ライフサイエンスコーパス: alphavirus

1 hikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus.

2 Chikungunya virus is a positive-stranded RNA alphavirus.

3 ist for human use against CHIKV or any other alphavirus.

4 ains, SD1 and SD2, are derived from the same alphavirus.

5 izing antibodies in mice to their respective alphavirus.

6 d with Mayaro virus, a related arthritogenic alphavirus.

7 rus (MAYV), an emerging mosquito-transmitted alphavirus.

8 ens such as Chikungunya and the encephalitic alphaviruses.

9 producing fusion-competent mature spikes on alphaviruses.

10 is a representative member of the New World alphaviruses.

11 EEV) is one of the most pathogenic New World alphaviruses.

12 plex and belongs to the New World cluster of alphaviruses.

13 role for Ifitm3 in controlling infection of alphaviruses.

14 nown about the antiviral effect of IFITM3 on alphaviruses.

15 Ifitm3 in restricting infection of multiple alphaviruses.

16 applied to other encephalitogenic New World alphaviruses.

17 enuation of other encephalitogenic New World alphaviruses.

18 the host protein G3BP for several Old World alphaviruses.

19 on by chikungunya, Mayaro, and O'nyong'nyong alphaviruses.

20 al with inhibitory activity against multiple alphaviruses.

21 tly neutralizing antibodies against multiple alphaviruses.

22 t this new knowledge can be applied to other alphaviruses.

23 y no approved drugs to treat infections with alphaviruses.

24 nezuelan equine encephalitis virus and other alphaviruses.

25 site for viral RNA replication of Old World alphaviruses.

26 ng and RNA replication and a host factor for alphaviruses.

27 to and neutralize multiple distantly related alphaviruses.

28 easures that disrupt Mxra8 interactions with alphaviruses.

29 exploited for development of new attenuated alphaviruses.

30 otect against a number of viruses, including alphaviruses.

31 ative in the Semliki Forest virus complex of alphaviruses.

32 Here, the alphavirus -1 PRF signals were characterized, revealing

33 CHIKV is the most important alphavirus affecting humans, resulting in a chronic arth

34 f nsP2 proteins derived from other Old World alphaviruses also abolished their nuclear functions.

35 markably, 5-NT also inhibits infection by an alphavirus and a coronavirus.

36 y mosquito transmitted viruses of the genera Alphavirus and Flavivirus are human pathogens of signifi

37 virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging vector-borne alphavirus and is transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquit

38 Sindbis virus (SINV) is the prototype alphavirus and preferentially infects neurons in rodents

39 de in understanding the overall structure of alphavirus and VEEV virions, and glycoprotein spikes in

40 that replication of Old World and New World alphaviruses and a bunyavirus was reduced in mature comp

41 ad-spectrum antiviral activity against other alphaviruses and CHIKV isolates but also exhibited limit

42 The longer ZAP isoforms better inhibit alphaviruses and HBV, while all isoforms equally inhibit

43 that ZAPL and ZAPXL are more active against alphaviruses and hepatitis B virus (HBV) than ZAPS and Z

44 rovides insights that might be applicable to alphaviruses and other RNA viruses in general.

45 cal development as inhibitors of neurotropic alphaviruses and, potentially, of other RNA viruses.

46 d to early endosomes containing internalized alphavirus, and depletion of TSPAN9 inhibited virus fusi

47 ovides an important advance in understanding alphavirus, and probably other virus, encephalitis.

48 virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging vector-borne alphavirus, and there is no approved effective antiviral

49 D-binding host factors are specific for each alphavirus, and we have previously identified those spec

50 ility to viral infection using flaviviruses, alphaviruses, and bunyaviruses as examples of emerging p

51 y extended to other viruses, including ZIKV, alphaviruses, and herpesviruses.

