ライフサイエンスコーパス: VTA

1 VTA DA neurons were identified using DAT-Cre male mice t

2 VTA MC3R neurons were broadly connected to neurons acros

3 VTA non-DA neurons, by contrast, encode motor parameters

4 VTA(Vgat) neurons help set an animal's (and perhaps huma

5 VTA-shell-projecting neurons did not regulate Pavlovian

6 s in behaving animals included assessing (1) VTA neuronal encoding during learning of a cue-action-re

7 Volumes of tissue activated (VTAs) were calculated to identify discriminative fibers

8 structions, the volumes of tissue activated (VTAs) were estimated and combined with normative connect

9 tes, decreases GABA frequency, and amplifies VTA beta, gamma and epsilon oscillatory magnitudes via m

10 la (MHb), interpeduncular nucleus (IPN), and VTA of beta4KO mice revealed dose- and region-dependent

11 eurons, such as lateral habenula neurons and VTA GABAergic neurons, with minor input to reward-relate

12 m, THC-induced dysregulation of both PFC and VTA DAergic activity states, a neuroprotective effect th

13 and normalized dysregulation of both PFC and VTA DAergic activity, demonstrating powerful and functio

14 hly expressed in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and are likely to be the key interaction point betw

15 distinction between ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), no clear

16 rons projects to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and targets GABA neurons, inhibiting them and there

17 bstantia nigra (SN), ventral tegmental area (VTA) and ventrolateral-ventromedial nuclei of the thalam

18 (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are activated with different temporal patterns duri

19 s in the neighboring ventral tegmental area (VTA) are much less affected.

20 ed activation in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) before surgery and greater changes in taste-induced

21 asic activity of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) contributes to reinforcement learning, rodent evide

22 Ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neuron population activity and vHipp activity wa

23 C strongly increases ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neuronal frequency and bursting rates, decreases

24 ause durations among ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neurons projecting to lateral or medial shell of

25 analog MTII into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) decreases food and sucrose intake and food reward.

26 cs of BA neurons and ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) axons that innervate BA (VTA(DA->BA))

27 emonstrated that the ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons that project to the medial pr

28 Like ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons, VTA glutamate neuron activit

29 s included assessing ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine cell number and volume and expression of t

30 rucial modulators of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neuron activity, but how this metabotropic

31 the contribution of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons to auditory-cued fear learning in

32 itries, particularly ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons.

33 smission in putative ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopaminergic neurons.

34 e sub-regions of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) following perinatal nicotine exposure.

35 The ventral tegmental area (VTA) has dopamine, GABA, and glutamate neurons, which ha

36 ng nicotine into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in mice.

37 r projections to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior, a

38 dorsal raphe (DR) to ventral tegmental area (VTA) influences vulnerability to social stress.

39 The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a major source of dopamine, especially to the li

40 The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a major target of addictive drugs and receives m

41 The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is important for reward processing and motivation.

42 1, inhibition in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is sufficient to normalize behavior.

43 ctivated TLR4 in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of selectively bred alcohol-preferring (P) rats.

44 -HT terminals in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) or nucleus accumbens (NAc) of the mesolimbic DA sys

45 reward, such as the ventral tegmental area (VTA) or nucleus accumbens neurons, but less is known abo

46 amine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) regulate reward association and motivation.

47 y 2 afferents to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) that serve evaluative roles in syllable-specific le

48 mine projection from ventral tegmental area (VTA) to nucleus accumbens (NAc) is critical for motivati

49 While axons from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) were generally thought to be the exclusive source o

50 The ventral tegmental area (VTA), an important source of dopamine, regulates goal- a

51 gic signaling in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and this inhibitory plasticity is associated with

52 and medially-located ventral tegmental area (VTA), but little is known about the underlying cellular

53 pioglitazone in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), central amygdala (CeA), and nucleus accumbens (NAc

54 y projections to the ventral tegmental area (VTA), one of the brain regions that processes and encode

55 raphe nucleus (DRN), ventral tegmental area (VTA), or rostromedial tegmentum (RMTg).

56 uron activity in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), supporting food seeking.

