ライフサイエンスコーパス: anthrax toxin

1 acillus anthracis collectively known as the "anthrax toxin".

2 antigen (PA), the cell-binding component of anthrax toxin.

3 uses, like influenza virus, and toxins, like anthrax toxin.

4 ainst protective antigen, a component of the anthrax toxin.

5 ry capacity does not affect the synthesis of anthrax toxin.

6 odies that mitigate the biological action of anthrax toxin.

7 approach to generating potent inhibitors of anthrax toxin.

8 ity, they are likely relevant targets of the anthrax toxin.

9 the two previously identified receptors for anthrax toxin.

10 s, completing the assembly of the tripartite anthrax toxin.

11 binding sites on the heptameric component of anthrax toxin.

12 hrax is thought to include neutralization of anthrax toxin.

13 to be ineffective against strains that lack anthrax toxin.

14 (CMG2), the two known cellular receptors for anthrax toxin.

15 tective antigen (PA), a central component of anthrax toxin.

16 hanism of acidic pH-induced translocation of anthrax toxin.

17 was recently identified as the receptor for anthrax toxin.

18 ole for ARAP3 in cellular internalization of anthrax toxin.

19 pproved drug that can block the action of an anthrax toxin.

20 immunized mice against lethal challenge with anthrax toxin.

21 g the mechanism of membrane translocation by anthrax toxin.

22 understand the mechanism of translocation by anthrax toxin.

23 ive antigen (PA(63)) component of the binary anthrax toxin.

24 oylation is required for the cleavage of the anthrax toxin.

25 from anthrax spore challenge and neutralizes anthrax toxins.

26 inst the protective antigen component of the anthrax toxins.

27 s with high activity and specificity for the anthrax toxins.

28 encapsulated, toxigenic B. anthracis or with anthrax toxins.

29 e pathways does not explain the lethality of anthrax toxin(1,2).

30 pore-like form retained the capacity to bind anthrax toxin A moieties and cell surface receptors, but

31 Anthrax toxin, a major virulence factor of Bacillus anth

32 Anthrax toxin, a three-component protein toxin secreted

33 le in transporting the enzymatic moieties of anthrax toxin across membranes.

34 translocation of the enzymatic components of anthrax toxin across membranes.

35 The anthrax toxins act to suppress innate immune responses a

36 cytosolic domain plays no essential role in anthrax toxin action was obtained by showing that TEM8 a

37 e detection of B. anthracis by using atxA an anthrax toxin activator gene.

38 of the protective antigen (PA) component of anthrax toxin allows it to self-associate into a ring-sh

39 Control of anthrax toxin and capsule synthesis, the two major virul

40 Anthrax toxin and capsule, determinants for successful i

41 fection, attesting to the importance of both anthrax toxin and CMG2 in anthrax infections.

42 ate talin-1 are exploited for association of anthrax toxin and its principal receptor, CMG2, with hig

43 been learned about the interactions between anthrax toxin and its receptors.

44 he mechanisms by which antibodies neutralize anthrax toxin and may have future application in the eva

45 ly to the heptameric cell-binding subunit of anthrax toxin and prevents the interaction between cell-

46 ture and function of Tc toxins with those of anthrax toxin and vertebrate teneurin.

47 terium's major virulence factors are (a) the anthrax toxins and (b) an antiphagocytic polyglutamic ca

48 acis Ames plasmids pXO1 and pXO2 that encode anthrax toxins and capsule, respectively.

49 ltaatxA1 mutant produced lower levels of the anthrax toxins and no hyaluronic acid capsule.

50 This review focuses on the activities of anthrax toxins and their roles in initial and late stage

51 both at the cell surface (protecting against anthrax toxin) and in the secretory pathway (blocking pr

52 nd edema factor, which are the components of anthrax toxin, and other proteins with known or potentia

53 idate the process by which the components of anthrax toxin, and perhaps other binary bacterial toxins

54 , and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins] and anthrax toxin are bioterrorism agents that cause disease

55 The three protein components of anthrax toxin are nontoxic individually, but they form a

56 Anthrax toxins are formed from three proteins secreted b

57 Previous studies demonstrated that the anthrax toxins are important immunomodulators that promo

58 ter stages of infection, when high levels of anthrax toxins are present.

