ライフサイエンスコーパス: VGLUT1

1 VGLUT1 and -2 were strongly expressed in the pontine nuc

2 VGLUT1 and synaptic vesicle 2 colocalized to photorecept

3 VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 were coexpressed in the LGN and in the

4 VGLUT1 colocalized with PKC to rod bipolar terminals and

5 VGLUT1 expression precedes ribbon synapses, which are fi

6 VGLUT1 is expressed by photoreceptor and bipolar cell te

7 VGLUT1 is highly expressed in the magnocellular ventral

8 VGLUT1 labeling occurred in IHCs but showed no clear coc

9 VGLUT1 labels glutamatergic synapses.

10 VGLUT1 localization (most abundant in LIII/LIV and media

11 VGLUT1 partially colocalized with CGRP in some large den

12 VGLUT1 synapses were rescued after attenuating the ventr

13 VGLUT1 terminals were significantly more numerous on SOL

14 VGLUT1 thus contains multiple sorting signals that engag

15 VGLUT1 was depleted from central terminals of transected

16 VGLUT1 was localized to all photoreceptor and bipolar ce

17 VGLUT1, the first identified vesicular glutamate transpo

18 VGLUT1-IR bouton density on Renshaw cells increased unti

19 VGLUT1-IR was first detected in cone photoreceptor termi

20 VGLUT1-specific expression may benefit specific experime

21 and using Vesicular GLUtamate Transporter 1 (VGLUT1) and the 65 kDa isoform of glutamic acid-decarbox

22 on of the vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1) following injection into the dorsal hippocampus

23 bodies to vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1), vesicular gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transp

24 letion of vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1).

25 ut not in vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1)/p38 IR.

26 matergic [vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1)] and GABA/glycinergic [vesicular GABA/glycine tr

27 bumin and vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1)] showed that most embryonic (embryonic day 18) R

28 increased vesicular glutamate transporter-1 (VGLUT1) immunoreactivity in a vesicle associated fractio

29 ular, the vesicular glutamate transporter-1 (VGLUT1) promoter supports expression in VGLUT1-containin

30 SV2), and vesicular glutamate transporter-1 (VGLUT1).

31 ontaining vesicular glutamate transporter-1 (VGLUT1)] on SOL motoneurons were studied immunohistochem

32 with vesicular glutamate transporter type 1 (VGLUT1) as presynaptic marker and the NR1 subunit of the

33 und in control motoneurons an average of 911 VGLUT1 synapses; ~62% of them were lost after injury.

34 Herpes Simplex Virus vector that contains a VGLUT1 promoter.

35 rneurons, consistent with their receipt of a VGLUT1 innervation.

36 SAVA microlesions did not affect VGLUT1(+) excitatory afferents.

37 h species distribution of antibodies against VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 on SB neurons (which have dominating i

38 Subpopulations of optic nerve glia are also VGLUT1(+) and cluster differentiation-44 (CD44)-positive

39 sicle proteins including synaptophysin 1 and VGLUT1 were increased when neurons were cocultured with

40 egion becomes infiltrated by CCR2 cells, and VGLUT1 synapses are lost in parallel.

41 controls, despite preservation of myelin and VGLUT1-positive excitatory axon terminals.

42 und in different populations of neurons, and VGLUT1 is the predominant VGLUT in the neocortex, hippoc

43 ssed in distinct populations of neurons, and VGLUT1 is the predominant VGLUT in the neocortex, hippoc

44 Thal phase and VGLUT1 did not distinguish the cognitive impairment and

45 d levels of synaptic markers spinophilin and VGLUT1.

46 A and glutamate (Glu) transporters (VGAT and VGLUT1, respectively), and preCGG hippocampal astrocytes

47 l neurons transiently coexpressed VGLUT2 and VGLUT1 at distinct synaptic sites with different short-t

48 hen glutamate is the main cytoplasmic anion, VGLUT1 functions as H(+)-glutamate exchanger, with a tra

49 e studied the distribution of five antigens: VGLUT1, VGLUT2, VGLUT3, the postsynaptic protein PSD-95,

50 3 function commences around the same time as VGLUT1-mediated glutamatergic transmission from bipolar

51 We isolated a small, basal VGLUT1 promoter that does not support glutamatergic-spec

52 he differences in release efficiency between VGLUT1- and VGLUT2-expressing neurons are due to VGLUT1'

53 ptidergic afferents was inconsistent between VGLUT1 antibodies and rather weak with light microscopy.

