ライフサイエンスコーパス: T. pallidum

1 T. pallidum also activated THP-1 cells in a CD14-depende

2 T. pallidum cells appeared to form flat waves, did not c

3 T. pallidum DNA in blood and rRNA in CSF were detected b

4 T. pallidum DNA levels in plasma and whole blood were ap

5 T. pallidum DNA was detected in plasma within 24 h posti

6 T. pallidum has long been regarded as a stealth pathogen

7 T. pallidum has remained exquisitely sensitive to penici

8 T. pallidum PCR assays for the tpp47 gene were performed

9 T. pallidum was detected in ulcer specimens from every c

10 T. pallidum-infected rabbits mount a vigorous antibody r

11 of 68 T. pallidum Ab-positive and 100 of 102 T. pallidum Ab-negative samples, and the HCV assay corre

12 sing this minimal set of clones, at least 12 T. pallidum proteins were shown to react with pooled ser

13 reponema pallidum: tprD2 is found in 7 of 12 T. pallidum subsp. pallidum isolates and 7 of 8 non-pall

14 We determined the identity of 148 T. pallidum protein spots, representing 88 T. pallidum p

15 , China, Ireland, and Madagascar and from 15 T. pallidum isolates.

16 Of 201 T. pallidum-positive specimens, 161 were typeable, revea

17 rediction of signal sequences identified 248 T. pallidum proteins that are potentially secreted from

18 syphilis assay correctly identifies 67 of 68 T. pallidum Ab-positive and 100 of 102 T. pallidum Ab-ne

19 8 T. pallidum protein spots, representing 88 T. pallidum polypeptides; 63 of these polypeptides had n

20 This target was determined to be a T. pallidum lipid.

21 Here we describe a T. pallidum outer membrane protein (TP0453) that, in con

22 rase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a T. pallidum DNA polymerase I gene.

23 and differential immunologic screening of a T. pallidum genomic library.

24 This finding, the first description of a T. pallidum iron-binding protein, indicates that the syp

25 This is the first characterization of a T. pallidum transcriptional modulator that influences tp

26 eI footprinting assay, recombinant TP0262, a T. pallidum CRP homologue, was shown to bind specificall

27 eacted with monoclonal antibody H9-2 against T. pallidum, and cultivable PROS had 16S rRNA gene seque

28 ssay for the detection of antibodies against T. pallidum The performance of this assay was investigat

29 usion in a universal subunit vaccine against T. pallidum infection.

30 In all T. pallidum isolates examined to date, except the Nichol

31 showed that Tp0126 is fully conserved among T. pallidum strains and that transcription of tp0126 is

32 vidence that TP0126 is fully conserved among T. pallidum subspecies and strains, these data suggest a

33 Recently, important differences among T. pallidum strains emerged; therefore, we sequenced and

34 ame was shown to be highly polymorphic among T. pallidum subspecies and strains at the nucleotide and

35 HSV-2 and T. pallidum were detected by serum antibody testing.

36 at the swimming speeds of B. burgdorferi and T. pallidum decrease with increases in viscosity of the

37 ial peptides derived from B. burgdorferi and T. pallidum.

38 action amplification of the tp0574 gene, and T. pallidum was detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by

39 positive for HSV, 1 (2.3%) for both HSV and T. pallidum, and none for H. ducreyi or T. pallidum alon

40 . pallidum, T. pallidum subsp. pertenue, and T. pallidum subsp. endemicum), Treponema paraluiscunicul

41 -2 was recovered from 28 (57%) specimens and T. pallidum from none; one woman showed serologic eviden

42 residues inhibited attachment of Tp0751 and T. pallidum to laminin.

43 of CfpA from T. denticola, T. vincentii, and T. pallidum subsp. pertenue.

44 and Treponema pallidum-specific tests (anti-T. pallidum antibodies).

45 ins, seven had previously been identified as T. pallidum antigens, and the remaining five represent n

46 Because T. pallidum does not possess other enzymes for ROS detox

47 Blood T. pallidum concentrations were determined by real-time

48 the highest opsonic activity had lower blood T. pallidum concentrations.

49 In participants in whom blood T. pallidum was detectable, those with the highest opson

50 Both T. pallidum and a synthetic lipopeptide (corresponding t

51 gene and because all other pts genes in both T. pallidum and T. denticola are actively expressed, the

52 None were amplified by T. pallidum-specific PCR.

53 mune-response evasion mechanisms employed by T. pallidum are poorly understood, and prior attempts to

54 , to a certain degree, from those induced by T. pallidum subsp. pallidum Nichols strain.