59 Taken together, these studies indicate that anthrax toxins are required for dissemination of bacteri

60 The anthrax toxins are three polypeptides-protective antigen

61 We begin to address this question using anthrax toxin as a model.

62 We investigated the ratchet mechanism using anthrax toxin as a model.

63 encodes a host membrane protein exploited by anthrax toxin as a principal receptor, dramatically alte

64 en (PA) and lethal factor (LF) components of anthrax toxin as a system for in vivo delivery of cytoto

65 doing so we targeted a protease component of anthrax toxin as well as host proteases exploited by thi

66 disease, harbors virulence plasmids encoding anthrax toxins as well as hyaluronic acid (HA) and B. ce

67 Protective antigen (PA) from anthrax toxin assembles into a homoheptamer on cell surf

68 As anthrax toxin (Atx) accesses the cytosol, the purpose of

69 acis that produce two key virulence factors, anthrax toxin (Atx) and a poly-gamma-D-glutamic acid cap

70 The protective antigen (PA) component of the anthrax toxin (ATx) plays an essential role in the patho

71 Anthrax toxin (Atx), a key virulence factor secreted by

72 The action of anthrax toxin begins when the protective antigen (PA(83)

73 asive assay that uses nontoxic, reengineered anthrax toxin-beta-lactamase fusion proteins with altere

74 ages and human lymphoblastoid cells affected anthrax toxin binding, internalization, and sensitivity.

75 Protective antigen (PA) of anthrax toxin binds cellular receptors and forms pores i

76 The protective antigen (PA) moiety of anthrax toxin binds to cellular receptors and mediates e

77 The protective antigen (PA) moiety of anthrax toxin binds to cellular receptors and mediates t

78 Protective antigen (PA), a component of anthrax toxin, binds receptors on mammalian cells and is

79 ve antigen (PA), the B subunit of the binary anthrax toxin, binds to the cellular receptors capillary

80 ted by the protective antigen (PA) moiety of anthrax toxin by more than four orders of magnitude, wit

81 Anthrax toxin can induce hemolysis in the presence of po

82 MEK1 cleaved with the lethal factor of the anthrax toxin can still be activated by its upstream mit

83 ET and LT demonstrates how the components of anthrax toxin can work together to increase lethality.

84 We used our method to prepare two different anthrax toxin cargo proteins: one containing an (alpha)t

85 tency in cell assays and protected mice from anthrax toxin challenge with much better efficacy than t

86 of W1 and W2 efficiently protected rats from anthrax toxin challenge.

87 e cleaved by LF show a greater resistance to anthrax toxin challenge.

88 ways to the neutralizing activity of an anti-anthrax toxin chimeric mAb.

89 The impact of ZDHHC5 on Furin/PC7-mediated anthrax toxin cleavage is dual, having an indirect and a

90 trate that the acid-induced translocation by anthrax toxin closely resembles that of diphtheria toxin

91 To display the 710 kDa anthrax toxin complex, two bipartite functional fusion p

92 Assembly of anthrax toxin complexes at the mammalian cell surface in

93 A self-assembly scheme of anthrax toxin complexes is proposed.

94 Up to 229 anthrax toxin complexes, equivalent to a total of 2400 p

95 to the kinetics and pathways of assembly of anthrax toxin complexes.

96 on-antimicrobial drugs with activity against anthrax toxin components; and agents that inhibit bindin

97 Anthrax toxin, comprising protective antigen, lethal fac

98 Anthrax toxin, comprising three proteins-protective anti

99 The tripartite anthrax toxin consists of protective antigen, lethal fac

100 Anthrax toxin consists of the proteins protective antige

101 Anthrax toxin consists of three nontoxic proteins that s

102 Anthrax toxin consists of three protein components: prot

103 The anthrax toxin contains three components, including the p

104 The protective antigen (PA) moiety of anthrax toxin delivers the toxin's enzymatic moieties to

105 nted here demonstrate the versatility of the anthrax toxin delivery system and indicate that this sys

106 for PA supports its potency in neutralizing anthrax toxin, demonstrating its potential utility as a

107 We have previously demonstrated that anthrax toxin-derived proteins, protective antigen (PA)

108 igen (PA), the cell-binding component of the anthrax toxin determinant for toxin entrance into cells.