54 we quantified the degree of overlap between VGLUT1-3 and neuronal or astrocytic markers, both in an

55 Both BNPI/VGLUT1 and DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNAs were detected in the medull

56 ess the vesicular glutamate transporter BNPI/VGLUT1 or the closely related gene DNPI, the rat homolog

57 Both VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 specifically transport glutamate into

58 ne photoreceptors were found to express both VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 and some ganglion cells labeled for bo

59 urons expressed VGLUT2 protein and mRNA, but VGLUT1 mRNA was undetectable.

60 tors to second- and third-order neurons, but VGLUT1 is not necessary for intrinsic visual functions.

61 s (VGLUT1 and VGLUT2) and contacts formed by VGLUT1 terminals which in turn were contacted by GABAerg

62 e cells to Ia synaptic losses (identified by VGLUT1 content) on retrogradely labeled motoneurons.

63 Vs), excluding the largest pool that carries VGLUT1 and ZnT3 (34%).

64 In comparison, VGLUT1 and NPY immunoreactivities were not altered.

65 nsities in LII and lateral LV, complementing VGLUT1 distribution.

66 In contrast, VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 expression appeared earlier than VGLUT

67 In controls, VGLUT1 synapses were focused to proximal dendrites where

68 METH-induced increases in cortical VGLUT1 mRNA, as well as striatal VGLUT1 and GAPDH, are G

69 METH increases cortical VGLUT1 mRNA, striatal VGLUT1 protein in subcellular frac

70 In mature cultures, VGLUT1 and VIAAT exhibit bidirectional and opposite regu

71 Two weeks after unilateral deafening VGLUT1 is significantly decreased in ipsilateral VCN whi

72 ls as a group of large (2-5 mum in diameter) VGLUT1-positive excitatory presynaptic terminals in the

73 roximately 2-fold higher than that of either VGLUT1- or VGLUT3-PSD-95 pairs.

74 absence of its interaction with endophilin, VGLUT1 recycles more slowly during prolonged, high-frequ

75 ATM associates exclusively with excitatory (VGLUT1(+)) vesicles, while ATR associates only with inhi

76 However, the same cell populations exhibited VGLUT1-independent transmission early in life.

77 lar PVN, and that PVN -> NAc neurons express VGLUT1, a marker of glutamatergic signaling.

78 als and glutamatergic terminals that express VGLUT1- or VGLUT2-IR.

79 in-immunoreactive cells was found to express VGLUT1.

80 amygdalar neurons directed to pOFC expressed VGLUT1 found in modulatory pathways.

81 tage of presynaptic terminals that expressed VGLUT1 increased during synapse formation, as did expres

82 Here, we find that neurons expressing VGLUT1 have lower release probability and less short-ter

83 input from limb muscles), revealed very few VGLUT1 contacts and remarkably high numbers of VGLUT2 co

84 icroglia (Iba1), glutamatergic nerve fibers (VGLUT1), and the blood-brain barrier (SMI-71).

85 4 was combined with immunohistochemistry for VGLUT1 or VGLUT2 in medial NTS and evaluated with confoc

86 ith this, synaptic puncta immunopositive for VGLUT1 decreased in area after occlusion.

87 rons co-express Oxtr mRNA and the marker for VGLUT1, a marker for glutamatergic cells.

88 VGLUT3 also differs from VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 in its subcellular location, with soma

89 First, VMAT2 segregates partially from VGLUT1 in the boutons of midbrain dopamine neurons, indi

90 recovery after photobleaching in slices from VGLUT1(Venus) knock-in mice reveal 75% of VGLUT1-contain

91 uted in the retention of synaptic functions (VGLUT1 and GAD65) in cerebellar neurons.

