ライフサイエンスコーパス: RVLM

1 RVLM neurons unaffected by either CO(2) or BP were light

2 RVLM sympathoexcitatory neurons may be intrinsically pH-

3 Most (94% +/- 4%) RVLM-projecting PVH neurons activated by water deprivati

4 Photostimulation activated most (75%) RVLM baroinhibited neurons sampled with 1/1 action poten

5 20 ms pulses at 10 mW) was used to activate RVLM neurons that had been transduced by both vectors.

6 onclusion, CO(2) increases SND by activating RVLM sympathoexcitatory neurons.

7 eral medulla, specifically the Botzinger and RVLM/C1 regions.

8 Weaker projections were seen to the CVLM and RVLM and to the contralateral CPA.

9 actin anesthetized female rats, the CVLM and RVLM were functionally defined by pressor and depressor

10 o-localized with neurons within both MDH and RVLM/C1 that were activated by nasal stimulation.

11 systemically (plasma) and centrally (NTS and RVLM) and reduced hypothalamic PGE(2) production, which

12 y via synaptic contacts in the RTN, NTS, and RVLM and provides significant anatomical evidence to sup

13 of LLTS, four brainstem (SP5, NAb, NTS, and RVLM) and two forebrain sites (PVN and SFO) were examine

14 increased receptor expression in the PVH and RVLM is the mechanism by which Ang II in the brain helps

15 p85alpha/p110delta expression in the PVN and RVLM is associated with increased PI3-kinase activity in

16 TB receptors were upregulated in the PVN and RVLM of E2 treated animals.

17 ostral ventrolateral medullary pressor area (RVLM) is located.

18 spite studies showing a relationship between RVLM-C1 and sympathetic activity in HF, no studies have

19 Bilateral RVLM microinjection of [Pyr(1) ]apelin-13 significantly

20 uadrants, i.e., left and right sides of both RVLM and CVLM in sham operated rats and in rats with a t

21 uadrants, i.e., left and right sides of both RVLM and CVLM in sham-operated rats (n = 10) and in rats

22 side but not contralateral RVLM, and to both RVLM quadrants in sham-operated rats.

23 Fourteen bulbospinal RVLM neurons were recovered for immunohistochemistry; ni

24 clamp recordings were made from bulbospinal RVLM neurons (n = 31) in brainstem slices prepared from

25 h clamp recordings from isolated bulbospinal RVLM neurons, 17beta-estradiol dose-dependently reduced

26 pinal cord to specifically label bulbospinal RVLM neurons in sedentary and active rats.

27 In conclusion, VGLUT2 is expressed by RVLM-CA (C1) neurons in rats and mice regardless of the

28 Selective expression of ChR2-mCherry by RVLM-CA neurons was achieved by injecting Cre-dependent

29 l ventrolateral medullary catecholaminergic (RVLM-CA) neurons e.g., by hypoxia is thought to increase

30 l ventrolateral medullary catecholaminergic (RVLM-CA) neurons use glutamate as a transmitter in the d

31 art failure (HF) is characterized by chronic RVLM-C1 activation, increased sympathetic activity and i

32 n the ipsilateral side but not contralateral RVLM, and to both RVLM quadrants in sham-operated rats.

33 RVLM quadrant compared to the contralateral RVLM or RVLM quadrants of control rats.

34 arse commissural projection to contralateral RVLM was observed, and pericellular arbors were present

35 ic BP response were fully maintained despite RVLM pretreatment with the angiotensin II type 1 recepto

36 s has been proposed, its role in determining RVLM excitability is ill-defined.

37 rs in RVLM, including its rostral extension (RVLM(RE) ), both of which contain bulbospinal catecholam

38 Very few RVLM-projecting PVH neurons were immunoreactive for oxyt

39 rats, we confirmed that the projection from RVLM catecholaminergic neurons to the orexinergic neuron

40 Ultrastructurally, mCherry terminals from RVLM-CA neurons in DbetaH(Cre/0) mice made predominantly

41 In marked contrast, few glutamatergic, RVLM-projecting PVH neurons were c-Fos-ir in control rat

42 gic and glutamatergic inputs into identified RVLM-projecting neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricu

43 gnificantly lower (i.e., higher affinity) in RVLM and CVLM (164+/-38 and 178+/-27 pM, respectively,)

44 Cre/0)), mCherry was detected exclusively in RVLM-CA neurons.

45 AP-1 may further regulate gene expression in RVLM in the CHF state.

46 inding activity were significantly higher in RVLM of CHF compared with Sham rabbits (240.4+/-30.2%, P

