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1 S. flexneri actin-based motility has been characterized
2 S. flexneri also increases the expression of HIE proinfl
3 S. flexneri dissemination in HT-29 cells led to the loca
4 S. flexneri mutants that contain a disruption in the cyd
5 S. flexneri secretes effector proteins into the eukaryot
6 S. flexneri skp and surA mutants failed to form plaques
7 S. flexneri strains containing deletion mutations in the
8 S. flexneri uses a type III secretion system to inject e
9 S. flexneri-infected cells were used as a control.
14 h O antigens from S. sonnei, S. flexneri 2a, S. flexneri 3a, and S. flexneri 6 can provide broad dire
15 4% of S. flexneri, including S. flexneri 2a, S. flexneri 6, S. flexneri 3a, S. flexneri 2b, and S. fl
18 report represents the first description of a S. flexneri gene identified based on enhanced expression
19 Addition of this pstA(R220Q) mutation to a S. flexneri pst mutant, as part of the pst operon, resto
23 linked immunosorbent assay responses against S. flexneri 2a lipopolysaccharide in two-thirds of the v
24 2-hybridizing sequences were detected in all S. flexneri strains tested and parts of the island were
29 ecific CD8(+) T-cell response, we created an S. flexneri strain that constitutively secretes a viral
33 sonnei, S. flexneri 2a, S. flexneri 3a, and S. flexneri 6 can provide broad direct coverage against
35 contribute to immune evasion of E. coli and S. flexneri, favoring invasiveness and increasing the se
36 eltaguaB-A DeltavirG Deltaset1 Deltasen) and S. flexneri 3a strain CVD 1211 (DeltaguaB-A DeltavirG De
37 situ structures of the Y. enterocolitica and S. flexneri injectisomes had similar dimensions and were
39 ithelial cell cytoplasm (intracellular), and S. flexneri that were cultured with, but did not invade,
40 roys these cells, while L. monocytogenes and S. flexneri appear to be internalized into M cells in a
42 und that S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and S. flexneri activate different subtypes of phospholipase
44 and that S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and S. flexneri share certain elements in the mechanism(s) t
45 although S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and S. flexneri utilize different mechanisms for triggering
46 hat both S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and S. flexneri were located in intracellular niches in ES c
50 SC602 is the first example of an attenuated S. flexneri 2a candidate vaccine that provides protectio
51 ortantly, mice prevaccinated with attenuated S. flexneri 2a (SC602) strain were protected against int
54 is shown here that clinical isolates of both S. flexneri and Shigella sonnei invade epithelial cells
55 ection of epithelial cells from apoptosis by S. flexneri is regulated by one or more of the bacterial
56 colonic mucosa O(2) is actively depleted by S. flexneri aerobic respiration-and not host neutrophils
57 efficient T3SS translocation of effectors by S. flexneri and other pathogens that use T3SS, Salmonell
58 tes was Shigella sonnei (54.4%), followed by S. flexneri (39.2%), S. boydii (4.1%), and S. dysenteria
63 l hemagglutinin-tagged spa15 was secreted by S. flexneri within 2 h in the Congo red secretion assay,
70 e dependence on the activation of Dia during S. flexneri infection contrasts with the inhibition of t
71 We demonstrate that activation of PKC during S. flexneri infection is attenuated in the absence of PD
72 pecific CD8(+) T cells are not primed during S. flexneri infection and, as a result, afford little pr
75 ion with three distinct growth environments: S. flexneri growing in broth (in vitro), S. flexneri gro
76 eiving single doses of >/=10(4) CFU excreted S. flexneri 2a, and this colonization induced significan
79 e Gram-negative bacterium Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri) as a first step of bacteriophage infection.
81 We demonstrate that NO is produced following S. flexneri infection both in mice and in activated cell
84 d at the bacterial pole that is required for S. flexneri actin-based motility during intracellular in
86 e iron transport gene, sitA, in a screen for S. flexneri genes that are induced in the eukaryotic int
88 d within the N-terminal regions of IpaB from S. flexneri and SipB from Salmonella enterica serovar Ty
89 DNA fragment containing the imp operon from S. flexneri SA100 pVP was 96% identical to the imp opero
93 The activation of apoptosis by BLP shed from S. flexneri is discussed as a novel aspect of the intera
98 icroarray analysis was performed to identify S. flexneri genes differentially regulated by the NtrBC
103 Characterization of the sitABCD genes in S. flexneri indicates that they encode a ferrous iron tr
104 tant in defining the precise role of IpaC in S. flexneri pathogenesis and in exploring the potential
105 and Salmonella, on a pathogenicity island in S. flexneri and S. sonnei and in a different chromosomal
108 of deletion mutations in the guaBA operon in S. flexneri 2a vaccine strains in clinical studies, we d
111 nalyses identified genes that are present in S. flexneri isolates but not in the three other Shigella
112 PIK3C2A-mediated PtdIns(3)P production in S. flexneri protrusions was regulated by host cell tyros
113 portant bile salt transcriptional profile in S. flexneri 2457T, including induced drug resistance and
115 ously uncharacterized for potential roles in S. flexneri growth within the eukaryotic intracellular e
118 on of the Vps/VacJ ABC transporter system in S. flexneri in both the maintenance of lipid asymmetry i
119 es comprised 89.4% of S. flexneri, including S. flexneri 2a, S. flexneri 6, S. flexneri 3a, S. flexne
123 h of these pathways is used by intracellular S. flexneri, mutants were constructed and tested in a pl
125 infection of human colonic tissue, invasive S. flexneri interacts with and occasionally invades B ly
128 s in vitro and that while it is able to kill S. flexneri in a cell-free system, it is not required fo
131 After S. flexneri invades HIE monolayers, S. flexneri replicates within HIE cells and forms actin
132 ession profiles of wild type and dksA mutant S. flexneri determined that hfq expression was reduced i
134 igella flexneri 2a vaccine comprising native S. flexneri 2a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) complexed to men
136 We conclude that neither D. radiodurans nor S. flexneri RecA is functional in the other species, nor
137 ve serotypes/subserotypes comprised 89.4% of S. flexneri, including S. flexneri 2a, S. flexneri 6, S.