92 mouse with only one copy of the VGLUT1 gene (VGLUT1(+/-) ), decreased muscle spindle afferent firing

93 Generally, VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 isoforms show complementary expression

94 es scaling the level of vesicular glutamate (VGLUT1) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (VGAT) transp

95 on of CD44/Vim and glutamine synthetase (GS)/VGLUT1 reflects glial specialization, insofar as most CD

96 from predominantly VGLUT2 expression to high VGLUT1 and low VGLUT2, raising the question of whether t

97 ons successfully reinnervate muscle, lost IA VGLUT1 synapses are not re-established and the stretch r

98 This vector supports long-term expression in VGLUT1-containing glutamatergic neurons in rat postrhina

99 r-1 (VGLUT1) promoter supports expression in VGLUT1-containing glutamatergic neurons in rat postrhina

100 Here, by examining visual functions in VGLUT1-null mice, we demonstrate that visual signaling f

101 LUT2 to VGLUT1 occurs through an increase in VGLUT1 at individual presynaptic terminals or through ad

102 At individual terminals, the increase in VGLUT1 correlated with greater accumulation of other syn

103 ion of whether the developmental increase in VGLUT1 is important for presynaptic development.

104 When the developmental increase in VGLUT1 was prevented using VGLUT1-shRNA, the density of

105 UT1lac supported expression predominately in VGLUT1-containing neurons, and, in the VMH, pVGLUT1lac s

106 UT1lac supports expression preferentially in VGLUT1-containing glutamatergic neurons.

107 mpus of adult mice, as partial reductions in VGLUT1 expression should attenuate glutamatergic signali

108 With postembedding colloidal gold, intense VGLUT1 immunoreactivity was found in 88-95% (depending o

109 Intracortical VGLUT1/VGLUT2 coexpressing neurons have the capacity to

110 Therefore, we quantitatively investigated VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 content in the central synapses of spi

111 tic vesicles, and the two principal isoforms VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 have been suggested to influence the p

112 te and mammals express three VGLUT isoforms (VGLUT1-3) with distinct spatiotemporal expression patter

113 Two isoforms, VGLUT1 and VGLUT2, are found in most glutamatergic proje

114 e now report that excitatory neurons lacking VGLUT1 express a closely related protein that has also b

115 presence of VGLUT2 in brain regions lacking VGLUT1 suggests that the two isoforms together play an i

116 Like VGLUT1, this protein localizes to synaptic vesicles and

117 athology, there is no information that links VGLUT1 with drugs of abuse.

118 se results show an effect of OXT on a mainly VGLUT1+ cell population within EPN.

119 In mammals, VGLUT1 gained a proline-rich sequence that recruits endo

120 ially colocalized with glutamatergic markers VGLUT1 and NR1 ( approximately 30% each).

121 Accordingly, most VGLUT1 immunoreactivity disappeared after rhizotomy and

122 ansporters expressed in neocortical neurons, VGLUT1 and VIAAT, are both dramatically upregulated.

123 s PKCgamma interneurons and non-nociceptive, VGLUT1-expressing myelinated primary afferents.

124 Future use of this nonpharmacological VGLUT1 knockdown mouse model could improve our understan

125 , however, the endocytosis of VMAT2 (but not VGLUT1) accelerates dramatically in midbrain dopamine bu

126 s investigated were associated with numerous VGLUT1 contacts originating from primary afferents, and

127 om VGLUT1(Venus) knock-in mice reveal 75% of VGLUT1-containing vesicles have a high mobility, compara

128 presynaptic terminals or through addition of VGLUT1-positive presynaptic terminals, we examined the s

129 y or by transgenic knockout of one allele of VGLUT1 decreases muscle spindle afferent static but not

130 s revealed no incidence of colocalization of VGLUT1 or VGLUT2 mRNAs in glutamic acid decarboxylase (G

131 ns per VGLUT1 terminal and their coverage of VGLUT1 boutons.

132 Depletion of VGLUT1 may lead to a decrease in levels of transmitter g

133 The distribution of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 accounts for the ability of most estab

134 ssing eye, without affecting distribution of VGLUT1 immunoreactivity.

135 with neurobiotin to map the distribution of VGLUT1 synapses along their dendrites.

136 Here we examined the distributions of VGLUT1 and VGLU2 expression in the CN and their colocali

137 as used to map hypothalamic distributions of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 mRNAs.

138 prolonged hyperexcitation, downregulation of VGLUT1/synaptophysin intensity ratios at most synapses i

139 we examined the spatio-temporal dynamics of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 expression.