47 Local blockade of nNOS in RVLM vs. CVLM differentially alters local glutamate and

48 by activation of glutamatergic receptors in RVLM that also cause proarrhythmogenic changes mediated

49 actor for CVD, increase GABA(A) receptors in RVLM, including its rostral extension (RVLM(RE) ), both

50 and JNK activity increased significantly in RVLM of CHF compared with sham (262.9+/-48.1%, 213.8+/-2

51 GABA(Aalpha1) and GABA(Aalpha2) subunits in RVLM but only GABA(Aalpha2) was lower in the RVLM(RE) of

52 findings suggest the existence of individual RVLM neurons for which the axons branch to drive sympath

53 monstrate that both GABA and glycine inhibit RVLM neurons.

54 Following injection of AAV2 into RVLM of TH-Cre rats, phenylethanolamine N-methyl transfe

55 notropic glutamate receptor antagonist) into RVLM or the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) eliminated or r

56 ine 10 mg/ml) microinjected bilaterally into RVLM had no effect on seizure-induced sympathoexcitation

57 cordingly, microinjections of glutamate into RVLM evoked larger increases in SNA after CIH (P<0.05).

58 As expected, injection of Kyn into RVLM or muscimol into commNTS virtually blocked the effe

59 agonist, kynurenic acid (50 nl; 100 mM) into RVLM, blocked the seizure-induced 43.2 +/- 12.6% sympath

60 Intra-RVLM acetaldehyde (2 mug), the main metabolic product of

61 that the pressor response elicited by intra-RVLM ethanol (10 mug) was (i) abolished following local

62 tase inhibition elicited by subsequent intra-RVLM administration of ethanol.

63 LM with GABA persisted following ipsilateral RVLM GABA(A) receptor blockade (bicuculline, BIC, 400 pm

64 on in eNOS expression within the ipsilateral RVLM and an overexpression of eNOS within the ipsilatera

65 on in nNOS expression within the ipsilateral RVLM and an overexpression of nNOS abundance within the

66 duced nNOS expression within the ipsilateral RVLM quadrant compared to the contralateral RVLM or RVLM

67 itive nerve terminals within the ipsilateral RVLM that were immunoreactive (ir) for the VGLUT2 protei

68 ns retrogradely labeled from the ipsilateral RVLM with cholera toxin subunit B (CTB; 85% on average,

69 ns retrogradely labeled from the ipsilateral RVLM with CTB were c-Fos-ir (16-40%, depending on PVH re

70 xP control was injected into the ipsilateral RVLM.

71 We labeled RVLM neurons with a lentiviral vector that expresses the

72 (DbetaH-SAP) was used to selectively lesion RVLM-C1 neurones.

73 To evaluate cellular mechanisms, RVLM neurons were retrogradely labelled (prior injection

74 ostral ventrolateral portion of the medulla (RVLM) is composed of heterogeneous populations of neuron

75 rectly to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) (PVN-RVLM neurones) of rats.

76 group of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), where

77 eurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) are more responsive to excitation in sedentary ver

78 The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) contains neurons critical for cardiovascular, resp

79 eurons of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) determine sympathetic outflow to different territo

80 anol into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) elicits modest increases in local extracellular si

81 input to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) from neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

82 eptors in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) has been suggested to contribute to hypertension.

83 The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) is critical to the maintenance of blood pressure.

84 sst2 ) in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) lower sympathetic nerve activity, arterial pressur

85 eurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) maintain sympathetic vasomotor tone and blood pres

86 AT(1)R in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) of rabbits with CHF, its downstream pathway, and i

87 reased in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) of rabbits with chronic heart failure (CHF) and in

88 apelin in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) on blood pressure, cardiac function, and sympathet

89 nervating the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) play important roles in the control of sympathetic

90 leased in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) plays a critical role in maintaining arterial baro

91 ctions in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) region that contains bulbospinal C1 adrenergic neu

92 eurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) regulate blood pressure through direct projections

93 zation of rat rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) sympathetic premotor neurons and its functional co

94 urones in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) that drive this sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) a

95 ol within the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) using selective receptor antagonists.