139 EF-P or PoxA leads to an impaired ability of S. flexneri to invade epithelial cells and form plaques
140 DegP is a protease, the protease activity of S. flexneri DegP was not required for IcsA localization
142 Specific parameters included the analysis of S. flexneri positions relative to the epithelial surface
144 ime points, there was a clear association of S. flexneri with crypts, key morphological features of t
145 ies prevalence was not static, with cases of S. flexneri infection in men decreasing between 2015 and
146 f the Enterobacteriaceae Characterization of S. flexneri 2457T biofilms determined that both bile sal
148 system, it is not required for clearance of S. flexneri in either infected mice or in activated cell
150 l dissemination as a critical determinant of S. flexneri pathogenesis and provides a unique small-ani
152 Throughout the study period, diagnoses of S. flexneri and S. sonnei infections were most common in
153 tion, but are required for stable docking of S. flexneri to cells; moreover, stable docking triggers
156 the S. flexneri serotypes tested (except of S. flexneri serotype 6) as assessed by enzyme-linked imm
157 These results indicate that exposure of S. flexneri to conditions favoring induction of the viru
159 ue samples further confirmed the location of S. flexneri within colonocytes at the mouth of crypts.
162 , severely inhibited actin-based motility of S. flexneri (no motility observed in the majority of exp
163 completely inhibited actin-based motility of S. flexneri while only moderately inhibiting motility of
164 rain pWR700, an ipaH(7.8) deletion mutant of S. flexneri 2a strain 2457T, behaved like the wild-type
165 helial cells with an ospZ deletion mutant of S. flexneri resulted in reduced PMN transepithelial migr
168 invasion plasmid antigen B (ipaB) mutant of S. flexneri, hemolysin (hly) and positive-regulatory fac
169 store invasiveness to an ipaC null mutant of S. flexneri, the N-terminus is essential, because IpaC m
171 at rough lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mutants of S. flexneri 2a are avirulent and cannot form plaques in
173 ted through genes on the invasion plasmid of S. flexneri M90T, since BS176, cured of plasmid, behaves
174 ive information regarding the progression of S. flexneri infection in an unbiased and exhaustive mann
177 ability to form fireworks, the rfb region of S. flexneri 2a was replaced with the rfb region from Esc
179 3766-3770, 2011) for molecular serotyping of S. flexneri This study was performed by seven internatio
180 more, MD) for confirmation and serotyping of S. flexneri; one-third of isolates were sent to the Cent
181 report that OspB can be added to the set of S. flexneri T3SS effectors required to modulate the inna
183 for efficient entry and cell-cell spread of S. flexneri, whereas the lower affinity VBS appears to c
186 eworks formation, we constructed a strain of S. flexneri (BS497) that contains a mutation in rfc, enc
187 ized genes, such as an ipaB mutant strain of S. flexneri and an hly mutant strain of L. monocytogenes
189 hylogenetic relationships between strains of S. flexneri WGS data provided both genome-derived seroty
190 . sonnei plasmid is less stable than that of S. flexneri, especially at environmental temperatures.
191 een when vciB was expressed in an E. coli or S. flexneri strain defective for the ferrous iron transp
194 nsistent with a reduced endotoxic potential, S. flexneri 2a msbB mutants were attenuated in an acute
196 nses to intranasally administered proteosome-S. flexneri 2a LPS vaccine is similar to those reported
197 dentical activity was identified in purified S. flexneri endotoxin, defined here as a mixture of lipo
199 the use of this molecular method to serotype S. flexneri and showed several advantages over the tradi
200 s to evaluate a real-time PCR for serotyping S. flexneri and to use whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to
202 lent vaccine with O antigens from S. sonnei, S. flexneri 2a, S. flexneri 3a, and S. flexneri 6 can pr
203 embers of each of the four Shigella species: S. flexneri, S. sonnei, S. boydii, and S. dysenteriae.
