ライフサイエンスコーパス: altruism

1 and within-group cooperation (e.g. parochial altruism).

2 ew that competition puts any such demands on altruism.

3 sufficient for the evolution of one form of altruism.

4 onsumption of a common resource is a form of altruism.

5 r selfishness help to "pay" for second-order altruism.

6 than others, a situation called competitive altruism.

7 nd recipient for explaining the evolution of altruism.

8 e punisher, making it a form of second-order altruism.

9 us action performance predicts self-reported altruism.

10 e punisher, making it a form of second-order altruism.

11 wo alleles which code for different kinds of altruism.

12 n alternative route towards the evolution of altruism.

13 m interspersed with phases of transient true altruism.

14 mpetition could account for the evolution of altruism.

15 are highly unstable, leading to the loss of altruism.

16 encouraging the origin and stability of true altruism.

17 the system towards the point of 50% marginal altruism.

18 y different perspectives on the evolution of altruism.

19 relationship between sexual reproduction and altruism.

20 relationship between sexual reproduction and altruism.

21 are motivated more by self-interest than by altruism.

22 l infinite models) plays in the evolution of altruism.

23 lassic "haystack" models of the evolution of altruism.

24 ups contribute to research solely because of altruism.

25 n relatives can counteract kin selection for altruism.

26 d in terms of extended kinship or reciprocal altruism.

27 upport the selection of both weak and strong altruism.

28 ffects can cancel, limiting the viability of altruism.

29 tly responding quantitatively to a partner's altruism.

30 on need to be interpreted solely in terms of altruism.

31 table component of the immune system and kin altruism.

32 relatedness), group selection and reciprocal altruism.

33 hypothesized to be an important precursor to altruism.

34 at a cost to themselves, a phenomenon termed altruism.

35 threat (the COVID-19 pandemic) and everyday altruism.

36 s and cultural context in the development of altruism.

37 es several novel insights into the nature of altruism.

38 s been described in terms of cooperation and altruism.

39 urrounding explanations for the evolution of altruism.

40 le of the neuropeptide oxytocin in promoting altruism.

41 sibility of a neural basis for extraordinary altruism.

42 eciprocal activity yielded little subsequent altruism.

43 is applied to model the real motivations of altruism.

44 close kin but share a "greenbeard" gene for altruism?

45 Does empathy necessarily impede equity in altruism?

46 ress of self and others to real-world costly altruism, (2) reinforce distinctions between empathy for

47 and cultural beliefs (9 studies [50%]), and altruism (7 studies [39%]).

48 The evolution of altruism, a behaviour that benefits others at one's own

49 ether mindfulness meditation activates human altruism, a component of social cooperation.

50 withstanding that examples of pathologies of altruism abound.

51 nces in the social preferences that motivate altruism across the primate order, and there is currentl

52 ection can favor reproductive altruism if an altruism allele aids copies of itself by helping relativ

53 fies the degree of an agent's selfishness or altruism, allowing us to better predict how the agent wi

54 Concepts of pathological altruism, altruism bias, and guardian systems may help o

55 or kinship per se to achieve cooperation and altruism among group members.

56 Competition hinders the evolution of altruism amongst kin when beneficiaries gain at the expe

57 With this type of altruism, an offspring will perform any act for which th

58 is unlikely that a single gene can code for altruism and a recognizable tag.

59 tween caring motivation and various forms of altruism and aggression are discussed.

60 cial behaviors such as extraordinary acts of altruism and aggression can often be best understood as

61 ing a common prosocial motivation underlying altruism and cooperation.

62 re, scientifically informed understanding of altruism and cooperative behavior.

63 istic scenarios, competition influences both altruism and defection.

64 Heritable variation in selfishness, altruism and discrimination is predicted to be particula

65 us social preferences in terms of both their altruism and equality-efficiency tradeoffs.

66 els of the gene-culture coevolution of human altruism and further sharpen what any theory of human co

67 pactful papers published on the evolution of altruism and identify 43 evolutionary models in which al

68 Our study suggests that parochial altruism and in-group/out-group biases emerge early duri

69 Second, we ask why reproductive altruism and individuality arise only in the larger memb

70 e of cooperative agreements, from reciprocal altruism and insurance arrangements to the social norms

71 ormation, allowing the ethical principles of altruism and justice to guide organ allocation.

72 were thought to potentially benefit through altruism and maintenance of hope.