96 eus (PVN) and rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) were microdissected for gene expression and protei

97 eurons of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) were recorded in anaesthetized sino-aortic denerva

98 n-13 into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), a major source of sympathoexcitatory neurones, in

99 vation of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), and accordingly, microinjections of glutamate int

100 ostrema (AP), rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), and lateral parabrachial nucleus (lPBN); however,

101 ocated in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), are activated by pain, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, inf

102 eurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), but the underlining electrophysiological mechanis

103 cing from the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), express NPY Y1 receptor immunoreactivity, and pat

104 In the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), p110delta mRNA was approximately 2-fold higher in

105 H) and in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), which results in the release of adrenaline.

106 in identified rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM)-projecting PVN neurones is altered in hypertensive

107 in SHR is the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM).

108 etic hub, the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM).

109 uced into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM).

110 eurons in rat rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM).

111 inputs to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM).

112 (PVH) to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM).

113 eurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM).

114 eurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM).

115 area, and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM).

116 ius (NTS) and rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM)] cytokine surges were blunted, whereas oxidative s

117 etic nerve activity (control = 12 +/- 1 min; RVLM-strychnine = 5.1 +/- 1 min), suggesting that RVLM g

118 minergic C1 and non-C1 respiratory-modulated RVLM presympathetic neurons constitute a heterogeneous n

119 ude that the different respiratory-modulated RVLM presympathetic neurons contribute to the central ge

120 ubpopulation of non-C1 respiratory-modulated RVLM presympathetic neurons presented enhanced excitator

121 olateral medulla catecholaminergic neurones (RVLM-C1) modulate sympathetic outflow and breathing unde

122 olateral medulla catecholaminergic neurones (RVLM-C1) to both haemodynamic and respiratory alteration

123 ulating neurotransmitter in the normotensive RVLM to affect vascular tone through interaction with th

124 Histological analysis revealed that ~21% of RVLM bulbospinal neurons were retrogradely labelled by b

125 Partial lesion (~65%) of RVLM-C1 neurones reduces AHI, respiratory variability, a

126 Reduction (~65%) of RVLM-C1 neurones resulted in attenuation of irregular br

127 tion in HF rats was abolished by ablation of RVLM-C1 neurones.

128 F rats with or without selective ablation of RVLM-C1 neurones.

129 In conclusion, activation of RVLM catecholaminergic neurons, predominantly C1 cells,

130 In sum, selective optogenetic activation of RVLM-CA neurons in conscious mice revealed two important

131 lucoprivation did not affect the activity of RVLM adrenal premotor neurons.

132 ncreased SND (97 +/- 6%) and the activity of RVLM neurons (67 +/- 4%).

133 and assessed their impact on the activity of RVLM-projecting PVN neurons (PVN-RVLM neurons), and on P

134 s have addressed a potential contribution of RVLM-C1 neurones to irregular breathing in this context.

135 s study was to determine the contribution of RVLM-C1 neurones to irregular breathing patterns in HF.

136 Previous studies suggest the existence of RVLM neurons with distinct functional classes, such as n

137 The existence of RVLM neurons with more general actions had not been crit

138 that estrogens can modulate the function of RVLM C1 bulbospinal neurons either directly, through ext

139 The importance of RVLM in the regulation of cardiovascular function is wel

140 ycine release, and evaluate co-inhibition of RVLM neurons by GABA and glycine.

141 ady-state conditions GABAergic inhibition of RVLM neurons predominated and glycine contributed less t

142 in HF rats that were abolished by lesion of RVLM-C1 neurones.

143 raphe nuclei was most dense at the level of RVLM, but rostral levels of pallidus were devoid of inne

144 cing, we show that a significant minority of RVLM neurons send axon collaterals to disparate spinal s

145 Photostimulation of RVLM neurons caused a sizable sympathoactivation and ris

146 Photostimulation of RVLM-CA neurons increased breathing in anesthetized and

147 the CVLM can be activated in the presence of RVLM GABA receptor blockade, but sympathoinhibitory infl

148 ere reversed to increases in the presence of RVLM GABA(A) receptor blockade (n=7).

149 hat the axons of a significant proportion of RVLM neurons collateralise widely within the spinal cord

150 Although glycine-dependent regulation of RVLM neurons has been proposed, its role in determining

151 These experiments evaluated the role of RVLM gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) receptor subtypes a

152 anges may enhance the overall sensitivity of RVLM neurons to excitatory stimuli and contribute to an

153 al neurons and to identify likely sources of RVLM SST release.

154 due, in part, to changes in the structure of RVLM neurons that control sympathetic activity.