140 The complementary expression of VGLUT1 and 2 defines two distinct classes of excitatory

141 There was a trend for higher expression of VGLUT1 and GLYT2 around motor neurons in Trained versus

142 we examined the developmental expression of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 immunocytochemically in the mouse reti

143 s that showed the most intense expression of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 were largely nonoverlapping and were c

144 ring synapse formation, as did expression of VGLUT1 at individual terminals.

145 Expression of VGLUT1 is decidedly more circumspect and is confined to

146 We therefore examined the expression of VGLUT1-3 in astrocytes, both in culture and in situ.

147 sed SV clustering through the interaction of VGLUT1 second proline-rich domain, endophilinA1 and inte

148 By 4 weeks, the level of VGLUT1 in CTb-labelled boutons in lamina IX was reduced

149 al microscopy were used to compare levels of VGLUT1 in CTb-labelled boutons on the intact and section

150 The loss of VGLUT1 also reduced the reserve pool of synaptic vesicle

151 This suggests that loss of VGLUT1 is more severe in proprioceptive than cutaneous a

152 he results demonstrate a significant loss of VGLUT1 terminals on dendrites and cell bodies at both 21

153 ith excitatory afferent input, the number of VGLUT1 contacts was relatively high although VGLUT2 cont

154 Similar numbers of VGLUT1 contacts with associated GABAergic terminals were

155 er understand changes in the organization of VGLUT1 IA synapses that might influence their input stre

156 rat and mouse retina had an adult pattern of VGLUT1 expression by P14.

157 the mRNA and protein expression patterns of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN

158 ompared this with the expression patterns of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2.

159 tron microscopy demonstrates the presence of VGLUT1 in processes of astrocytes of the hippocampus.

160 knockdown of AP-1 reduces the proportion of VGLUT1 that responds to stimulation.

161 likewise dominated, while the proportions of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 immunoreactive terminals were the reve

162 he AP3 pathway prevents the full recovery of VGLUT1 by endocytosis, implicating the AP3 pathway speci

163 impairs the activity-dependent recycling of VGLUT1, but does not eliminate its endocytosis.

164 Bidirectional and opposite regulation of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 by activity may serve as positive or n

165 se results demonstrate that up-regulation of VGLUT1 is important for development of presynaptic termi

166 ndent mechanism are necessary for removal of VGLUT1 synapses and alterations in Ia-circuit function f

167 st synapses is observed, whereas a subset of VGLUT1-containing boutons selectively increase the expre

168 A subset of VGLUT1-positive terminals also expressed VGLUT2, which d

169 mRNA and protein are expressed in subsets of VGLUT1-encoded neocortical neurons that we identify in p

170 l dileucine-like motifs in the N terminus of VGLUT1 that are not well conserved in the other isoforms

171 ne-like endocytic motif in the C terminus of VGLUT1.

172 f VGLUT2 in brain are different from that of VGLUT1.

173 examined the effect of peripheral axotomy on VGLUT1 expression in central terminals of myelinated aff

174 eptor and bipolar cell terminals showed only VGLUT1-immunoreactivity (-IR); no VGLUT2-IR was present

175 The PAG or VGLUT1 promoters supported approximately 90% glutamaterg

176 rocytes using wild-type, VGLUT1-3 knock-out, VGLUT1(Venus) knock-in, and VGLUT2-EGFP transgenic mice.

177 thalamic input (VGLUT2) and cortical output (VGLUT1) neurons.

178 Z gene under the regulation of putative PAG, VGLUT1, or GAD67 promoters.

179 ecrease in the number of GAD65 P-boutons per VGLUT1 terminal and their coverage of VGLUT1 boutons.

180 upled to H(+) transport, and Cl(-) permeates VGLUT1 through an aqueous anion channel with unitary tra

181 Developmentally, VGAT expression precedes VGLUT1.

182 either POR cortex, which contains primarily VGLUT1-containing glutamatergic neurons, or into the ven

183 raising the possibility that proprioceptive (VGLUT1-positive) and motor axon synapses (VAChT-positive

184 pproximately 10-fold preference for the rare VGLUT1-containing neurons.