109 We also showed that the anthrax toxins did not play a role in persistence.

110 Thus, anthrax toxins directly act on T lymphocytes in a mouse

111 The three proteins that comprise anthrax toxin, edema factor (EF), lethal factor (LF), an

112 A third component of anthrax toxin, edema factor, did not induce leakage alon

113 Our results demonstrate that anthrax toxins effectively suppress human neutrophil-med

114 to the protective antigen (PA) component of anthrax toxin elicited by approved anthrax vaccines is a

115 A domain protein, can mediate and potentiate anthrax toxin endocytosis.

116 The enzymatic moieties of anthrax toxin enter the cytosol of mammalian cells via a

117 Anthrax toxins enter cells via two identified anthrax to

118 In addition, a novel pathway by which anthrax toxin enters cells is starting to be uncovered.

119 We found that the lethality of anthrax toxin for mice is mostly mediated by CMG2 and th

120 seful as a therapeutic agent to compete with anthrax toxins for cellular receptors during active infe

121 of the protective antigen (PA) component of anthrax toxin forms a heptameric channel, (PA63)7, in ac

122 The protective antigen (PA) moiety of anthrax toxin forms a heptameric pore in endosomal membr

123 rm, the protective antigen (PA) component of anthrax toxin forms a heptameric prepore, which converts

124 ivation, the protective antigen component of anthrax toxin forms a heptameric prepore.

125 The protective antigen component of anthrax toxin forms a homoheptameric pore in the endosom

126 Protective antigen of anthrax toxin forms a pore through which the two catalyt

127 The protective antigen (PA) moiety of anthrax toxin forms oligomeric pores that translocate th

128 Anthrax toxin forms one such machine through the self-as

129 The protective antigen (PA) component of the anthrax toxin forms pores within the low pH environment

130 of protease activation specificity converts anthrax toxin from a highly lethal to a potent tumoricid

131 zed full-length protective antigen (PA83) of anthrax toxin from Bacillus anthracis as a foreign antig

132 Anthrax toxin from Bacillus anthracis is a three-compone

133 These results demonstrate that anthrax toxins function in Drosophila as they do in mamm

134 Anthrax toxin gene expression in Bacillus anthracis is d

135 Our findings tie anthrax toxin gene expression to the complex network of

136 regulator AtxA controls transcription of the anthrax toxin genes and capsule biosynthetic operon.

137 non-B. anthracis isolate that possesses the anthrax toxin genes and is capable of causing a severe i

138 but carrying pXO1 (182 kb) that harbors the anthrax toxin genes, are attenuated in animal models.

139 ing the protective antigen (PA) component of anthrax toxin genetically fused to a dendritic cell (DC)

140 This is likely because anthrax toxin has approximately 11-fold higher affinity

141 by protective antigen (PA), the B moiety of anthrax toxin, has focused attention on understanding ho

142 Two distinct cellular receptors for anthrax toxin have been identified and are designated ca

143 igen (PA), the receptor-binding component of anthrax toxin, heptamerizes and inserts into the endosom

144 ized that host cells would be protected from anthrax toxins if anthrax toxin receptor expression was

145 clonal antibody that effectively neutralizes anthrax toxin in an unknown mechanism.

146 rstanding of the molecular events induced by anthrax toxin in different target cells at each stage of

147 peutic value for alleviating the symptoms of anthrax toxin in infected individuals and for medium-ter

148 A comprehensive study of the effects of anthrax toxin in mice demonstrates that toxin-induced de

149 ttern-matched polyvalent liposomes inhibited anthrax toxin in vitro at concentrations four orders of

150 A panel of Fabs that neutralize anthrax toxin in vitro was selected from libraries gener

151 10- to 100-fold less potent in neutralizing anthrax toxin in vitro.

152 d in vitro and enabled the neutralization of anthrax toxin in vivo.

153 e polypeptide-based polyvalent inhibitors of anthrax toxin in which multiple copies of an inhibitory

154 To better understand the role of anthrax toxins in pathogenesis in vivo and to investigat

155 This review focuses on the role of anthrax toxins in pathogenesis.

156 furin inhibitor hexa-D-arginine amide delays anthrax toxin-induced toxemia both in cells and in live

157 This work demonstrates a receptor-directed anthrax-toxin inhibitor and represents a promising strat

158 ection, we engineered nontoxic components of anthrax toxin into a Bcl-XL delivery system.