155 d that (1) ACTH exerts excitatory effects on RVLM neurons resulting in pressor and tachycardic respon

156 roles of glutamate, PACAP, and microglia on RVLM catecholaminergic neurons during the cardiovascular

157 The actions of PACAP or microglia on RVLM neurons do not cause sympathoexcitation, but they d

158 oduct of ethanol, caused no changes in BP or RVLM phosphatase activity but it produced significant in

159 Neuroglucoprivation in the PeH or RVLM was elicited by microinjections of 2-deoxy-D-glucos

160 adrant compared to the contralateral RVLM or RVLM quadrants of control rats.

161 ChR2-positive RVLM-CA neurons expressed VGLUT2 and their projections w

162 urones that tonically inhibit presympathetic RVLM neurones and are essential for the production of nu

163 to CRD-related modulation of presympathetic RVLM neurones and SNA.

164 a primary inhibitory input to presympathetic RVLM neurons.

165 s that axon collaterals of lumbar-projecting RVLM neurons project to, and excite, both functionally s

166 We sought to determine whether the PVH-RVLM projection activated by water deprivation is glutam

167 Recordings obtained from PVN-RVLM (rostral ventrolateral medulla) projecting neurons

168 Patch-clamp recordings obtained from PVN-RVLM neurons showed a reduction in I(A) current magnitud

169 d potassium current I(A) is expressed in PVN-RVLM neurones, characterized its biophysical and pharmac

170 ls play little role in generating SFA in PVN-RVLM neurones, their activation nevertheless does dampen

171 ults demonstrate the presence of I(A) in PVN-RVLM neurones, which actively modulates their action pot

172 etitive firing discharge was enhanced in PVN-RVLM neurons from hypertensive rats.

173 I(A) availability, action potentials in PVN-RVLM neurons in hypertensive rats were broader, decayed

174 stochemical studies suggest that I(A) in PVN-RVLM neurons is mediated by Kv1.4 and/or Kv4.3 channel s

175 were obtained from retrogradely labelled PVN-RVLM neurons in a slice preparation.

176 onstructions of intracellularly labelled PVN-RVLM neurons showed a diminished dendritic surface area

177 ngs obtained from retrogradely labelled, PVN-RVLM neurones indicate that a 4-AP sensitive, TEA insens

178 activity of RVLM-projecting PVN neurons (PVN-RVLM neurons), and on PVN influence of renal sympathetic

179 he hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN-RVLM) contributes to an imbalanced excitatory/inhibitory

180 n, contribute to setting a basal tone of PVN-RVLM firing activity, and PVN-driven RSNA.

181 s, supporting the presence of subsets of PVN-RVLM neurones differentially modulated by I(A).

182 ased or decreased the firing activity of PVN-RVLM neurones, supporting the presence of subsets of PVN

183 ockade attenuated the firing activity of PVN-RVLM neurons.

184 nd enhanced the input-output function of PVN-RVLM neurons.

185 y over inhibitory inputs was found in OT-PVN-RVLM proximal dendrites.

186 eased in oxytocin-positive, PVN-RVLM (OT-PVN-RVLM) neurons in RVH rats.

187 ensities increased in oxytocin-positive, PVN-RVLM (OT-PVN-RVLM) neurons in RVH rats.

188 SH) inhibit and stimulate, respectively, PVN-RVLM neurons.

189 he rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) (PVN-RVLM neurones) of rats.

190 ABAergic or enkephalinergic input to the rat RVLM.

191 and caudal ventrolateral medullary regions (RVLM and CVLM, respectively).

192 e (nNOS) protein isoform within the rostral (RVLM) and caudal (CVLM) ventrolateral medulla.

193 e roles of nNOS and eNOS within the rostral (RVLM) and caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) in modulat

194 ic oxide synthase (nNOS) within the rostral (RVLM) and caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM).

195 Only some RVLM neurons are active under resting conditions due to

196 Collectively, these data demonstrate that RVLM C1 neurons modulate the activity of other central c

197 In this study, we tested the hypothesis that RVLM ser/thr phosphatases dampen the ERK-dependent press

198 Our findings reveal that RVLM-C1 neurones play a major role in irregular breathin

199 optogenetics in tissue slices, we show that RVLM catecholaminergic neurons activate the locus coerul

200 Our findings suggest that RVLM-C1 neurones play a pivotal role in breathing irregu

201 The results also suggest that RVLM-CA neurons may underlie some of the acute respirato

202 strychnine = 5.1 +/- 1 min), suggesting that RVLM glycine plays a critical role in regulating the tim

203 The RVLM and CVLM displayed significantly lower (p<0.01) den

204 The RVLM is not the sole source of the muscarinic cholinergi

205 The RVLM was identified by microinjections (100 nl) of L-glu

206 In both the RVLM and caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) as well as

207 l to Fluoro-Gold injection sites in both the RVLM and CVLM, and the remainder were contralateral.