57 architecture of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the main hub of the brain reward system, remains o

58 injections into the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the terminal field formed by axons from the latera

59 gions, including the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which is the origin of dopaminergic neurons and th

60 aptations within the ventral tegmental area (VTA), with alterations in gene expression tied to change

61 instatement, and the ventral tegmental area (VTA)-hippocampus loop model.

62 ced hyperactivity in ventral tegmental area (VTA)-projecting lateral habenula (LHb) neurons is associ

63 the SMN, whereas the ventral tegmental area (VTA)-related mesocorticolimbic pathway with core regions

64 gions, including the ventral tegmental area (VTA).

65 BAergic cells in the ventral tegmental area (VTA).

66 ypothalamus (LH) and ventral tegmental area (VTA).

67 ding patterns in the ventral tegmental area (VTA).

68 in areas such as the ventral tegmental area (VTA).

69 ergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA).

70 enced in areas of the reward circuit such as VTA and accumbens nucleus.

71 nor input to reward-related neurons, such as VTA dopamine and VP GABA neurons.

72 (VTA) dopamine (DA) axons that innervate BA (VTA(DA->BA)) using two-photon imaging and photometry in

73 By VTA cell-type-specific genetic ablation, we found that a

74 ible for behavioral reinforcement induced by VTA glutamate neuron activity.

75 GABAergic pathway onto the catecholaminergic VTA/SNc homologs and serotonergic raphe nuclei.

76 zone (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mug/mul) in the CeA, VTA, and RMTg but not in the NAc shell.

77 Intriguingly, activity in the cerebello-VTA pathway was required for the mice to show social pre

78 Optogenetic activation of the cerebello-VTA projections was rewarding and, in a three-chamber so

79 ne neurons in the ventral tegmental area (DA(VTA) neurons).

80 the VTA and provide an inhibitory tone to DA(VTA) neurons via both direct and indirect neurotransmiss

81 In contrast, adult stress decreased VTA DA neuron population activity only at 1-2 weeks post

82 Additionally, the dense VTA-GABA projections to the NAc do not influence the mot

83 significantly impair postingestive-dependent VTA dopamine neuron activity and food seeking, whereas o

84 But any roles of non-dopamine VTA neurons in psychiatric illness have been little expl

85 genetic approaches to show a causal role for VTA TH neurons in two forms of relapse to alcohol-seekin

86 TH neurons to show distinct causal roles for VTA subregions in distinct forms of relapse.

87 ss of one glutamate transporter (GLT-1) from VTA astrocytes selectively blocks these avoidance behavi

88 is local, and/or whether it is derived from VTA-projecting neurons.

89 however, decreased or failed inhibition from VTA(Vgat) neurons produces mania-like qualities (hyperac

90 results suggest that glutamate release from VTA is sufficient to promote reinforcement independent o

91 We suggest that GABAergic VTA neurons may limit wakefulness by inhibiting the arou

92 r chemogenetically inhibiting VTA GABAergic (VTA(Vgat)) neurons generated persistent wakefulness with

93 Given VTA cellular heterogeneity, we also investigated a DA ne

94 show that photoinhibition of the POMC(ARH)->VTA circuit in mice increases body weight and food intak

95 , the bidirectional manipulation of 5-HT(DR->VTA) neurons could modulate susceptibility to social str

96 indings reveal that the activity of 5-HT(DR->VTA) neurons may be an essential factor in determining i

97 in the DR that projects to the VTA (5-HT(DR->VTA) neurons).

98 ss decreased the firing activity of 5-HT(DR->VTA) neurons.

99 dial NAc shell projections to the VTA (mNAc->VTA) are inhibited during food-seeking and food consumpt

100 al tegmental area to the dorsal hippocampus (VTA->DH) signal negative valence to memory circuits, lea

101 In VTA, 3alpha,5alpha-THP (15 mg/kg, IP) administration red

102 to the strength of GIRK channel activity in VTA DA neurons and suggest that direct activators of the

103 eurons and detected increases in activity in VTA-glutamate neurons in response to the threatening sti

104 h approaches led to loss of TH expression in VTA glutamate neurons and loss of DA release from their

105 uce aversive stimulus-induced inhibitions in VTA neurons, particularly putative DA neurons, while als

106 We selectively reexpressed beta2* nAChRs in VTA dopamine or VTA gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) neur

107 Responses to cues predicting food rewards in VTA(DA->BA) axons and BA neurons in hungry mice were str

108 A afferents from other brain regions than in VTA GABA neurons.

109 vagus nerve neurons significantly increases VTA dopamine neuron activity.