52 servation in RNA secondary structure between alphaviruses, and this structural divergence creates uni

53 Alphaviruses are a group of human and animal pathogens w

54 Alphaviruses are a reemerging viral cause of arthritogen

55 rotein translation.IMPORTANCE Mosquito-borne alphaviruses are a significant and growing cause of vira

56 Alphaviruses are emerging, mosquito-transmitted RNA viru

57 Alphaviruses are enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses th

58 Alphaviruses are enveloped, positive-sense RNA viruses t

59 Alphaviruses are important and widely distributed human

60 Mosquito-borne alphaviruses are important causes of epidemic encephalom

61 Most alphaviruses are mosquito-borne and exhibit a broad host

62 Alphaviruses are mosquito-borne viruses that cause signi

63 We show that the genomic RNAs of alphaviruses are not universally 5' capped, with a signi

64 Alphaviruses are positive-sense, enveloped RNA viruses t

65 Alphaviruses are serious, sometimes lethal human pathoge

66 Alphaviruses are small enveloped RNA viruses that bud fr

67 Alphaviruses are small enveloped RNA viruses that infect

68 Alphaviruses are small enveloped RNA viruses with highly

69 Alphaviruses are spread by mosquitoes and can cause seri

70 Virus encephalitis is a major disease, and alphaviruses, as highlighted by the recent epidemic of c

71 hikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus associated with debilitating arthralgia in hu

72 plex adenovirus, vesicular stomatitis virus, alphavirus-based chimeras, and measles vaccine Schwarz s

73 ving the Mxra8 insertion in Bovinae enhances alphavirus binding and infection, while introducing the

74 to the plasma membrane, which is the site of alphavirus budding.

75 were broadly cross-reactive against diverse alphaviruses but were nonneutralizing.

76 ion ability in G3BP-deleted cells, Old World alphaviruses can be categorized into two groups, being e

77 Thus, protease activity of the alphavirus capsid is a potential antialphaviral target t

78 The alphavirus capsid protein (Cp) selectively packages geno

79 The similar domain structures of alphavirus capsid proteins suggest that this new knowled

80 Three related viruses belonging to the genus Alphavirus cause severe encephalitis in humans: Venezuel

81 virus (RRV), chikungunya virus, and related alphaviruses cause debilitating polyarthralgia and myalg

82 Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-borne alphavirus, causes febrile disease, muscle and joint pai

83 cells with 5-NT decreased the infectivity of alphavirus chikungunya virus and coronavirus mouse hepat

84 dengue virus and yellow fever virus and the alphavirus chikungunya virus, which are also (re)emergin

85 also responsible for recent outbreaks of the alphavirus chikungunya.

86 s (ZIKV; 2 isolates analyzed)) as well as an alphavirus (chikungunya virus; CHIKV; 2 isolates analyze

87 ice with two distantly related arthritogenic alphaviruses, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Ross River v

88 ng pathogenesis of two related arthritogenic alphaviruses, chikungunya virus and Ross River virus.

89 As in the case of other Old World alphaviruses, CHIKV nsP2 not only has enzymatic function

90 However, in contrast to related alphaviruses, CHIKV replicase was completely inactivated

91 polyprotein processing.IMPORTANCE Old World alphaviruses comprise several medically relevant viruses

92 on CHIKV pathogenesis and their relevance in alphavirus control programs in endemic areas.

93 The highly pro-inflammatory nature of alphavirus disease has suggested the involvement of viru

94 The hallmark of alphavirus disease is crippling pain and inflammation of

95 The hallmark of alphavirus disease is crippling pain and joint arthritis

96 ector was investigated in a well-established alphavirus disease model.

97 there is no licensed specific treatment for alphavirus disease, and the increasing spread of infecti

98 via TLR7 and MyD88 signaling to protect from alphavirus dissemination.

99 Here, we demonstrated that alphaviruses do not encode an antagonist for either of t

100 peutics for infections cause by encephalitic alphaviruses due to an incomplete understanding of their

101 c CHIKV/SFV provide insights on the role the alphavirus E2 protein plays on pathogenesis.

102 unya viruses) and two New World encephalitic alphaviruses (eastern and Venezuelan equine encephalitis

103 tradeoffs, we developed the insect-specific alphavirus, Eilat virus (EILV), as a vaccine platform.