208 ra-toxin-B retrogradely transported from the RVLM were detected in: paratrigeminal nucleus, lateral p

209 (CTB-ir), retrogradely transported from the RVLM, were assessed for expression of glutamic acid deca

210 cell count was significantly greater in the RVLM (P < 0.01) and in the neighbouring rostral ventral

211 Finally, blockade of orexin receptors in the RVLM abolished the increase in ASNA to neuroglucoprivati

212 (V(1A)) receptor expression increases in the RVLM after CIH conditioning (8 h per day for 10 days).

213 II and III binding site was decreased in the RVLM and DMM of SHR (37% and 13%, respectively).

214 l angiotensin binding site is altered in the RVLM and other caudal brainstem regions of SHR, a quanti

215 espiratory output via V(1A) receptors in the RVLM and rVRC, and increased SNA in CIH-conditioned anim

216 activating polypeptide, and microglia in the RVLM and their contribution to cardiovascular autonomic

217 trast, stimulation of synaptic inputs in the RVLM decreased GABAergic inhibition to 53%; and increase

218 her neuroglucoprivation in the PeH or in the RVLM elicits adrenaline release in vivo and 2) whether d

219 ive comparison of AT receptor binding in the RVLM has been made in SHR versus normotensive rats.

220 Whether CRD-related activity in the RVLM is due to direct inputs from central respiratory ne

221 ed that enhanced functional responses in the RVLM may be due, in part, to changes in the structure of

222 This increased AT receptor binding in the RVLM may contribute to the hypertension of SHR.

223 Thus, the apelin system in the RVLM may play a very important role in central blood pre

224 n by glucoprivation or orexin release in the RVLM modulates the adrenaline release.

225 creased the AP-1-DNA binding activity in the RVLM of CHF rabbits compared to the vehicle group (9.14

226 with chronic heart failure (CHF) and in the RVLM of normal rabbits infused with intracerebroventricu

227 pressor action of [Pyr(1) ]apelin-13 in the RVLM of normotensive rats is not mediated via angiotensi

228 he characteristics of AT(1) receptors in the RVLM of rat, the species in which the most experimental

229 -AT, non-AT, angiotensin binding site in the RVLM of SHR may indicate a role for this binding site to

230 ow that apelin expression is enhanced in the RVLM of SHR versus WKY rats and that overexpression of t

231 of apelin was significantly enhanced in the RVLM of spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) compared wi

232 lease from the active synaptic inputs in the RVLM produced saturation of GABAergic inhibition and eme

233 and that overexpression of this gene in the RVLM results in chronic blood pressure elevation and car

234 RVLM but only GABA(Aalpha2) was lower in the RVLM(RE) of sedentary rats.

235 and to a lesser extent MC3 receptors in the RVLM, and (3) the pressor effects of ACTH were mediated

236 itions of increased synaptic activity in the RVLM, glycinergic inhibition is recruited to strengthen

237 ACE expression was increased in the RVLM, PVH, choroid plexus, median preoptic nucleus, and

238 ion of adrenal presympathetic neurons in the RVLM.

239 s in a specific population of neurons in the RVLM.

240 y could contribute to neuroplasticity in the RVLM.

241 s on up-regulation of V(1A) receptors in the RVLM.

242 siological basis for estrogen effects in the RVLM.

243 unmasked tonic glycinergic inhibition in the RVLM.

244 units GABA(Aalpha1) and GABA(Aalpha2) in the RVLM/RVLM(RE) of sedentary or physically active (10-12 w

245 vascular-related neurones that influence the RVLM is not known.

246 ed that blood-borne Ang II can influence the RVLM via a neural connection between the circumventricul

247 summary, most PVH neurons that innervate the RVLM are glutamatergic, and this population includes the

248 Injections of TRH into the RVLM and dorsomedial hypothalamus increase SNA, highligh

249 ce blood pressure when administered into the RVLM and PVH.