204 During growth at 37 degrees C, spontaneous S. flexneri mutants arise which have undergone virulence
205 A novel bioluminescent S. flexneri strain (S. flexneri lux1) was generated, which can be used in a
206 ositions relative to the epithelial surface, S. flexneri density within the tissue, and volume of tis
212 unity is initiated, we provide evidence that S. flexneri, via its type III secretion system, impairs
214 in vivo models of shigellosis, we found that S. flexneri induces the expression of indoleamine 2,3-di
217 ducted in various cell lines, we showed that S. flexneri relies on neural Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome pr
218 icited and is short-lasting, suggesting that S. flexneri interferes with the priming of specific immu
219 n response to infection, which suggests that S. flexneri infection not only triggers the production o
225 l antibodies that cross-reacted with all the S. flexneri serotypes tested (except of S. flexneri sero
230 A mutation in phoB was constructed in the S. flexneri pst mutant, and the phoB mutation suppressed
231 carbon metabolism may be key factors in the S. flexneri transition from the extra- to the intracellu
232 environment, we constructed mutations in the S. flexneri uhpT and pstS genes by allelic exchange.
233 that mxiM, part of the mxi-spa locus in the S. flexneri virulence plasmid, encodes an indispensable
234 radioactive iron by the Feo system into the S. flexneri iron transport mutant was stimulated by the
236 reened a library containing fragments of the S. flexneri chromosome fused to a promoterless green flu
238 rate that the acid sensitivity defect of the S. flexneri fur mutant is due to repression of ydeP by R
240 This suggested that the inability of the S. flexneri pst mutant to form wild-type plaques in Henl
244 tants was due to decreased expression of the S. flexneri virulence factor regulators virF and virB, r
245 ng either E. coli or V. cholerae Feo, or the S. flexneri ferrous iron transport system Sit, restored
250 aC that restores partial invasiveness to the S. flexneri ipaC null mutant also restores full contact-
255 sit genes provide a competitive advantage to S. flexneri growing within epithelial cells, and a sitA
256 bronchopulmonary model, adaptive immunity to S. flexneri 2a is an antibody-mediated, B-lymphocyte-dep
257 fail to play a role in adaptive immunity to S. flexneri, we investigated whether antigen-specific CD
259 an important function of GBP recruitment to S. flexneri is to prevent the spread of infection to nei
260 A antibody-secreting cell (ASC) response to S. flexneri 2a O-specific lipopolysaccharide was seen, w
261 ivity was significantly lower in response to S. flexneri 2a than E. coli LPS and further decreased in
263 lower (approximately 20-90%) in response to S. flexneri than to E. coli LPS/lipid A and PBMC from po
267 work, we report the multiple effects of two S. flexneri effectors, IpaJ and VirA, which target small
269 oral vaccine strain prepared from wild-type S. flexneri 2a by rational use of recombinant DNA techno
270 protected against a challenge with wild-type S. flexneri 2a in a keratoconjunctivitis Sereny test.
274 found to: (i) enhance the entry of wild-type S. flexneri and S. typhimurium into cultured cells; (ii)
275 aller plaques than those formed by wild-type S. flexneri in confluent monolayers of Henle and Caco-2
276 er challenged (Sereny test) with a wild-type S. flexneri serotype 1a, 1b, 2b, 4b, 5b, Y, or 6 strain
282 omplementation analyses were conducted using S. flexneri SF621 and S. typhimurium SB220, neither of w
285 paD failed to enhance the uptake of virulent S. flexneri and did not facilitate uptake of BS103.
286 udy, intraperitoneal challenge with virulent S. flexneri 2a (YSH6000) resulted in diarrhea and severe
287 that intraperitoneal challenge with virulent S. flexneri 2a can provoke bacillary dysentery and sever
289 ts: S. flexneri growing in broth (in vitro), S. flexneri growing within epithelial cell cytoplasm (in
290 neri or S. boydii by the kmer ID, and 8 were S. flexneri isolates misidentified by TB&S as S. boydii
291 ttenuated strains used in these studies were S. flexneri 2a strain CVD 1207 (DeltaguaB-A DeltavirG De
292 at had a higher level of gfp expression when S. flexneri was intracellular (in Henle cells) than when
293 was intracellular (in Henle cells) than when S. flexneri was extracellular (in Luria-Bertani broth) w
294 ch IpaA subverts vinculin's functions, where S. flexneri utilizes a remarkable level of molecular mim
295 ignificant protection against challenge with S. flexneri serotypes 1b, 2b, 5b, and Y but not with ser
296 d to investigate if HeLa cells infected with S. flexneri are able to resist the induction of apoptosi
297 ilar to humans, infant rabbits infected with S. flexneri experience severe inflammation, massive ulce
298 munofluorescence of HeLa cells infected with S. flexneri expressing OspF-2HA or OspC1-2HA revealed th
299 lial migration in response to infection with S. flexneri was dependent on 12/15-LOX activity, the enz