104 Recently, a new alphavirus, Eilat virus (EILV), was described, and in co

105 ange restriction of the first "mosquito-only alphavirus," EILV.

106 studying two diseases caused by RNA viruses, alphavirus encephalomyelitis and measles, and was enrich

107 Susceptibility to alphavirus encephalomyelitis is dependent on a variety o

108 Neuronal cell death during fatal alphavirus encephalomyelitis is immune-mediated; however

109 and its regulation for host survival during alphavirus encephalomyelitis.

110 gulation in determining host survival during alphavirus encephalomyelitis.

111 rt our hypothesis that peripherally injected alphaviruses enter the CNS by hematogenous seeding of th

112 to simulate mosquito infection and examined alphavirus entry in the CNS.

113 inds CHIKV and creates a path for developing alphavirus entry inhibitors.

114 the host cell proteins that are involved in alphavirus entry.

115 Alphavirus envelope proteins, organized as trimers of E2

116 lar dynamics based on an atomic model of the alphavirus envelope with icosahedral symmetry.

117 rs to VEEV HVD uncovers important aspects of alphavirus evolution and determines new targets for the

118 Together, our data indicate that alphaviruses extensively reorganize the cell surface and

119 road host range of pathogenic mosquito-borne alphaviruses, facilitate vaccine development, and inform

120 virus (WEEV) is an arbovirus from the genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae, which circulates in Nort

121 lation of TF will aid current efforts in the alphavirus field searching for approaches to mitigate al

122 rview of the dependency of several Old World alphaviruses for the host protein G3BP.

123 s virus (EEEV), a mosquito-borne icosahedral alphavirus found mainly in North America, causes human a

124 ether our data suggest a model for selective alphavirus genome recognition and assembly.

125 Alphavirus genome-based, self-replicating RNAs (replicon

126 tes unique functional structures in specific alphavirus genomes.

127 (EEEV) is the most pathogenic member of the Alphavirus genus in the Togaviridae family.

128 kungunya virus (CHIKV), which belongs to the Alphavirus genus, has a wide distribution in the Old Wor

129 Sindbis virus, a prototypic member of the Alphavirus genus, has been used to study the pathogenesi

130 Chikungunya alphavirus has caused large epidemics worldwide and lead

131 ent by the same subdomain derived from other alphaviruses has strong negative effects on infectious v

132 Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an emerging alphavirus, has infected millions of people.

133 of the in vitro-synthesized RNA into cells, alphaviruses have become an attractive system for expres

134 plays an important role in the lifecycle of alphaviruses; however, the specific role of RNA structur

135 itory function of IRF-1 against infection of alphaviruses in cell culture, its role in vivo remains u

136 HIKV binding, prevents infection by multiple alphaviruses in cells, and mitigates CHIKV-induced patho

137 used to identify early entry sites of these alphaviruses in the CNS.

138 ich are often the first cells encountered by alphaviruses in vivo, is unclear.

139 ezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), an alphavirus, in complex with two strongly neutralizing an

140 e internal capsid protein lattice.IMPORTANCE Alphaviruses include important human pathogens such as C

141 Mxra8 is a receptor for multiple alphaviruses including chikungunya virus (CHIKV).

142 We find that multiple alphaviruses, including chikungunya (CHIKV), Ross River

143 ding avidity and cross-reactivity with other alphaviruses increased over time.

144 PPS is a promising new therapy for alphavirus-induced arthritis, acting to preserve the car

145 te for drug repurposing for the treatment of alphavirus-induced arthritis.

146 ent a safe and effective approach to prevent alphavirus-induced disease in humans.IMPORTANCE This wor

147 Here, using mouse models of alphavirus-induced musculoskeletal disease, we demonstra

148 y increase our understanding of the basis of alphavirus-induced pathology.