159 protein 6 (LRP6) promotes endocytosis of the anthrax toxin into cells.

160 be caused by the direct binding and entry of anthrax toxins into human platelets.

161 Anthrax toxin is a tripartite toxin comprised of the pro

162 Anthrax toxin is a tripartite virulence factor produced

163 Anthrax toxin is an A/B bacterial protein toxin which is

164 usative agent of anthrax, and the tripartite anthrax toxin is an essential element of its pathogenesi

165 Anthrax toxin is an intracellularly acting toxin in whic

166 Anthrax toxin is an intracellularly acting toxin where s

167 Anthrax toxin is composed of three proteins, a transloca

168 Anthrax toxin is made up of three proteins: the edema fa

169 Anthrax toxin is made up of three separate protein compo

170 Anthrax toxin is released from Bacillus anthracis as thr

171 The lethal factor (LF) of anthrax toxin is the toxic component of the exotoxin (le

172 Edema factor, another component of anthrax toxin, is an adenylate cyclase, which increases

173 tective antigen (PA), the binding subunit of anthrax toxin, is the major component in the current ant

174 he level of PA is crucial to pathogenesis by anthrax toxins, it is important to understand how the ho

175 genes for the 255 amino-terminal residues of anthrax toxin lethal factor (LFn) and the TcdB(1-556) co

176 des the protective antigen binding region of anthrax toxin lethal factor and mediates the cell entry

177 er as a fusion to the N-terminal fragment of anthrax toxin lethal factor or when naturally delivered

178 a recombinant cytotoxin, FP59, consisting of anthrax toxin lethal factor residues 1-254 fused to the

179 a recombinant cytotoxin, FP59, consisting of anthrax toxin lethal factor residues 1-254 fused to the

180 e antigen, when administered with a chimeric anthrax toxin lethal factor, Pseudomonas exotoxin fusion

181 When brrA was deleted, the genes for anthrax toxins (lethal factor, protective antigen, and e

182 Entry of the enzymatic components of anthrax toxin [lethal factor (LF) and edema factor] into

183 The two enzymatic components of anthrax toxin, lethal factor (LF) and edema factor (EF),

184 dependent on the cytotoxic components of the anthrax toxin, lethal factor (LF) and edema factor (EF).

185 resistance of mice to the other component of anthrax toxin, lethal toxin (LT; LF plus PA), has been s

186 is dependent on the expression of both major anthrax toxins, lethal toxin (LT) and edema toxin (ET).

187 r the Wnt signaling pathway, is required for anthrax toxin lethality in mammalian cells.

188 partners reduced PA/integrin endocytosis and anthrax toxin lethality, and hyaluronic acid--which inte

189 potential target for countermeasures against anthrax toxin lethality.

190 We generated anti-anthrax toxin mAbs with specific Fc domain variants with

191 ted disruption of the Rab11/Sec15 exocyst by anthrax toxins may contribute to toxin-dependent barrier

192 Protective antigen (PA), a key component of anthrax toxin, mediates the entry of lethal factor (LF)

193 ining the protective antigen (PA) carrier of anthrax toxin moieties and protected targeted cells from

194 Using both Soc and Hoc, up to 1662 anthrax toxin molecules are assembled on the phage T4 ca

195 rated neutralization activity in an in vitro anthrax toxin neutralization assay.

196 f IQNPA that neutralized 50% of the toxin in anthrax toxin neutralization assays was 0.3 nM, while 0.

197 combinant PA solely on the basis of in vitro anthrax toxin neutralization.

198 nhanced the in vitro and in vivo activity of anthrax toxin-neutralizing antibodies.

199 and have been identified; however, the major anthrax toxin-neutralizing humoral responses to these an

200 engagement, with minimal protection against anthrax toxin observed in FcgammaR-deficient mice follow

201 l blockers of three binary bacterial toxins: anthrax toxin of Bacillus anthracis, C2 toxin of Clostri

202 macrophages to investigate global effects of anthrax toxin on host cell gene expression.

203 id-based expression of protective antigen of anthrax toxin (PA83) fused with the export protein ClyA

204 f the gene for the protective antigen of the anthrax toxin, pagA, or that of the toxin regulator, atx

205 e virulence plasmids proposed to provide for anthrax toxin (pBCXO1) and/or capsule expression (pBC218

206 molysin pore from Staphylococcus aureus, the anthrax toxin pore and the 1.2-MDa mouse mechanosensitiv

207 ein molecules that have translocated through anthrax toxin pores.