55 to glucose-mediated chemotactic responses by T. pallidum.

56 upport the contention that DCs stimulated by T. pallidum and/or its proinflammatory membrane lipoprot

57 Different genes have been targeted by T. pallidum-specific NAATs, with the majority of studies

58 d to both venereal syphilis and yaws-causing T. pallidum subspecies were already present in Northern

59 ers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) T. pallidum subtyping method.

60 direct, Food and Drug Administration-cleared T. pallidum NAATs should be considered an immediate prio

61 of 154 lesion samples were found to contain T. pallidum, 23 of which had typeable DNA.

62 ted syphilis was defined as undetectable CSF T. pallidum, CSF WBCs </=5/uL and nonreactive CSF-VDRL.

63 testing of the cerebrospinal fluid to detect T. pallidum infection of the central nervous system in i

64 yphilis, the Elecsys Syphilis assay detected T. pallidum antibodies for 3 patients for whom antibodie

65 bination events between members of different T. pallidum subgroups.

66 Rabbits were infected with three different T. pallidum clones or the parent strain from which the c

67 strategy has unveiled a scenario of discreet T. pallidum interstrain single-nucleotide-polymorphism-b

68 are able to cause or contribute to disease, T. pallidum differs in that it is able to rapidly dissem

69 paraluiscuniculi, as well as distinguishing T. pallidum subsp. pallidum from the causes of human non

70 e found that in this population, H. ducreyi, T. pallidum, and herpes simplex virus HSV DNA were detec

71 host-pathogen interactions that occur during T. pallidum infection.

72 ll as the tprK expression sites, among eight T. pallidum subsp. pallidum isolates (Nichols Gen, Nicho

73 ays, and flow cytometry revealed that either T. pallidum, a representative treponemal lipoprotein, or

74 We describe an enhanced T. pallidum strain typing system that shows biological a

75 ed from murine skin, was utilized to examine T. pallidum-DC interactions and subsequent DC activation

76 of RNA isolated from rabbit tissue-extracted T. pallidum additionally showed that tp0319 is transcrip

77 In addition to being bona fide T. pallidum rare outer membrane proteins, TprC/D and Tpr

78 Consistent with these findings, T. pallidum, lipoprotein, and synthetic lipopeptide all

79 test MHA-TP (microhemagglutination assay for T. pallidum).

80 h test?" and "What options are available for T. pallidum molecular epidemiology?" To answer these que

81 ive to PCR testing (area under the curve for T. pallidum/H. ducreyi was 0.92/0.85, respectively).

82 tivity using silver stain histopathology for T. pallidum was generally low (0%-41%), higher performan

83 erformance characteristics were observed for T. pallidum-specific IHC (49-92%).

84 A total of 129 specimens PCR positive for T. pallidum that were obtained from an azithromycin resi

85 with Tp38 serving as a glucose receptor for T. pallidum.

86 esults suggest that negative PCR results for T. pallidum from patients diagnosed with T. pallidum inv

87 l, if not sole, carbon and energy source for T. pallidum and is readily available to the spirochete d

88 is protein is a potential opsonic target for T. pallidum prompted a more detailed investigation of it

89 teristics for each direct detection test for T. pallidum and what are the optimal specimen types for

90 previously reported multiplex-PCR test (for T. pallidum, Haemophilus ducreyi, and herpes simplex vir

91 35 individuals with syphilis were tested for T. pallidum-specific opsonic activity.

92 were collected for real-time PCR testing for T. pallidum subsp pertenue and H. ducreyi.

93 encoding the putative TRAP-T components from T. pallidum, tp0957 (the SBP), and tp0958 (the symporter

94 and thus allows genetic differentiation from T. pallidum subsp. pallidum strains.

95 Lipid extracted from T. pallidum and made into liposomes bound M131.

96 ynebacterium diphtheriae was identified from T. pallidum.

97 rotein was present in the aqueous phase from T. pallidum cells that were solubilized with Triton X-11

98 n pathogens to directly capture whole-genome T. pallidum data in the context of human infection.

99 gen, suggesting a role for TP0092 in helping T. pallidum respond to harmful stimuli in the host envir

100 pTS1 and the expression of the heterologous T. pallidum flaA gene from the plasmid in T. denticola.