149 Alphaviruses infect host cells by utilizing the endocyti

150 l analysis, we demonstrate greater levels of alphavirus infection and disease pathogenesis when Ifitm

151 horse, goat, sheep, and human Mxra8 enables alphavirus infection in cell culture, cattle Mxra8 does

152 MAb treatment promotes resolution of chronic alphavirus infection in lymphoid tissues by reducing the

153 key responders during the initial stages of alphavirus infection in vivo, have not been well studied

154 Together, our data support a model in which alphavirus infection induces reorganization of the PM an

155 Susceptibility to alphavirus infection is age dependent, and host maturati

156 Here, we show that alphavirus infection is increased in Ifitm3(-/-) and Ifi

157 Alphavirus infection of fibroblastic cell types in vitro

158 The outcome of alphavirus infection of the central nervous system is de

159 Salmonid alphavirus infection results in pancreas disease causing

160 were more susceptible than WT mice to lethal alphavirus infection with Venezuelan equine encephalitis

161 role of the host membrane protein TSPAN9 in alphavirus infection.

162 he cartilage matrix, which is damaged during alphavirus infection.

163 afe vaccines have been developed against any alphavirus infection.

164 thology and resolving inflammation following alphavirus infection.

165 OBs may therefore contribute to bone loss in alphavirus infection.

166 evelopment of new vaccine candidates against alphavirus infections and vectors for expression of hete

167 IKV cell attachment and infection.IMPORTANCE Alphavirus infections are a global health threat, contri

168 Mosquito-borne alphavirus infections are an important cause of encephal

169 Alphavirus infections are characterized by global inhibi

170 olyarthralgia is a hallmark of arthritogenic alphavirus infections, with an exceptionally higher morb

171 sign against multiple emerging arthritogenic alphavirus infections.

172 or either robust tetherin internalization or alphavirus inhibition.

173 yelitis due to infection with mosquito-borne alphaviruses is an important cause of death and of long-

174 d of the virus.IMPORTANCE The replication of alphaviruses is determined by specific sets of cellular

175 ) strain of Semliki Forest virus (SFV; genus Alphavirus) is avirulent in adult mice, while the L10 st

176 ungunya virus (CHIKV), an arthritis-inducing alphavirus, is the cause of a massive ongoing outbreak i

177 Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an Old World alphavirus, is transmitted to humans by infected mosquit

178 Chikungunya virus--a mosquito-borne alphavirus--is endemic in Africa and south and southeast

179 critical but little understood steps in the alphavirus life cycle.

180 s for SNPs, identified two eQTL for salmonid alphavirus load.

181 antibody response to MAYV and possibly other alphaviruses may require tandem virus neutralization by

182 eterodimers on the surface of the pathogenic alphavirus, mediate the low pH-triggered fusion of viral

183 SFV also serves as a model for studies of alphavirus molecular biology and host-pathogen interacti

184 ative regulator of IFN signaling, influences alphavirus neuroinvasion and pathogenesis.

185 Alphavirus neutralization activity was analyzed with pse

186 ted that hypervariable domains (HVDs) of the alphavirus nsP3 protein interact with virus-specific hos

187 s.IMPORTANCE Hypervariable domains (HVDs) of alphavirus nsP3 proteins recruit host proteins into vira

188 eract with the hypervariable domain (HVD) of alphavirus nsP3.

189 CHIKV is a reemerging alphavirus of global significance with high potential to

190 quine encephalitis virus (VEEV), a New World alphavirus of the Togaviridae family of viruses causes p

191 ody therapeutic development against multiple alphaviruses of global concern.

192 Immunity to other alphavirus or flavivirus controls provided no protection

193 nts, either not previously analysed in other alphaviruses or specific to CHIKV.

194 the mosquito-borne virus clade of pathogenic alphaviruses, our findings have important evolutionary i

195 due to the explosive nature of arthritogenic alphavirus outbreaks and their recent expansion across t

196 re formation is one of the driving forces of alphavirus particle assembly.

197 Within the alphavirus particle, these mutations are positioned to a

198 Alphavirus particles have a highly organized structure,

199 Cleavage of the alphavirus precursor glycoprotein p62 into the E2 and E3

200 hikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne Alphavirus prevalent worldwide.