185 d 79% amino acid identity with human and rat VGLUT1, respectively.

186 In the absence of all three motifs, rat VGLUT1 shows limited accumulation at synaptic sites and

187 hanisms underlying this dual function of rat VGLUT1.

188 PSDs receiving VGLUT1 inputs also show enhanced nanostructural complexi

189 and -3 pathways, with endophilin recruiting VGLUT1 toward the faster AP2 pathway.

190 receptors to retinal output neurons requires VGLUT1.

191 with ANF and Sp5 projections, respectively: VGLUT1 was highly expressed in VCNm and the molecular la

192 In the mouse retina, VGLUT1 expression was in the outer retina by P3 and the

193 In rat retina, VGLUT1 was in the outer retina by P5-P7 and the inner re

194 esent in the IPL by P6-P8, most did not show VGLUT1-IR until P8-P10 and increased dramatically from P

195 Developing OFF bipolar cell terminals showed VGLUT1-IR around P8, 2-3 days after bipolar terminals we

196 Rod terminals showed VGLUT1-IR by P8, when they invade the outer plexiform la

197 Since VGLUT1 knock-down was limited to a small number of neuro

198 in cortical VGLUT1 mRNA, as well as striatal VGLUT1 and GAPDH, are GABA(A) receptor-dependent because

199 ETH increases cortical VGLUT1 mRNA, striatal VGLUT1 protein in subcellular fractions, and the Vmax of

200 H) alters the dynamic regulation of striatal VGLUT1 function and expression through a polysynaptic pa

201 of many proprioceptive IA afferent synapses (VGLUT1-IR boutons) from motoneurons, the reduction of IA

202 persion along the axon after exocytosis than VGLUT1.

203 bstantially smaller proportion of VMAT2 than VGLUT1 is available for evoked release, and VMAT2 shows

204 s after stimulation is slower for VMAT2 than VGLUT1.

205 We conclude that VGLUT1 is essential for transmitting visual signals from

206 These findings provide further evidence that VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 identify distinct populations of excit

207 In summary, we provide evidence that VGLUT1 functions as H(+)-glutamate exchanger that is par

208 We found that VGLUT1 was distributed in intrinsic and corticothalamic

209 These results show that VGLUT1 can be dynamically regulated via a polysynaptic p

210 The VGLUT1 upstream promoter or the first intron, fused to t

211 The VGLUT1-targeting vector attenuated tonic glutamate relea

212 ns both the VGLUT1 upstream promoter and the VGLUT1 first intron.

213 This VGLUT1 promoter contains both the VGLUT1 upstream promoter and the VGLUT1 first intron.

214 Next, we fused either the VGLUT1 upstream promoter or the first intron to this bas

215 rs and bipolar cells exclusively express the VGLUT1 isoform, whereas ganglion cells express VGLUT2.

216 a transgenic mouse with only one copy of the VGLUT1 gene (VGLUT1(+/-) ), decreased muscle spindle aff

217 with this distribution, inactivation of the VGLUT1 gene silenced a subset of excitatory neurons in t

218 d the Lac Z gene under the regulation of the VGLUT1 promoter (pVGLUT1lac).

219 opic double labeling further showed that the VGLUT1 subtype of vesicular glutamate transmitter, which

220 We show that the VGLUT1 upstream promoter and first intron each support g

221 This VGLUT1 promoter contains both the VGLUT1 upstream promot

222 atergic-specific regulatory elements in this VGLUT1 promoter.

223 Thus, VGLUT1 plays an unanticipated role in membrane trafficki

224 nshaw cell postsynaptic densities apposed to VGLUT1-IR synapses became smaller in adult compared with

225 In contrast to VGLUT1, the trafficking of VGLUT2 depends almost entirel

226 T1- and VGLUT2-expressing neurons are due to VGLUT1's ability to bind endophilin A1 and inhibit endop

227 ored mitochondria preferentially localize to VGLUT1-positive presynapses.

228 changing the proximity of GLT-1 particles to VGLUT1.

229 hich the developmental switch from VGLUT2 to VGLUT1 occurs through an increase in VGLUT1 at individua

230 ow find that vesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT1 interacts directly with endophilin, a component o

231 MAT2 and the vesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT1 to compare the localization and recycling of syna

232 that for the vesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT1.