101 Impaired T. pallidum-specific immune responses could contribute t

102 ts an extended inflexible structure, and, in T. pallidum, is tightly bound to the protoplasmic cylind

103 hway is the principal way to generate ATP in T. pallidum and Gpm is a key enzyme in this pathway, Mn

104 rophoresis revealed a modular Bam complex in T. pallidum larger than that of Escherichia coli.

105 native TprC and TprI are surface-exposed in T. pallidum, whereas their MOSP(N)-like domains are teth

106 transporters are simultaneously expressed in T. pallidum and that TroA is expressed at much greater l

107 Neelaredoxin was shown to be expressed in T. pallidum by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain re

108 ry system for controlling gene expression in T. pallidum in response to Mn(2+).

109 outer membrane must differ fundamentally in T. pallidum and gram-negative bacteria.

110 Because the Enzyme I-encoding gene in T. pallidum is an inactive pseudogene and because all ot

111 34's likely role in metal ion homeostasis in T. pallidum.

112 opsonic antibody and protective immunity in T. pallidum subspecies pallidum using two different appr

113 iously believed to be exclusively located in T. pallidum periplasm.

114 t that antigenic variation of TprK occurs in T. pallidum and may be important in immune evasion and p

115 TP0326, the sole protein in T. pallidum with sequence homology to a Gram-negative OM

116 ity, suggesting a role for these proteins in T. pallidum dissemination and tissue invasion.

117 ions associated with macrolide resistance in T. pallidum.

118 onfirmed that GlpQ is entirely subsurface in T. pallidum.

119 of an ABC-type polyamine transport system in T. pallidum.

120 smic methionine uptake transporter system in T. pallidum.

121 We found that in T. pallidum, TprC is heat modifiable, trimeric, expresse

122 ious investigations on the role of Tp0126 in T. pallidum biology and syphilis pathogenesis showed tha

123 data suggest an important role for TP0126 in T. pallidum biology and syphilis pathogenesis.

124 lian host-associated Treponema that includes T. pallidum, this pathway is found in neither bacteria n

125 at the humoral immune response to individual T. pallidum proteins develops at different rates during

126 igen to subsequent challenge with infectious T. pallidum in the rabbit model of infection was assesse

127 tly challenged intradermally with infectious T. pallidum.

128 was expressed in freshly extracted infective T. pallidum.

129 Instead, T. pallidum may use manganese-dependent enzymes for meta

130 syphilis correlates with antibody that kills T. pallidum and aggregates TROMPs, suggesting that TROMP

131 um lysates but were poorly activated by live T. pallidum.

132 bility to culture and genetically manipulate T. pallidum.

133 2-binding sites and corresponding to as many T. pallidum genes, were identified.

134 postchallenge), real-time PCR showed a mean T. pallidum DNA copy number per mug of rabbit DNA in the

135 3 are fibronectin-binding proteins mediating T. pallidum-host interactions.

136 Moreover, cell activation by motile T. pallidum was considerably less than that induced by t

137 to OMV and to the surfaces of intact motile T. pallidum cells but also bound to organisms whose oute

138 There are particularly neuroinvasive T. pallidum strains, and the clinical phenotype of infec

139 b NRS group of 7.65 x 10(3) copies, while no T. pallidum DNA could be detected in the M131 group.

140 me which is consistently observed in the non-T. pallidum subsp. pallidum strains.

141 burgdorferi by host cells and the ability of T. pallidum to avoid detection and uptake by virtue of i

142 individuals, contributing to the ability of T. pallidum to establish chronic infection.

143 gment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of T. pallidum repeat (tpr) subfamily II genes, (3) RFLP an

144 iption polymerase chain reaction analysis of T. pallidum reveals that Tpr K is preferentially transcr

145 ve previously shown that the TprK antigen of T. pallidum, Nichols strain, is predominantly expressed

146 fection and may be involved in attachment of T. pallidum to host tissues.

147 -specific antibodies inhibited attachment of T. pallidum to laminin.

148 oferrin may relate overall to the biology of T. pallidum infection in humans is discussed.

149 indings highlight the remarkable capacity of T. pallidum to disseminate from the site of infection to

150 fore may play a key role in the clearance of T. pallidum from lesions.

151 ethod has been developed to derive clones of T. pallidum that express a single, unique tprK sequence.