201 In addition, alphaviruses provide well-studied experimental systems w

202 attachment to the recently discovered Mxra8 alphavirus receptor.

203 lays an important role in the restriction of alphavirus release and that cell-type-specific cofactors

204 L-tetherin's inhibition of alphavirus release correlated with its internalization b

205 more efficient than S-tetherin in inhibiting alphavirus release in 293 cells.

206 e show that efficient tetherin inhibition of alphavirus release requires efficient tetherin endocytos

207 However, alphaviruses replicate efficiently in cells expressing I

208 nal shutoff impedes the cellular response to alphavirus replication and prevents establishment of an

209 he accumulated knowledge of the mechanism of alphavirus replication and promoter structures, in parti

210 Our studies show that IRF-1 controlled alphavirus replication and swelling in joint-associated

211 been made in understanding the mechanism of alphavirus replication and virus-host interactions.

212 of canonical NF-kappaB activation decreased alphavirus replication in mature neurons by regulating p

213 rivatives as novel inhibitors of neurotropic alphavirus replication, using a cell-based phenotypic as

214 Alphaviruses represent a diverse set of arboviruses, man

215 Alphaviruses represent a group of clinically relevant vi

216 Alphaviruses represent a significant public health threa

217 ungunya virus (CHIKV) is a highly pathogenic alphavirus representative, and its nonstructural protein

218 Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus responsible for causing epidemic outbreaks of

219 Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a re-emerging alphavirus responsible for several outbreaks worldwide i

220 he YXY motif in L-tetherin was necessary for alphavirus restriction in 293 cells but was not required

221 epidemics caused by CHIKV, an arthritogenic alphavirus, resulted in more than 8.5 million cases as t

222 ito inoculation of humans with arthritogenic alphaviruses results in a febrile syndrome characterized

223 s virus (VEEV), a highly myeloid-cell-tropic alphavirus, results in secretion of very high systemic l

224 137 MAb promotes the clearance of persistent alphavirus RNA from lymphoid but not musculoskeletal tis

225 n mice infected with a related arthritogenic alphavirus, Ross River virus, but not in mice infected w

226 Pancreas disease (PD), caused by a salmonid alphavirus (SAV), has a large negative economic and anim

227 igh variability between members of different alphavirus serocomplexes.

228 Using the RNA alphavirus Sindbis as a vector for heredity and diversit

229 st, both the flavivirus dengue virus and the alphavirus Sindbis virus replicated to significantly hig

230 a host factor that promotes infection by the alphaviruses Sindbis virus (SINV), Semliki Forest virus

231 to 1,000-fold decrease in replication of the alphaviruses Sindbis virus and Venezuelan equine encepha

232 sion vectors for two Old World arthritogenic alphaviruses (Sindbis and Chikungunya viruses) and two N

233 The alphavirus small membrane proteins 6K and TF have been r

234 etermines new targets for the development of alphavirus-specific drugs and directions for viral atten

235 pecific FXR protein family and the Old World alphavirus-specific G3BP protein family.

236 of ~ 110 offspring challenged with salmonid alphavirus subtype 3.

237 allenging due to cross-reactivity with other alphaviruses such as chikungunya virus (CHIKV).

238 ates seen after infection with arthritogenic alphaviruses such as chikungunya virus.

239 activity against other clinically important alphaviruses such as O'nyong-nyong virus and Sindbis vir

240 Arthritogenic alphaviruses such as Ross River virus (RRV) and chikungu

241 In contrast to CHIKV, other related alphaviruses, such as Venezuelan equine encephalitis vir

242 ected with the mutant virus suggest that the alphavirus TF protein is important for passage through t

243 ine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a New World Alphavirus that can cause neurological disease and death

244 litis virus (VEEV) is an emerging pathogenic alphavirus that can cause significant disease in humans.

245 kungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthropod-borne alphavirus that causes acute and chronic arthritis.