110 surgery and greater changes in taste-induced VTA activation 2 weeks following surgery experienced inc

111 Lesioning or chemogenetically inhibiting VTA GABAergic (VTA(Vgat)) neurons generated persistent w

112 Optically or chemogenetically inhibiting VTA(Vgat) terminals in the LH elevated locomotion and de

113 Inputs inhibiting VTA(Vgat) neurons intensify wakefulness (increased activ

114 e the stress-induced dysregulated inhibitory VTA circuitry that contributes to subsequent alcohol abu

115 oth nicotine reward and aversion in an intra-VTA (ventral tegmental area) self-administration paradig

116 r mechanisms underlying the effects of intra-VTA alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) on

117 male rats, we used chemogenetics with intra-VTA microinfusions of the agonist clozapine-n-oxide to b

118 ings showed DA neurons in medial and lateral VTA have distinct activity profiles during fear extincti

119 TH neurons, we identified medial and lateral VTA TH neuron activity profiles during self-administrati

120 ty more closely reflected RPE, while lateral VTA activity more closely reflected a salience-like sign

121 after sleep deprivation, mice with lesioned VTA(Vgat) neurons did not catch up on lost sleep, even t

122 rate neuronal subtype specificity in the LHb-VTA circuit.

123 beta4*nAChRs in the MHb-IPN pathway, limited VTA-ICSA at high nicotine doses.

124 To address this, we recorded and manipulated VTA DA neurons in mice during fear extinction.

125 recordings in behaving mice showed that many VTA neurons, among them putative dopamine neurons, are e

126 t did not affect the firing rate of non-MC3R VTA neurons.

127 alpha-MSH increased the firing rate of MC3R VTA neurons in acute brain slices from mice, although it

128 vity profiles during fear extinction: medial VTA activity more closely reflected RPE, while lateral V

129 ation of synaptic transmission in mesolimbic VTA dopaminergic neurons.

130 icate that adiponectin can directly modulate VTA dopamine neuron activity and anxiety behavior, and t

131 o cortical Sst-containing interneurons, most VTA Sst neurons express GABAergic inhibitory markers, bu

132 statin (Sst)-expressing neurons in the mouse VTA.

133 tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons, VTA glutamate neuron activity can support positive reinf

134 c projections from the rEPN to RMTg, but not VTA, via the LHb in rats.

135 Optogenetic activation of VTA GABA neurons caused place aversion and inhibited coc

136 Furthermore, optogenetic activation of VTA GABA neurons inhibited cocaine, but not heroin, self

137 of the DA signal, optogenetic activation of VTA glutamate cell bodies or axon terminals in NAc was s

138 The activity of VTA dopamine neurons increases significantly after admin

139 o test how alpha-MSH affects the activity of VTA MC3R neurons.

140 Chemogenetic downregulation of VTA-mPFC DA neurons' firing activity abolished the antid

141 circuit, astrocytes facilitate excitation of VTA GABA neurons to increase inhibition of dopamine neur

142 increased the ethanol-induced excitation of VTA neurons.

143 Despite decades of research, the function of VTA dopamine neurons remains controversial.

144 e remarkable complexity and heterogeneity of VTA Sst neurons and suggest that these cells are multifu

145 We then found that optogenetic inhibition of VTA DA neurons reduced intravenous heroin self-administr

146 mice compromised GABA-mediated inhibition of VTA GABA neurons corresponding with increased ethanol-in

147 Next, we used optogenetic inhibition of VTA TH neurons to show distinct causal roles for VTA sub

148 Inhibition of VTA-core-projecting neurons disrupted Pavlovian reward l

149 also decreased by chemogenetic inhibition of VTA-glutamate neurons and detected increases in activity

150 However, lesion of VTA GABA neurons failed to disrupt this effect.

151 eraction, and the corresponding magnitude of VTA neural firing.

152 In parallel, a majority of VTA DA neurons simultaneously encoded multiple actions (

153 Manipulations of VTA terminal activity were more effective in females and

154 y exploit such goal-directed multiplexing of VTA DA neurons to adjust actions to optimize the task's

155 ify both the efferent projection patterns of VTA MC3R neurons and the location of the neurons providi

156 Then, using gCaMP fiber photometry of VTA TH neurons, we identified medial and lateral VTA TH

157 relatively evenly distributed population of VTA neurons projects to the basal amygdala (BA).