152 Adjusted odds (aOR) of detection of T. pallidum DNA in blood or rRNA in CSF at the index epi

153 Adjusted ORs (aORs) of detection of T. pallidum DNA in blood or rRNA in CSF at the index epi

154 aboratory test (CSF-VDRL), (ii) detection of T. pallidum in CSF by reverse transcriptase PCR, or (iii

155 ip between opsonic activity and detection of T. pallidum in CSF or CSF-VDRL reactivity.

156 at there may be a secondary dissemination of T. pallidum which induces a recall response.

157 The product of the tp0971 gene of T. pallidum, designated Tp34, is a periplasmic lipoprote

158 Three groups of T. pallidum-infected rabbits were treated curatively wit

159 nd the 47-kDa major lipoprotein immunogen of T. pallidum to clarify the contribution of CD14 to monoc

160 furthers our knowledge of the interaction of T. pallidum with laminin, an association that is propose

161 pe strain, all rabbit-propagated isolates of T. pallidum examined thus far are comprised of mixed pop

162 bers during infection with three isolates of T. pallidum.

163 toplasmic membrane-associated lipoprotein of T. pallidum formerly designated as TmpC.

164 ted on the outer surface (outer membrane) of T. pallidum but, rather, is periplasmic.

165 ion collection mass spectrometry (LC-MS+) of T. pallidum lipid showed that the target of M131 was pho

166 Given the non-cultivatable nature of T. pallidum, a structure-to-function approach was pursue

167 ategy apparently alleviates the necessity of T. pallidum to acquire iron from the host, thus overcomi

168 7 and 20 days, respectively), the numbers of T. pallidum DNA copies were still 5- and 30-fold less, r

169 mages also provided the first observation of T. pallidum chemoreceptor arrays, as well as structural

170 reactivity against a representative panel of T. pallidum antigens.

171 , and (c) Triton X-114 phase partitioning of T. pallidum conclusively demonstrated that native TprK i

172 itro similar to poor ex vivo phagocytosis of T. pallidum by host macrophages reported previously.

173 92 promotes opsonization and phagocytosis of T. pallidum by rabbit macrophages, and anti-Tp92 reactiv

174 on samples were screened for the presence of T. pallidum DNA using PCR for polA, which represents a s

175 modeling indicated that the MotB proteins of T. pallidum, Treponema denticola, and Borrelia burgdorfe

176 In this study, we analyzed the proteome of T. pallidum by the isoelectric focusing (IEF) and nonequ

177 ntributing factor to the heat sensitivity of T. pallidum.

178 Here we use direct sequencing of T. pallidum combined with phylogenomic analyses to show

179 a clonal isolate from the Chicago strain of T. pallidum and confirmed V region diversification durin

180 imental infection with the Chicago strain of T. pallidum.

181 ntially transcribed in the Nichols strain of T. pallidum.

182 against infection with the Nichols strain of T. pallidum.

183 ection and suggested that various strains of T. pallidum might differentially express these genes.

184 ession of certain tpr genes among strains of T. pallidum, and further studies are needed to explore t

185 cript levels among four different strains of T. pallidum.

186 ith 1 x 108 organisms from 1 of 6 strains of T. pallidum.

187 binding protein to the parasitic strategy of T. pallidum are discussed.

188 ation demonstrates that multiple subtypes of T. pallidum can be found in an area with high syphilis m

189 ntigen that may be present on the surface of T. pallidum and may represent a potential vaccine candid

190 ne nucleosides essential for the survival of T. pallidum within its obligate human host, but to our k

191 against specific TprK epitopes expressed on T. pallidum, resulting in immune selection of new TprK v

192 isolates (Gauthier, CDC2, and Samoa D), one T. pallidum subsp. endemicum isolate (Iraq B), the uncla

193 pallidum isolates, and tprD3 is found in one T. pallidum subsp. pertenue isolate.

194 binant variable domain of Tpr K can opsonize T. pallidum, Nichols strain, for phagocytosis, supportin

195 showed that postimmunization sera opsonized T. pallidum Despite such promising results, no significa

196 and T. pallidum, and none for H. ducreyi or T. pallidum alone; 6 (15.8%) were negative for all 3 pat

197 ine production than did borrelial lysates or T. pallidum, and only B. burgdorferi elicited gamma inte

198 that we also previously described for other T. pallidum genes encoding putative OMPs/virulence facto

199 Overall, T. pallidum was identified, by reverse-transcriptase pol

200 ble from Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum (T. pallidum), the human syphilis treponeme, and induces

201 e of Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum (T. pallidum) is heterogeneous within and among isolates.