246 Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a reemerging alphavirus that causes acute febrile illness and severe

247 unya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes acute fever and acute and chronic

248 Sindbis virus (SINV) is an alphavirus that causes age-dependent encephalomyelitis i

249 ction model of chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an alphavirus that causes chronic polyarthritis in humans a

250 Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging alphavirus that causes debilitating acute and chronic ar

251 hikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthritogenic alphavirus that causes debilitating musculoskeletal dise

252 unya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes debilitating musculoskeletal pain

253 unya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes explosive epidemics of a febrile

254 hikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that causes major epidemics of rash, fever, a

255 unya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes severe acute and chronic disease

256 unya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes severe flu-like symptoms.

257 Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus that has emerged as a global health burden.

258 virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne arthralgic alphavirus that has garnered international attention as

259 uelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an alphavirus that is prevalent in the Americas and that is

260 Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus that is primarily transmitted by Aedes specie

261 hikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that is responsible for considerable epidemic

262 Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging Alphavirus that is transmitted to humans by Aedes mosqui

263 ra8 is a receptor for multiple arthritogenic alphaviruses that cause debilitating acute and chronic m

264 globally distributed group of arthritogenic alphaviruses that cause weeks to months of debilitating

265 ikungunya virus (CHIKV), a globally emerging alphavirus, the contributions of individual IFN subtypes

266 The ability of alphaviruses to induce bone pathologies remains poorly d

267 This ability of most alphaviruses to infect arthropods and vertebrates is ess

268 y was observed with related flaviviruses and alphaviruses, To evaluate diagnostic sensitivity and spe

269 equine encephalitis viruses (VEEV and WEEV; Alphavirus; Togaviridae) are mosquito-borne pathogens ca

270 nform potential strategies to reduce/prevent alphavirus transmission.

271 e etiological agent is chikungunya virus, an alphavirus transmitted by mosquito bite.

272 e encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a neurotropic alphavirus transmitted by mosquitoes that causes encepha

273 Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus transmitted by mosquitoes that is known to ca

274 a virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging, pathogenic Alphavirus transmitted to humans by Aedes spp. mosquitoe

275 We show that pathogenic alphaviruses use secondary structural motifs within the

276 ese vectors have been derived from Old World alphaviruses using a second viral subgenomic promoter to

277 fitm3 against arthritogenic and encephalitic alphaviruses using cells and animals with a targeted gen

278 VEEV and related alphaviruses utilize programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifti

279 r the development of new rationally designed alphavirus vaccine candidates that combine efficient imm

280 to outbreaks, we designed and tested a novel alphavirus vaccine comprised of cationic lipid nucleic a

281 al utility of our LANAC formulation as a pan-alphavirus vaccine.

282 There are currently no licensed alphavirus vaccines or effective antiviral therapies, an

283 However, current alphavirus vectors expressing reporters of infection hav

284 multivalent vaccine against the encephalitic alphaviruses VEEV and EEEV, both of which can cause fata

285 no therapeutics to treat infection with the alphavirus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV),

286 The alphaviruses Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV)

287 ong these viral threats are the encephalitic alphaviruses Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV)

288 cognized innate immune pathway that controls alphavirus viremia and dissemination in vertebrate hosts

289 One determinant of alphavirus virulence is nonstructural protein 3 (nsP3) t

290 ferritin (HAF) nanoparticle and encephalitic alphavirus VLP-based vaccines.

291 of consensus clones as tools for studies of alphaviruses was demonstrated.

292 fectivity of Sindbis virus (SINV), the model alphavirus, was largely a function of the cell line prod

293 Recently, the small 6K and TF proteins of alphaviruses were shown to contribute to virulence in vi

294 Tetherin restricts alphaviruses, which are highly organized enveloped RNA v

295 litis virus (EEEV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus with a high case mortality rate in humans.

296 uelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an alphavirus with a wide distribution across the globe.

297 We developed alphaviruses with fluorescent protein tags on one of the

298 evious research exploring the interaction of alphaviruses with host cell antiviral responses has been

299 actions of EEEV HVD and likely HVDs of other alphaviruses with host factors represent an important di

300 antiviral immunity and levels of circulating alphaviruses within hours of infection through a bile ac