73 sness was inversely predictive of children's altruism and positively correlated with their punitive t

74 s been theoretically linked with cooperative altruism and prosociality.

75 We show in a simulation model that altruism and punishment paradoxically become negatively

76 nstitutions of integration can unleash human altruism and restore cooperation in the presence of dive

77 Altruism and selfishness are 30-50% heritable in man in

78 This genetically based variation in altruism and selfishness requires explanation.

79 ions initially in stable equilibrium between altruism and selfishness.

80 eories on the explanation of both biological altruism and sex-ratio conflicts, and defend that the en

81 veral fundamental issues in the evolution of altruism and spite have remained contentious.

82 Humans are a cooperative species, capable of altruism and the creation of shared norms that ensure fa

83 sults imply high context modularity of human altruism and the development of intervention approaches

84 y highlighting the relevance of pathological altruism and the neuroendocrine pathways associated with

85 Altruism and the potential for therapeutic benefit were

86 Here, we assessed altruism and third-party evaluation of scenarios depicti

87 owever, organ donation is a process based on altruism and trust, not a simple biological phenomenon.

88 e interactions, particularly those involving altruism and trust, remains unknown.

89 e enigmatic global association between avian altruism and unpredictable rainfall.

90 Both pure altruism and warm-glow motives appear to determine the h

91 cussion of the connection between other-only altruism and whole-group altruism, in which the donor ga

92 relatedness predisposes individuals towards altruism, and as haploid germ cells of an ejaculate will

93 dual-level ones, need not produce behavioral altruism, and do not require competition between groups

94 as political mobilization, health practices, altruism, and emotional states exhibit similar dynamics

95 entered their children for medical benefit, altruism, and hope of cure.

96 cision on a choice between self-interest and altruism, and if improving this sensitivity through trai

97 ad private insurance, showed lower levels of altruism, and less understanding of study design.

98 , exhibit stronger conspiracy beliefs, lower altruism, and limited environmental knowledge, are more

99 enefit from medical improvement, feelings of altruism, and maintenance of hope, the chance of cure or

100 structure for the maintenance of mutualism, altruism, and niche construction or ecosystem engineerin

101 n ambivalent about their values (protection, altruism, and respect) and the deceased's wishes, not wa

102 t, often taken as evidence of uniquely human altruism, and show that it 1) disappears when cooperatio

103 m benefits the group, selfishness undermines altruism, and the purpose of the model is to identify me

104 METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In our AlAn's (altruism-antisocial) game a computer program presents su

105 eard effect and find that if recognition and altruism are always inherited together, the dynamics are

106 despite the fact that virtually all forms of altruism are associated with tradeoffs--some of enormous

107 ve been proposed to explain the evolution of altruism are direct reciprocity and indirect reciprocity

108 related individuals so that the benefits of altruism are reaped by copies of the altruistic gene in

109 (Figure 1), and kin selection and reciprocal altruism are the foundation of the kinds of cooperative

110 cial interactions, including cooperation and altruism, are characteristic of numerous species, but ma

111 ong evolutionary trajectories, and find that altruism arises before directly beneficial behavior, des

112 Participants acknowledged hope and altruism as reasons for entering the trial more than exp

113 enomena, chiefly the evolution of biological altruism as that found in sterile castes of eusocial ins

114 netically based variation in selfishness and altruism, as in man, altruists with an innate ability to

115 t to the system's evolved functions: sibling altruism, aversion to personally engaging in sibling inc

116 And, can altruism be favored between individuals who are not clos

117 of competition, selection will often favour altruism because its alternatives provide lower fitness.

118 In the typical evolutionary formulation, altruism benefits the group, selfishness undermines altr

119 Altruism between close relatives can be easily explained

120 ed oxytocin system activity induces a social altruism bias at the cost of ecological responsibility.

121 eptual approach toward the quantification of altruism bias is presented.