158 Distinct populations of VTA dopamine neurons contribute to components of the imp

159 ha promotes the enhanced ethanol response of VTA neurons.

160 A similar dichotomy exists for the role of VTA in chronic itch.

161 lity of E2 to enhance ethanol sensitivity of VTA neurons have not been investigated.

162 ta) in regulating the ethanol sensitivity of VTA neurons in female mice and found that ERalpha promot

163 y of ERalpha to alter ethanol sensitivity of VTA neurons.

164 al-weight male Wistar rats, if the source of VTA NPY is local, and/or whether it is derived from VTA-

165 ulus (sucralose + optogenetic stimulation of VTA dopamine neurons) and found that nesfatin-1 fully ab

166 Moreover, direct stimulation of VTA or substantia nigra dopamine cell bodies failed to i

167 ices that a brief optogenetic stimulation of VTA-to-NAc projection induced a transient inhibition of

168 d provide a foundation for future studies of VTA MC3R neurons and the circuits containing them in the

169 However, a subset of VTA neurons co-release DA and glutamate, and DA release

170 es in opioid reward and relapse than MORs on VTA GABA neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Opioid reward ha

171 endent mice, revealing that beta2* nAChRs on VTA dopamine neurons mediate nicotine's conditioned aver

172 ned aversive effects, while beta2* nAChRs on VTA GABA neurons mediate the conditioned rewarding effec

173 duced these behaviors, but also partially on VTA(Vgat) projections to the lateral hypothalamus (LH).

174 rcuate nucleus made few direct synapses onto VTA MC3R neurons or any of the other major neuronal subt

175 reexpressed beta2* nAChRs in VTA dopamine or VTA gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) neurons in beta2(-/-

176 Despite this patterned organization, VTA neurons comprising these different projections were

177 ually comparable to the mammalian paranigral VTA, ventral tier of the SNc, interfascicular nucleus of

178 olated two populations of dopamine-producing VTA neurons with divergent projections to the nucleus ac

179 nge the basal firing rates in NAc-projecting VTA DA neurons.

180 ing rates in mPFC-, but not NAc-, projecting VTA DA neurons in mice treated with chronic unpredictabl

181 ctivation of mPFC-, but not NAc-, projecting VTA DA neurons mimicked the antidepressive-like effects

182 efulness by inhibiting the arousal-promoting VTA glutamatergic and/or dopaminergic neurons and throug

183 Here we show that about half of the recorded VTA DA neurons perform multiplexing: they exploit the ph

184 eurons preferentially project to the DA-rich VTA versus other targets, and excitotoxic RMTg lesions g

185 ese data show that the integrity in the RMTg-VTA-Acb pathway in a single hemisphere is sufficient to

186 he respective clinical stimulation setting's VTAs with these fibers explained 62.4% (p < 0.001) of th

187 Finally, silencing VTA dopamine neurons, or their axon terminals in the BA

188 L-DOPA compared to baseline (200 of 1807 SN-VTA voxels; P(corrected) = 0.046), although the small sa

189 substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area (SN-VTA) voxels, P(corrected) = 0.038), particularly in the

190 in the more medial, anterior, and dorsal SN-VTA.

191 ohol-seeking relates to activity in specific VTA and accumbens compartments, how these change for dif

192 yed some connectivity biases toward specific VTA cell types.

193 ze the task's outcome.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT VTA DA neurons code for multiple functions, including th

194 dy demonstrated that, during high E2 states, VTA neurons in female mice are more sensitive to ethanol

195 test this, we used optogenetics to stimulate VTA glutamate neurons in which tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)

196 and the RMTg influence on ventral tegmental (VTA) responses to aversive stimuli is untested.

197 Together, we demonstrate that VTA-GABA neuron activity preferentially attenuates the a

198 ophysiological analysis, we established that VTA-glutamate neurons receive a major monosynaptic gluta

199 Our results indicate that VTA dopamine controls the magnitude, direction, and dura

200 These findings indicate that VTA-glutamate neurons are activated by and required for

201 Results show that VTA dopamine neurons modulate numerous distinct aspects

202 rats are assembled from activity across the VTA and the nucleus accumbens.