233 y identified vesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT1.

234 contain the vesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT1.

235 mRNA for the vesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT1.

236 vels of the excitatory glutamate transporter VGLUT1.

237 he glutamate-selective vesicular transporter VGLUT1, we find that glutamate alone fully accounts for

238 The vesicular glutamate (GLU) transporter (VGLUT1) is a critical component of glutamatergic neurons

239 orms of the vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT1 and VGLUT2) participate in this process.

240 ng with the vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT1) was used to identify bipolar cell axon terminals

241 sporter 1), vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT1), and the AMPA receptor glutamate receptor 4 (Glu

242 resses this vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT1).

243 n glutamate, plus its vesicular transporter (VGLUT1), and GABA, plus its synthetic enzyme (GAD(65)) a

244 orms of the vesicular glutamate transporter, VGLUT1 and VGLUT2, were recently cloned and biophysicall

245 by the sole vesicular glutamate transporter, VGLUT1, either pharmacologically or by transgenic knocko

246 by the sole vesicular glutamate transporter, VGLUT1, either with xanthurenic acid or by using a trans

247 w that this vesicular glutamate transporter, VGLUT1, exhibits a conductance for chloride that is bloc

248 physin and vesicular glutamate transporter1 (VGLUT1) in postnatal day 14 brain sections from both mic

249 to localize vesicular glutamate transporters VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 in the rat lateral geniculate nucleus.

250 excitatory (vesicular glutamate transporters VGLUT1 and VGLUT2) and inhibitory (vesicular inhibitory

251 ase via the vesicular glutamate transporters VGLUT1 and VGLUT2.

252 urons (with vesicular glutamate transporters VGLUT1 or VGLUT2, respectively), we compared sources of

253 tamatergic (vesicular glutamate transporters VGLUT1-3), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic, adrener

254 at contain vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT1 and VGLUT2) and contacts formed by VGLUT1 termina

255 hree known vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT1, 2, or 3).

256 all three vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT1-3) by astrocytes suggests that astrocytes, like n

257 Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT1-3) carry glutamate into synaptic vesicles.

258 s that the vesicular glutamate transporters, VGLUT1 and VGLUT2, are differentially associated with au

259 es for the vesicular glutamate transporters, VGLUT1 and VGLUT2, for in situ hybridization studies in

260 fied using vesicular glutamate transporters, VGLUT1 and VGLUT2.

261 ts had low levels of vesicular transporters, VGLUT1 (5%) or VGLUT2 (21%).

262 ifferences in trafficking signals, wild-type VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 differ in their response to stimulatio

263 rmed in cultured astrocytes using wild-type, VGLUT1-3 knock-out, VGLUT1(Venus) knock-in, and VGLUT2-E

264 Using VGLUT1-ZnT3 SVs, we demonstrate that the transporter col

265 ental increase in VGLUT1 was prevented using VGLUT1-shRNA, the density of presynaptic terminals and a

266 ferents, while for boutons in laminae III-V, VGLUT1 levels were reduced by 50-70%.

267 levels of inhibitory markers, restored VGAT1/VGLUT1 balance, and rescued density of GAD67 interneuron

268 ear injections of kanamycin (1 and 2 weeks), VGLUT1 immunoreactivity (ir) in the magnocellular CN ips

269 VMAT2, 5-HT, and DbetaH expression, whereas VGLUT1, VGAT, and VAChT showed no change.

270 the electrochemical proton gradient, whereas VGLUT1 is primarily dependent on only membrane potential

271 re is little colocalization (< or =15%) with VGLUT1, monoaminergic or inhibitory terminals.

272 natomical region and whether associated with VGLUT1 or VGLUT2 terminals.

273 VGLUT2, but few (2.5% +/- 1%) colabeled with VGLUT1.

274 was also relatively highly colocalized with VGLUT1 and NR1 ( approximately 20% each) but was additio

275 Superposition of HCN channel labeling with VGLUT1 staining confirmed the presence of a cone bipolar

276 contrast, ANFs colabeled predominantly with VGLUT1.

277 xpression appeared earlier than VGLUT3; with VGLUT1 initially detected at P5 in photoreceptor termina