202 In Treponema pallidum (T. pallidum), the causative agent of syphilis, the TprK

203 , as opposed to T. pallidum subsp. pallidum, T. pallidum subsp. pertenue does not cross the placenta.

204 dum subspecies (T. pallidum subsp. pallidum, T. pallidum subsp. pertenue, and T. pallidum subsp. ende

205 s in immune evasion of the obligate pathogen T. pallidum during infection.

206 hese regions reacted with various pathogenic T. pallidum subspecies but did not react with nonpathoge

207 Altogether, 13 predicted T. pallidum ORFs (1.25% of the total) were incomplete or

208 ing 1026 of the total 1040 (98.7%) predicted T. pallidum ORFs.

209 groups of candidate rare OMPs, the predicted T. pallidum outer membrane proteome (OMPeome), which we

210 ochetes, we used real-time PCR to quantitate T. pallidum genomic DNA copy numbers in lesion biopsies

211 In five rabbits, T. pallidum DNA levels were measured sequentially in ser

212 c, and antioxidant properties of recombinant T. pallidum neelaredoxin.

213 We studied a group of six recombinant T. pallidum antigens for their sensitivities and specifi

214 Thus, the recombinant T. pallidum antigens Tp0453, Tp92, and Gpd show promise

215 newly described allelic profiles represents T. pallidum strains that arose by recombination events b

216 we found no potential tetracycline-resistant T. pallidum mutations.

217 Serum T. pallidum-specific opsonic activity is significantly l

218 In the presence of human syphilitic serum, T. pallidum was efficiently internalized and initiated r

219 ective immunity, is heterogeneous in several T. pallidum strains, but not in Nichols strain Seattle.

220 subsp. pallidum (referred to here as simply T. pallidum) has been limited to date, and yet the expre

221 Antibody HC23 reacted with six T. pallidum proteins, including a 45-kDa protein that ma

222 h T. pallidum, indicating that at least some T. pallidum genes are transcribed and expressed in E. co

223 Sonicated T. pallidum was found to induce the expression of interl

224 % to 66%) was H. ducreyi (23% of specimens), T. pallidum subsp pertenue (16%), Streptococcus dysgalac

225 partially protected rabbits from subsequent T. pallidum challenge.

226 ugh the three Treponema pallidum subspecies (T. pallidum subsp. pallidum, T. pallidum subsp. pertenue

227 During secondary syphilis, T. pallidum simultaneously elicits local and systemic in

228 We hypothesized that T. pallidum Nichols is capable of only limited tprK dive

229 These combined results imply that T. pallidum and its constituent lipoproteins likely indu

230 Collectively, our findings indicate that T. pallidum procures transition metals via the concerted

231 CET revealed that T. pallidum cell ends have a complex morphology and assu

232 Bioinformatic analysis revealed that T. pallidum encodes an additional C9 transporter (tp0034

233 Enzymatic studies revealed that T. pallidum neelaredoxin is able to catalyze a redox equ

234 Electron microscopy revealed that T. pallidum was engulfed by DCs via both coiling and con

235 nalysis confirmed prior results showing that T. pallidum glycolipids are not immunoreactive, and (iii

236 advance for syphilis research, suggests that T. pallidum has appropriated a paradigmatic global regul

237 The T. pallidum genome sequence has revealed a few open read

238 The T. pallidum genome sequence reported the presence of a s

239 The T. pallidum Nichols genome described a single tprK seque

240 tify candidate laminin-binding adhesins, the T. pallidum genome was analyzed to predict open reading

241 the A2058G or the A2059G mutation among the T. pallidum strains were 35.6, 51.2, and 13.2%, respecti

242 the small number of proteins encoded by the T. pallidum genome with sequence similarity to well-char

243 ion of the tpp15 gene, can differentiate the T. pallidum subspecies, as well as a simian treponeme.

244 We previously identified the T. pallidum 47-kDa lipoprotein (Tp47) as a penicillin-bi

245 s conducted in our laboratory identified the T. pallidum glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase as a

246 mbrane nutrient-specific transporters in the T. pallidum genome predicts that nutrient transport acro

247 treponemal antibody-abs (92.4%) but not the T. pallidum hemagglutination assay (97.1%).