203 th past ones ('common novelty') activate the VTA and promote semantic memory formation via systems me

204 information to downstream areas, such as the VTA.

205 first results to show that neurons from the VTA encode both predictive and incentive cues, support a

206 e dopamine reward pathway originate from the VTA, which is believed to be central to the mechanism of

207 estigated the effect of SGK1 knockout in the VTA and in dopamine (DA) neurons to evaluate the necessi

208 ifferential innervation of subregions in the VTA and were largely biased toward synaptic contact with

209 at SGK1 mutants virally overexpressed in the VTA are capable of altering drug-associated behavior, ou

210 firing rates of dopaminergic neurons in the VTA by acting on mu-opioid receptors on RMTg neurons and

211 , and phosphorylation are upregulated in the VTA by chronic cocaine or morphine treatment, positionin

212 Irreversible blockade of MORs in the VTA counteracted two drug-seeking behaviors, locomotor a

213 SGK1 knockdown in the VTA did not impact reward behaviors.

214 By reducing H3Q5dop in the VTA during withdrawal, we reversed cocaine-mediated gene

215 ts that dopamine neurons specifically in the VTA encode motivation.

216 ter GABA(A)R gamma2 subunit reduction in the VTA following AAV-Cre-GFP infusion in floxed Gabrg2 mice

217 ionally distinct dopamine populations in the VTA for promoting motivation and reward association, whi

218 Reducing ERalpha in the VTA had a more dramatic effect on binge-like drinking th

219 Rs in the SNr was more effective than in the VTA in reducing heroin reward.

220 ctivation of GABAergic RMTg terminals in the VTA in vivo is aversive, and low-frequency stimulation i

221 and activation of oxytocin receptors in the VTA is critical for social reward in females, as well as

222 er of spontaneously active DA neurons in the VTA of MAM rats to control levels without affecting DA f

223 igner Drugs (DREADDs) to GABA neurons in the VTA of wild-type rats trained to respond during a distin

224 n-dependent differences: beta4*nAChRs in the VTA potentiated nicotine-mediated rewarding effects at a

225 Furthermore, HDAC2 overexpression in the VTA prevents the actions of VPA.

226 vation of the GABAergic PAG terminals in the VTA promotes immobility, and optogenetically-driven immo

227 found that knockdown of each receptor in the VTA reduced binge-like ethanol drinking in female, but n

228 We also demonstrated that ERs in the VTA regulate binge-like alcohol drinking by female, but

229 r cortical Sst neurons were expressed in the VTA Sst neurons.

230 Here we show that dopamine neurons in the VTA that project to the basal amygdala contribute to suc

231 ed by inhibition of GABA interneurons in the VTA that subsequently leads to disinhibition of DA neuro

232 To determine how alpha-MSH acts in the VTA to affect feeding, we performed electrophysiological

233 gen increases the response of neurons in the VTA to ethanol.

234 NPY in the VTA was observed in fibers, but not following colchicine

235 A neurons in the neighboring SNr than in the VTA, and that pharmacological blockade of MORs in the SN

236 tia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), ~30% in the VTA, and ~70% in the tail of the VTA (also called the ro

237 of the other major neuronal subtypes in the VTA, despite being extensively labeled by general retrog

238 racing using cholera toxin beta (CTB) in the VTA, fluorescent immunocytochemistry and confocal micros

239 GABA neurons express NUCB2/nesfatin-1 in the VTA.

240 isinhibition of dopamine (DA) neurons in the VTA.

241 g heroin reward than blockade of MORs in the VTA.

242 se-related transcriptional plasticity in the VTA.

243 ine showed an accumulation of H3Q5dop in the VTA.

244 nhibition of non-dopaminergic neurons in the VTA.

245 Arc, failed to induce Npy expression in the VTA.

246 to assess NPY/Npy expression locally in the VTA.

247 tivity of the dopamine system, including the VTA and its projection targets, which plays an important

248 RMTg neurons and their terminals inside the VTA.

249 targeting either ERalpha or ERbeta into the VTA and found that knockdown of each receptor in the VTA

250 ncrease in beta-endorphins released into the VTA and the plasma.