122 Concepts of pathological altruism, altruism bias, and guardian systems may help open many n

123 despite fear), and adaptive social behavior (altruism, bonding, and teamwork) were found to be releva

124 ial insect colonies are pinnacles of evolved altruism but also exhibit dramatic conflict among relati

125 sity of the population slows up selection of altruism, but does not affect its direction, and this ho

126 mportant mechanism favoring the evolution of altruism, but punishment can be costly to the punisher,

127 uently relied on kin selection or reciprocal altruism, but recent models suggest that guarding may be

128 e hypothalamic peptide oxytocin in promoting altruism, but whether the influence of oxytocin benefits

129 of individual and contextual differences in altruism by examining altruistic choices in different in

130 This effect both supports the evolution of altruism by focusing the altruists' gifts on relatives o

131 provide a new perspective on strong vs. weak altruism by identifying their different underlying game

132 Appeals to altruism by reminding the public about the benefits of q

133 conditions associated with outgroup-directed altruism by showing that charitable social cues co-occur

134 In a brood from a single egg, reproductive altruism by soldiers reflects clone-level allocation to

135 uestions about the proximate source of human altruism by suggesting that prosocial behavior results,

136 on amongst defectors nevertheless undermines altruism, by facilitating invasion of unrelated benefici

137 cartoonish thought experiment to explain why altruism can be a selfish strategy from the perspective

138 viduals are genetically related, alleles for altruism can be favored by selection because they are ca

139 en helped by the beneficiary, discriminating altruism can be resistant against invasion by defectors.

140 Reciprocal altruism can become established among selfish, unrelated

141 m, the model shows that both strong and weak altruism can evolve in periodically formed random groups

142 The fact that strong altruism can increase when groups are periodically and r

143 We show how kin selection and reciprocal altruism can promote cooperation in diverse 2x2 matrix g

144 losses suffered in the first and in this way altruism can ratchet up to high levels.

145 Together, a little bit of reciprocal altruism can, however, greatly reduce the threshold at w

146 olving an absolute cost to altruists (strong altruism) cannot evolve when populations are structured

147 ow religion negatively influences children's altruism, challenging the view that religiosity facilita

148 Much of what we know about the evolution of altruism comes from animals.

149 The study of prosocial behavior--altruism, cooperation, trust, and the related moral emot

150 Altruism, defined as costly other-regarding behavior, va

151 tress, we examined whether stress effects on altruism depend on participants' general capacity to men

152 Empathy-induced altruism derives its strength from the emotional stake i

153 A species altruism directed toward repair of human problems is cou

154 s the essential factors for the evolution of altruism directly in its parameters and integrates impor

155 Here, we show that altruism does indeed reduce environmentally induced repr

156 Moreover, when altruism does occur among other primates, it is typicall

157 engaged in extraordinarily costly real-world altruism: donating a kidney to a stranger.

158 Whereas altruism drives the evolution of human cooperation, ethn

159 This species exhibits altruism during both asexual and sexual cycles of its li

160 In some cases however, kin-altruism effects appear to be modest.

161 Reciprocal altruism emerges from iterated games where players have

162 and identify 43 evolutionary models in which altruism evolves and where the authors attribute the evo

163 This nepotistic altruism evolves under natural selection only if the rat

164 The study of human and primate altruism faces an evolutionary anomaly: There is ample e

165 support decisions about trust, reciprocity, altruism, fairness, revenge, social punishment, social n

166 rlapping generations hinder the evolution of altruism, fecundity effects are more conducive to altrui

167 iprocal interactions are a potent trigger of altruism for young children, and that these interactions

168 ibly accounting for the distinctive forms of altruism found in our species.

169 of such functions when observing refusal of altruism from a genetic sister.

170 xperience fostered children's expectation of altruism from others.

171 l design allows us to rigorously distinguish altruism from preferences regarding equality-efficiency

172 Extraordinary altruism generally reflected opposite patterns of moral

173 and TgrB1 as its receptor, but evidence for altruism has been indirect.

174 Cooperation based on reciprocal altruism has evolved in only a small number of species,

175 Efforts to solve the evolutionary puzzle of altruism have a lengthy history, and recent years have s

176 number of supposedly alternative pathways to altruism have been published, leading to controversies s

177 However, the potential hurtful aspects of altruism have gone largely unrecognized in scientific in

178 al decades of investigating the evolution to altruism have resulted in the systematic and unwitting r

179 as been used extensively to study reciprocal altruism, here we show that the n-player prisoner's dile

180 rom the novel formulation to prevent 'forced altruism' hidden in previous static algorithms while all

181 owever, in conditions that do not select for altruism, host bacteria promoting transfer are outcompet

182 The genetic evolution of altruism (i.e., a behavior resulting in a net reduction

183 ate mechanism to underlie so-called directed altruism, i.e., altruism in response to anothers's pain,

184 An act of altruism (ie, participation in an invasive clinical stud

185 Selection can favor reproductive altruism if an altruism allele aids copies of itself by

186 indirect fitness options and helping is only altruism if it reduces the helper's direct fitness.