208 has previously been demonstrated to inhibit anthrax toxin, postexposure use of DNI-based vaccines, i

209 The novel recombinant anthrax toxin, PrAgU2/FP59, composed of the urokinase-ac

210 nhibited HVEC and macrophage cytotoxicity by anthrax toxin, prevented erythrocyte lysis by purified h

211 and that this change is sufficient to affect anthrax toxin production.

212 ting in a corresponding increase in AtxA and anthrax toxin production.

213 sCMG2, respectively) receptor decoys bind to anthrax toxin protective antigen (PA) and compete with c

214 The interaction of anthrax toxin protective antigen (PA) and target cells w

215 Anthrax toxin protective antigen (PA) delivers its effec

216 ctive cytotoxins, we constructed two mutated anthrax toxin protective antigen (PA) proteins in which

217 h alanine substitutions in the small loop of anthrax toxin protective antigen domain 4 was created to

218 LFnTcdB(1-556) plus anthrax toxin protective antigen intoxicated cultured ma

219 The anthrax toxin protective antigen precursor is activated

220 Replacing the furin activation sequence in anthrax toxin protective antigen with an artificial pept

221 Native anthrax toxin protective antigen, when administered with

222 The cell-binding component of anthrax toxin, protective antigen, mediates entry of the

223 Using a defined in vitro assembly system, anthrax toxins, protective antigen, lethal factor and th

224 selective cytotoxins, we constructed mutated anthrax toxin-protective antigen (PrAg) proteins in whic

225 Protective antigen (PA) is the anthrax toxin protein recognized by capillary morphogene

226 Bacillus anthracis structural genes for the anthrax toxin proteins and biosynthetic operon for capsu

227 ure supernatant directly cleaved each of the anthrax toxin proteins as well as an additional secreted

228 Expression of the structural genes for the anthrax toxin proteins is coordinately controlled by hos

229 Regulated expression of the genes for anthrax toxin proteins is essential for the virulence of

230 Bacillus anthracis produces the anthrax toxin proteins protective antigen (PA), lethal f

231 However, the contribution of anthrax toxin proteins to dissemination, disease progres

232 The anthrax toxin proteins were secreted from the mutant str

233 Morphogenesis Gene 2 (CMG2) gene encodes an Anthrax toxin receptor (ANTXR2), but the normal physiolo

234 We conclude that high-affinity anthrax toxin receptor (ATR) ligands, such as PA and PAS

235 Two PA receptors, anthrax toxin receptor (ATR)/tumor endothelial marker 8

236 Here, we have identified anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1) as the receptor for SV

237 The anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1) has been identified as

238 this corresponded with the higher levels of anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1) in these cells than in

239 r endothelial marker 8 (TEM8), also known as anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1), is a highly conserved

240 Anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1)/tumor endothelial mark

241 ficant amounts of the protective Ag receptor anthrax toxin receptor 1 (TEM8/ANTXR1) and anthrax toxin

242 which consisted of the first 14 exons of the anthrax toxin receptor 1 gene (2p13.1) and varying combi

243 r anthrax toxin receptor 1 (TEM8/ANTXR1) and anthrax toxin receptor 2 (CMG2/ANTXR2).

244 tasis of other membrane proteins as CFTR and anthrax toxin receptor 2, two poor folders involved in s

245 olipoprotein A-IV], CLU [clusterin], ANTRX2 [anthrax toxin receptor 2], PON1 [serum paraoxonase/aryle

246 These studies distinguish CMG2 as a second anthrax toxin receptor and identify a potent antitoxin t

247 The identification of TEM8 as the anthrax toxin receptor and the successful targeting of t

248 evention depended on both the Bcl-XL and the anthrax toxin receptor binding/translocation moieties.

249 Here we generated cell-type-specific anthrax toxin receptor capillary morphogenesis protein-2

250 egion of domain 4 known to interact with the anthrax toxin receptor CMG-2 and within a conformation-d

251 ls would be protected from anthrax toxins if anthrax toxin receptor expression was effectively silenc

252 The receptor, termed ATR (anthrax toxin receptor), is a type I membrane protein wi

253 rin-like inserted (I) domain of the cellular anthrax toxin receptor, ATR.