250 idine (AGN; 1.0 microM), for 60 min into the RVLM attenuated increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP

251 enous apelin-13 (200 pmol in 50 nL) into the RVLM caused a 20 mm Hg elevation in blood pressure and a

252 ntagonist strychnine (4 mm, 100 nL) into the RVLM decreased the duration of baroreflex-mediated inhib

253 0 nl) of ACTH (0.5, 1 and 2 mmol/l) into the RVLM elicited increases in MAP and HR; tachycardic respo

254 Microinjection of ACTH into the RVLM increased the efferent discharge in the greater spl

255 ually absent when AAV2 was injected into the RVLM of DbetaH(Cre/0);VGLUT2(flox/flox) mice, into the c

256 nnelrhodopsin2(ChR2)-mCherry (AAV2) into the RVLM of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase Cre transgenic mice (D

257 ent protein or mCherry was injected into the RVLM of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-Cre rats.

258 ion of the AAV2-apelin viral vector into the RVLM of WKY rats.

259 ade tracer Fluoro-Gold was injected into the RVLM or CVLM of these animals, and immunofluorescence st

260 that microinjection of AAV2-apelin into the RVLM resulted in a significant increase in apelin expres

261 subunit (CT-beta) was microinjected into the RVLM to retrogradely label the PVN neurons.

262 zole (TRIM, 1.0 microM) for 120 min into the RVLM, potentiated cardiovascular responses during a stat

263 GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptor blockade of the RVLM (400 pmol BIC+400 pmol CGP35348, 100 nl), inhibitio

264 ardiovascular regulation at the level of the RVLM and highlight that this system is a possible potent

265 dulla, which included the full extent of the RVLM and the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM).

266 GABA(A) receptor-mediated inhibition of the RVLM increases sympathetic outflow and blood pressure su

267 , and electrophysiological recordings of the RVLM presympathetic neurons in in situ preparations from

268 Inhibition of the RVLM ser/thr phosphatase activity by okadaic acid (OKA,

269 ffects were abolished by pretreatment of the RVLM with the vasopressin V1a receptor antagonist, SR 49

270 encompassing the rostrocaudal extent of the RVLM.

271 unmasked tonic glycinergic inhibition of the RVLM.

272 lso examined the effect of ICV Tempol on the RVLM of CHF rabbits.

273 itic branching was consistent throughout the RVLM.

274 of brainstem nuclei with known inputs to the RVLM (nucleus tractus solitarius and caudal VLM) unmaske

275 d if AVP neurons project from the PVN to the RVLM and if arginine vasopressin (V(1A)) receptor expres

276 tion of strychnine (300 pmol, 100 nl) to the RVLM eliminated responses to CVLM inhibition, suggesting

277 As a group, cells projecting to the RVLM were located slightly rostral to those with termina

278 e from these brain regions projecting to the RVLM.

279 ABAergic and/or enkephalinergic input to the RVLM.

280 a glutamatergic pathway from the PVH to the RVLM.

281 (TRH) neurons, some of which project to the RVLM.

282 Together, the RVLM phosphatase activity acts tonically to attenuate th

283 antially, providing a mechanism by which the RVLM could contribute chronically to cardiovascular dise

284 examined whether nNOS antagonism within the RVLM and CVLM affected cardiovascular responses during t

285 he endothelial NOS (eNOS) isoform within the RVLM and CVLM might also play a role in integrating card

286 we investigated the role of iNOS within the RVLM and CVLM on cardiovascular responses and glutamater

287 nd after blocking V(1A) receptors within the RVLM and rVRC with SR49059 (0.2 nmol).

288 is specific population of neurons within the RVLM is challenging.

289 ogically altered by nNOS blockade within the RVLM or CVLM, which in turn might have contributed to th

290 blot analysis of nNOS expression within the RVLM showed significant attenuation of the protein when

291 Levels of GABA within the RVLM were increased.

292 ephalin tonically inhibit neurons within the RVLM.

293 on of SNA, potentially by changes within the RVLM.

294 ns of increased synaptic activity within the RVLM.

295 apelin pressor response may occur within the RVLM.

296 tors are probably located within or close to RVLM and not in the NTS or in the rVRG-pre-Botzinger/CVL

297 ABA(B) receptors nor a contralateral CVLM to RVLM GABAergic pathway explains residual responses to CV

298 nt sympathoinhibitory influence from CVLM to RVLM is mediated by glycine receptors.

299 Photostimulation of ChR2-transfected RVLM neurons (473 nm, 20 Hz, 10 ms, 9 mW) increased BP (

300 opic evidence that the axons of rostral VLM (RVLM) catecholaminergic neurons contact locus coeruleus,