248 A single 15.6-kb region of the T. pallidum chromosome was missing in the BAC library, b

249 ese results demonstrate the potential of the T. pallidum clone set for antigen discovery and, more ge

250 Analysis of the T. pallidum genome indicates that the syphilis spirochet

251 The molecular masses of all of the T. pallidum lipoproteins and BSA were within 0.7% of the

252 TP0117/TP0131 (TprC/D), a member of the T. pallidum repeat (Tpr) family, was a highly ranked can

253 of tprE, tprG and tprJ, three members of the T. pallidum repeat (tpr) gene family (subfamily II).

254 None of the T. pallidum strains examined had both point mutations.

255 This characterization of the T. pallidum transcriptome during experimental infection

256 physical demonstration of an antigen on the T. pallidum surface and indication that such a surface a

257 To address this hypothesis, we passaged the T. pallidum Nichols strain in naive rabbits at the peak

258 By 30 days postchallenge, the T. pallidum DNA copy numbers were similar in all three g

259 Previously, the T. pallidum proteins, Tp0750 and Tp0751 (also called pal

260 outer membrane protein which may render the T. pallidum outer membrane permeable to nutrients while

261 as a whole, these studies indicate that the T. pallidum GlpQ ortholog is a periplasmic protein assoc

262 deficiencies explicit, and suggest that the T. pallidum network topology is inconsistent with evolut

263 ator sequence demonstrated similarity to the T. pallidum TroR (TroR(Tp)) binding sequence; however, t

264 Interestingly, unlike the T. pallidum orthologue, T. denticola TroR (TroR(Td)) pos

265 When the T. pallidum subsp. pallidum Nichols strain genome was in

266 on of the polypeptide is associated with the T. pallidum peptidoglycan sacculus.

267 than 87% of patients were infected with the T. pallidum SS14-like group and only 8.2% with T. pallid

268 engendered speculation that members of this T. pallidum repeat (Tpr) family may be similarly surface

269 To study this, T. pallidum gpm was cloned, Gpm was purified from Escher

270 Results show that three T. pallidum monoclonal antibodies (H9-1, H9-2, and F5) c

271 4, Dal-1, Street14, UW104, and UW126), three T. pallidum subsp. pertenue isolates (Gauthier, CDC2, an

272 Thus, T. pallidum has evolved an extraordinarily robust, broad

273 enously and invades a wide range of tissues, T. pallidum presumably must tolerate substantial oxidati

274 Extrapolated to T. pallidum, our model enables us to explain how individ

275 Moreover, as opposed to T. pallidum subsp. pallidum, T. pallidum subsp. pertenue

276 he genetic relatedness of cultivable PROS to T. pallidum and T. vincentii.

277 to address 2 main questions with respect to T. pallidum direct detection techniques: "What are the p

278 showing that the general T-cell response to T. pallidum antigens in syphilis infection is biased tow

279 that initiates the early immune response to T. pallidum thus far has not been identified.

280 ominance during the early immune response to T. pallidum.

281 ed reactive CIA specimens may represent true T. pallidum infection and may be found after seroreversi

282 (27%) of 15 blood specimens yielded typeable T. pallidum DNA.

283 We also discovered a previously unknown T. pallidum lineage recovered as a sister group to yaws-

284 Urethral T. pallidum shedding can occur before seroconversion.

285 timulatory capacity of B. burgdorferi versus T. pallidum appears to be explained by the successful re

286 Virulent T. pallidum, a representative native treponemal lipoprot

287 For visual T. pallidum antibody detection, the test sensitivity was

288 fore, glycolysis would not be abrogated when T. pallidum encounters high Zn2+ levels.

289 Finally, GlpQ was not radiolabeled when T. pallidum outer membranes were incubated with 3-(trifl

290 decode the major genetic mechanisms by which T. pallidum promotes immune evasion and survival, and de

291 was phagocytosed avidly by monocytes, while T. pallidum was not, suggesting that the enhanced respon

292 pallidum SS14-like group and only 8.2% with T. pallidum Nichols-like group.

293 for T. pallidum from patients diagnosed with T. pallidum invasion of the central nervous system are p

294 with pooled sera from rabbits immunized with T. pallidum, indicating that at least some T. pallidum g

295 Most infants with T. pallidum infection of the central nervous system can

296 ity by using sera from rabbits infected with T. pallidum.

297 laboratory manifestations of infection with T. pallidum.

298 ith T. vincentii and T. medium, but not with T. pallidum.

299 of immunoglobulin that reacted strongly with T. pallidum antigen.

300 tprK is highly variable within T. pallidum strains, and a method has been developed to