254 Thus, anthrax toxin receptor-targeted RNAi has the potential t

255 tumors and was subsequently identified as an anthrax toxin receptor.

256 lular matrix binding protein that is also an anthrax toxin receptor.

257 capillary morphogenesis protein 2 (CMG2) and anthrax toxin receptor/tumor endothelial marker 8 (ATR/T

258 The soluble anthrax toxin receptor/tumor endothelial marker 8 and ca

259 een shown to bind to two cellular receptors: anthrax toxin receptor/tumor endothelial marker 8 and ca

260 The anthrax toxin receptor/tumor endothelial marker 8 and CM

261 ion and was recently shown to function as an anthrax-toxin receptor, its physiologic role is unclear.

262 ET increases cell surface expression of the anthrax toxin receptors (ANTXR) in monocyte-derived cell

263 ective antigen (PA), which binds to cellular anthrax toxin receptors (ANTXRs).

264 subunits bind a single group of cell-surface anthrax toxin receptors (ATRs), encoded by the tumor end

265 Thus, anthrax toxin receptors in mouse and human macrophages w

266 xin (EdTx) is an AB-type toxin that binds to anthrax toxin receptors on target cells via the binding

267 Thus, even tumors genetically deficient in anthrax toxin receptors were still susceptible to the to

268 one of two known proteinaceous cell surface anthrax toxin receptors.

269 nthrax toxins enter cells via two identified anthrax toxin receptors: tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM

270 isplay to identify a peptide that binds both anthrax-toxin receptors and attached this peptide to a s

271 The action of anthrax toxin relies in part upon the ability of the pro

272 including influenza virus, Pseudomonas, and anthrax toxins, require processing by host proprotein co

273 acis protective antigen (PA), a component of anthrax toxin, results in significantly augmented protec

274 on of the role of PA(63) in translocation of anthrax toxin's enzymic moieties across membranes.

275 The proteins that comprise anthrax toxin self-assemble at the mammalian cell surfac

276 The three proteins that constitute anthrax toxin self-assemble into toxic complexes after o

277 vated, the protective antigen (PA) moiety of anthrax toxin self-associates to form symmetric, ring-sh

278 membrane by the protective antigen moiety of anthrax toxin serve as portals for entry of the enzymati

279 B. cereus strain G9241 expresses anthrax toxin, several polysaccharide capsules, and the

280 Anthrax toxins significantly contribute to anthrax disea

281 domain of ANTXR1 mediates the binding of the anthrax toxin subunit, protective antigen (PA).

282 cell surface recognition unit of the binary anthrax toxin system and the primary immunogenic compone

283 Edema factor (EF) is a component of an anthrax toxin that functions as an adenylate cyclase.

284 We generated an engineered anthrax toxin that is activated by cell-surface urokinas

285 y of protective antigen (PA), the protein of anthrax toxin that mediates entry of edema factor (EF) o

286 aracterized a new set of 15 VHHs against the anthrax toxins that act by binding to the edema factor (

287 acid substitutions within PA domain 4 create anthrax toxins that selectively kill human tumor cells.

288 inds the membrane-translocating component of anthrax toxin, the protective antigen (PA); domains II,

289 With anthrax toxin this process may be monitored in real time

290 trate a highly sensitive nano aptasensor for anthrax toxin through the detection of its polypeptide e

291 membrane by the Protective Antigen moiety of anthrax toxin translocate the enzymatic moieties of the

292 The protective antigen moiety of anthrax toxin translocates the toxin's enzymic moieties

293 The protective antigen (PA) moiety of anthrax toxin transports edema factor and lethal factor

294 We reported earlier that a nontoxic form of anthrax toxin was capable of delivering a cytotoxic T-ly

295 r (LF), the principal virulence component of anthrax toxin, was a zinc-metalloprotease that cleaved a

296 lethal factor (LF) and edema factor (EF) in anthrax toxin, we asked whether LF entry into the cell m

297 ior work on targeting of tumor with modified anthrax toxins, we used phage display to select PA varia

298 zee Fabs reactive with lethal factor (LF) of anthrax toxin were isolated and converted into complete

299 n the membrane and the protective antigen of anthrax toxin, where a heptameric complex is essential f

300 Anthrax toxin, which is composed of a channel-forming pr