maintain normal function of the DA signaling pathway via regulating microglia-mediated n

283 tly segregated populations, depending on the DA receptor they express and their output projections, c

284 transfection spaces situated lateral to the DA depletion areas in the dorsomedial striatum.

285 likely shares evolutionary origins with the DA-enriched central complex of the Mandibulata.

286 in which tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and thus DA biosynthesis, was conditionally ablated using either

287 gh level of overexpression could be toxic to DA neurons.

288 and unhealthy individuals because the total DA concentration in the blood of normal person is genera

289 noplatform exhibited high selectivity toward DA in human sera, and remained stable up to 3 months at

290 We transplanted DA neurons derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESC

291 ion with the signaling mechanisms underlying DA's inhibition of GSIS.

292 VTA DA neurons were identified using DAT-Cre male mice that

293 In contrast, adult stress decreased VTA DA neuron population activity only at 1-2 weeks post str

294 ddress this, we recorded and manipulated VTA DA neurons in mice during fear extinction.

295 In parallel, a majority of VTA DA neurons simultaneously encoded multiple actions (e.g.

296 ploit such goal-directed multiplexing of VTA DA neurons to adjust actions to optimize the task's outc

297 we show that about half of the recorded VTA DA neurons perform multiplexing: they exploit the phasic

298 he task's outcome.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT VTA DA neurons code for multiple functions, including the re

299 temporal lobe, and prefrontal cortex, while DA depletion affected social reward prediction encoding

300 h the behavioral and the neural level, while DA depletion has a less extensive effect.

301 asure of tissue iron which co-localizes with DA vesicles and is necessary for DA synthesis, was asses