187 reciprocal activity elicited high degrees of altruism in 1- and 2-y-old children, whereas friendly bu

188 vity to inequality is strongly predictive of altruism in an independent task domain.

189 o far, and I apply the theory of competitive altruism in arguing how strategic investment in behaviou

190 in a non-social decision task yet simulated altruism in dictator games.

191 further our understanding of the origins of altruism in humans by highlighting the importance of emo

192 eted theoretical results on the selection of altruism in inelastic viscous homogeneous populations, n

193 is may explain reported genetic variation in altruism in man.

194 The profound benefits of altruism in modern society are self-evident.

195 selection theory predicts that the degree of altruism in queenless colonies should be reduced because

196 underlie so-called directed altruism, i.e., altruism in response to anothers's pain, need, or distre

197 tions meet the most stringent definitions of altruism in that they represent an intentional behavior

198 st defectors presents relative advantages to altruism in the simplest games between altruists and def

199 Early research was focused on altruism in the social insects, where the problem of coo

200 milton's relatedness drives the evolution to altruism in their models.

201 fications of pathological altruism, that is, altruism in which attempts to promote the welfare of oth

202 of Hamilton's rule in the case of other-only altruism in which the benefits are shared by other membe

203 d, providing field evidence for 'competitive altruism' in which helpful acts are used as a display to

204 Here we demonstrate the evolution of altruism, in the form of conditional reproductive restra

205 Acts of extraordinary, costly altruism, in which significant risks or costs are assume

206 between other-only altruism and whole-group altruism, in which the donor gains some benefit from its

207 other prominent theories of the evolution of altruism: inclusive fitness and multilevel selection.

208 s us to combine kin selection and reciprocal altruism into a general matrix game model.

209 Effective altruism is a growing humanitarian movement with a track

210 Altruism is consequently deemed to require stronger kin

211 Altruism is critical for cooperation and productivity in

212 The evolution of sociality and altruism is enigmatic because cooperators are constantly

213 is caused by loosely coupled separate genes, altruism is facilitated through beard chromodynamics in

214 Altruism is favored by natural selection provided that i

215 In non-human animals, altruism is generally directed towards relatives, and sa

216 Altruism is globally associated with unpredictable envir

217 This is true even if altruism is initially rare, migration between groups all

218 enome sequencing reveals that this bacterial altruism is made possible by drug-resistance mutations u

219 In humans, altruism is motivated at least in part by empathy and co

220 Our findings show how altruism is preserved from the disruptive effects of suc

221 Although the evolution of altruism is robust to perturbations in most of the defau

222 If reciprocal altruism is to provide an explanation for altruistic beh

223 e for charitable contributions, called "pure altruism," is satisfied by increases in the public good

224 ding to evolutionary theories of generalized altruism, market integration should lead to greater leve

225 In the absence of kin selection, reciprocal altruism may be an evolutionarily stable strategy but is

226 Altruism may be learned (behavioral evolution) in a way

227 ltruist, and also limits the extent to which altruism may emerge by exposing clusters of altruists to

228 riodically and randomly formed suggests that altruism may evolve more readily and in simpler organism

229 support prior suggestions that self-reported altruism may not reliably predict altruistic behaviour.

230 However, a self-reported altruism measure previously linked to peer evaluations b

231 riments, interoceptive sensitivity predicted altruism measured through monetary generosity.

232 l of remittances can be explained by our kin-altruism model.

233 ndividuals favour kin to the extent that kin-altruism models predict?

234 that if punishing inequity is predictive of altruism more broadly, extraordinary altruists should pu

235 aggregate of scores from Ego-Resiliency, NEO Altruism, NEO Straightforwardness (positive predictors)

236 itness of the actor and also either benefit (altruism) or harm (spite) other individuals.

237 Altruism (over social space) corresponds to self-control

238 Altruism, particularly understanding that organ donation

239 parents, who had higher levels of trust and altruism, perceived the potential for enhanced care, ref

240 an example of dedication to science based on altruism, personal growth, and tenacity.

241 ons suggest that enforcement of reproductive altruism (policing) in hymenopteran insect societies is

242 Altruism presents a challenge to evolutionary theory bec

243 ions, and hence, perhaps surprisingly, serve altruism rather than selfishness.