251 , antagonists, and vehicle injected into the VTA on social reward was determined in male and female S

252 general retrograde tracers injected into the VTA.

253 tive and positive over neutral memories, the VTA->DH circuit can facilitate the selection of adaptive

254 ~30% in the VTA, and ~70% in the tail of the VTA (also called the rostromedial tegmental nucleus) in

255 How neurons of the VTA affect signaling through the NAcc and subsequent dop

256 anese accumulates in dopamine neurons of the VTA and substantia nigra via nifedipine-sensitive Ca(2+)

257 rizes dopamine, but not GABA, neurons of the VTA by inducing an outward potassium current.

258 ur results showed that the PIF region of the VTA contained a more diverse population of neurons resul

259 We found dopamine neurons of the VTA encode strength of incentive salience of reward cues

260 on populations within the sub-regions of the VTA following perinatal nicotine exposure.

261 pression of dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the VTA in rat pups following perinatal alcohol and joint ni

262 Physiologically, one of the VTA Sst neuron subtypes locally inhibited neighboring do

263 Dopamine (DA) neurons of the VTA track cues and rewards to generate a reward predicti

264 r of the SNc, interfascicular nucleus of the VTA, and supramamillary/retromamillary area were identif

265 in response to electrical stimulation of the VTA, vesicular depletion of dopamine, and amphetamine.

266 s are more activated in PN sub-region of the VTA, which mediates the rewarding effects of drugs inclu

267 e GIRK channel activity in DA neurons of the VTA.

268 the mesolimbic DA system at the level of the VTA.

269 ABAergic projections originating outside the VTA.

270 y as tested 1 d later, whereas silencing the VTA-central amygdala (CeA) projection had no effect.

271 nd that some LH GABA fibers pass through the VTA to more caudal sites, where they synapse onto neuron

272 subpopulation in the DR that projects to the VTA (5-HT(DR->VTA) neurons).

273 ind that medial NAc shell projections to the VTA (mNAc->VTA) are inhibited during food-seeking and fo

274 vealed that POMC(ARH) neurons project to the VTA and provide an inhibitory tone to DA(VTA) neurons vi

275 emonstrate that GABAergic projections to the VTA are a major contributor to the regulation and divers

276 We show that NAc projections to the VTA bidirectionally control food intake, consistent with

277 dea that different GABAergic pathways to the VTA control distinct behaviors.

278 Conversely, NAc projections to the VTA have mainly been studied in the context of drug rewa

279 thalamus, the role of NAc projections to the VTA in the control food intake has been largely unexplor

280 genetic activation of NAc projections to the VTA inhibits food-seeking and food intake (in both sexes

281 n of neurotransmitter-specific inputs to the VTA remains poorly resolved.

282 he major neurotransmitter projections to the VTA through cell-type-specific retrograde and anterograd

283 two opiate-sensitive GABAergic inputs to the VTA, the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg), and the

284 etermine NPY-immunoreactive afferents to the VTA.

285 atal pathway) and SN (hypothetically via the VTA-related mesocorticolimbic pathway), as well as concu

286 ntify structural connections passing through VTAs.

287 Thus, VTA dopamine neurons projecting to the BA contribute to

288 Thus, VTA NPY originates from the hypothalamic Arc and the ven

289 Thus, VTA(Vgat+) neurons serve a critical role in the control

290 In contrast to VTA, SNc DaNs engage calcium channels to generate action

291 hat both inhibitory and excitatory inputs to VTA dopaminergic neurons projecting to the NAc medial sh

292 ionally, we show that activity of the NAc to VTA pathway is necessary for adaptive inhibition of food

293 renewal and reacquisition via projections to VTA.

294 renewal and reacquisition via projections to VTA.

295 d that information on threatening stimuli to VTA-glutamate neurons is relayed by LHA-glutamate neuron

296 g depends, in part, on activation of LDTg-to-VTA GABAergic projections.

297 evidence suggests that slow changes in tonic VTA activity and associated accumbal dopamine release he

298 suggest that direct activators of the unique VTA DA neuron GIRK channel subtype (GIRK2/GIRK3 heterome

299 Here, we determined whether VTA-glutamate or -GABA neurons play a role in innate def

300 se, establishing a non-DA mechanism by which VTA activity can support reward-seeking behaviors.