244 explanations and models for cooperation and altruism--reciprocity, kin and group selection, and puni

245 Although the neural mechanisms underlying altruism remain unknown, empathy and its component abili

246 d through which mechanisms stress may impact altruism remains elusive.

247 teria to humans: Is the evolution of extreme altruism, represented by the sterile workers of social i

248 In order to be able to enforce altruism, reproductive cheaters need to be reliably iden

249 ved a great deal of attention with regard to altruism, reproductive value has been surprisingly negle

250 Greenbeard altruism resolves this paradox by allowing cooperators t

251 h as cooperation, giving, and other forms of altruism--result from covert attempts to avoid social in

252 Altruism should be the guiding motivation for all donati

253 used to model Herbert Simon's explanation of altruism, showing that altruistic norms can "hitchhike"

254 origin of the genetic basis for reproductive altruism (somatic cells specialized at vegetative functi

255 social conformity in general and competitive altruism specifically.

256 selective pressures leading to reproductive altruism stem from the increasing cost of reproduction w

257 test case was based on the "biofilms promote altruism" study previously implemented in BacSim because

258 for altruistic sterility is favored when the altruism sufficiently benefits relatives carrying the ge

259 al responsibility emphasize the relevance of altruism, suggesting that more altruistic individuals ar

260 h other individuals carrying the alleles for altruism than random individuals in the population ("kin

261 ism, fecundity effects are more conducive to altruism than survival effects, and one demographic regi

262 to a stranger is a rare act of extraordinary altruism that appears to reflect a moral commitment to h

263 and potential ramifications of pathological altruism, that is, altruism in which attempts to promote

264 ndependently inherited loci, one controlling altruism the other discrimination, or a one locus model

265 range of puzzling behaviors, such as extreme altruism, the use of ethical principles, and romantic lo

266 hoices, we considered participants' level of altruism, their reciprocity expectations, their optimism

267 redictions from kin selection and reciprocal altruism theory.

268 ral network positively reinforces reciprocal altruism, thereby motivating subjects to resist the temp

269 After a brief exploration on the basis of altruism, this review will discuss the assessment, evalu

270 gn, physician involvement, personal benefit, altruism, time, and incentives.

271 where the authors attribute the evolution of altruism to a pathway other than kin selection and/or de

272 the positive assortment necessary for strong altruism to evolve does not require these additional mec

273 it defectors against each other allow strong altruism to evolve even in populations with negligible k

274 such as kinship or reciprocity, that enable altruism to evolve.

275 that spermatozoa may display cooperation and altruism to gain an advantage when inter-male sperm comp

276 This allows altruism to persist even in weakly structured population

277 lution of all forms of social behavior, from altruism to spite, across all organisms, from viruses to

278 should consider kin selection and reciprocal altruism together rather than as alternatives, and they

279 The cowbird's unexpected altruism toward host offspring simply promotes its selfi

280 totally negate, the kin-selected benefits of altruism toward relatives.

281 ophobia generally failed to exhibit enhanced altruism toward the outgroup.

282 not affect its direction, and this holds for altruism towards any individual, not just immediate neig

283 By directing altruism towards kin, D. purpureum should generally avoi

284 wever, paradoxes arise when organisms divert altruism towards more distantly related recipients.

285 ble signals, signal recognition ability, and altruism towards others that display the same signal.

286 dividuals will show less aggression and more altruism towards relatives.

287 iduals should show less aggression, and more altruism, towards closer kin.

288 Additional questions assessed altruism, trust, value for research, and perceptions of

289 Altruism underlies cooperative behaviours that facilitat

290 The idea of reciprocal altruism usually involves direct reciprocity: repeated e

291 Consistent with pure altruism, we find that even mandatory, tax-like transfer

292 ons (e.g., stress and anxiety), and everyday altruism were collected.

293 aphic regime (so-called death-birth) permits altruism whereas another (so-called birth-death) does no

294 e reciprocal cues remain potent elicitors of altruism, whereas a fourth study with preschoolers showe

295 n and obtain conditions for the stability of altruism which differ from Hamilton's rule by simply rep

296 neural bases of this unique aspect of human altruism, which extends beyond interpersonal interaction

297 y phenomena of human interactions: authentic altruism, why people cooperate intuitively, one-shot coo

298 udy is best described as egoistically biased altruism, with important implications for our understand

299 group formation, the origin of reproductive altruism within the group, and the further specializatio

300 ves, while defectors receive the benefits of altruism without providing any help in return.