ライフサイエンスコーパス: aortic root

1 studied by histomorphometric analysis of the aortic root.

2 lly reduced atherosclerosis in the aorta and aortic root.

3 heters were placed in the left ventricle and aortic root.

4 atherosclerotic lesions on cross sections of aortic root.

5 e tendon-bone attachments (entheses) and the aortic root.

6 ct rotation, which resulted in a dextroposed aortic root.

7 displayed substantial atherosclerosis of the aortic root.

8 used to create finite element models of the aortic root.

9 c plaques in both the carotid artery and the aortic root.

10 e morphological/functional parameters of the aortic root.

11 linically similar between grafts and control aortic roots.

12 times smaller atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic roots.

13 ice showed increased lesion size in both the aortic root (1.2-fold) and the aorta (1.6-fold), despite

14 of the thoracic aorta most pronounced at the aortic root (3.2+/-2.0 versus 9.1+/-4.7x10(-3) mm Hg(-1)

15 endocarditis/iatrogenic injury involving the aortic root (6.4% [n=5] versus 7.1% [n=9]; P=1.0).

16 n increased prevalence of BAV, their risk of aortic root abnormalities is unknown.

17 h(+/+)/Ldlr(-/-) mice in the cross-sectional aortic root analysis.

18 of valvular calcification and distortion of aortic root anatomy in many patients.

19 ce had larger atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic root and aorta than did mice that had received co

20 ntly accelerated atherosclerosis at both the aortic root and aortic arch.

21 6.7%, P<0.001) and diffuse dilatation of the aortic root and ascending aorta (16.2% versus 7.3%, P<0.

22 bular junction, or diffuse dilatation of the aortic root and ascending aorta.

23 LA volumes correlated negatively with aortic root and ascending aortic distensibility and posi

24 elation between functional parameters of the aortic root and expression of aortopathy in patients und

25 y Oil Red-O staining of the serial sectioned aortic root and from en-face views of the aortic tree.

26 Macrophage content at the aortic root and in the aorta was reduced, as determined

27 he assessment of peripheral vasculature, the aortic root and the annulus and optimal fluoroscopic pos

28 on of the atherosclerotic plaque size at the aortic root and the aorta for high-fat diet animals as c

29 extraskeletal anchorage points including the aortic root and the ciliary body of the eye and that sys

30 In patients with dilated aortic root and trileaflet aortic valve, a ratio of aort

31 n, inflammation also develops in vivo at the aortic root and valve, which are structurally similar to

32 ination during ablation) were located in the aortic root and/or anteroseptal left ventricular endocar

33 es recommend prophylactic replacement of the aortic root and/or ascending aorta once the aortic diame

34 re differentiated into lateral mesoderm (LM, aortic root) and neural crest (NC, ascending aorta/trans

35 soft tissue structures of the outflow tract, aortic root, and noncalcified valve cusps.

36 ry for aneurysm; surgical techniques for the aortic root; and surgical and endovascular management of

37 joint destruction, mutant mice also develop aortic root aneurism and aorto-mitral valve disease that

38 more, haploinsufficient Tgfb2(+/-) mice have aortic root aneurysm and biochemical evidence of increas

39 treatment of choice for young patients with aortic root aneurysm and normal or near-normal aortic cu

40 are an excellent option for patients with an aortic root aneurysm and normal/minimally diseased aorti

41 atients with Marfan syndrome operated on for aortic root aneurysm from 1988 through 2012 were followe

42 me the preferred surgical procedure to treat aortic root aneurysm in patients with Marfan syndrome, b

43 Taken together, these data suggest that aortic root aneurysm predisposition in this LDS mouse mo

44 lticenter registry of patients who underwent aortic root aneurysm repair.

45 vel data from both iPSC SMCs and primary MFS aortic root aneurysm tissue confirmed elevated integrin

46 In 71%, an aortic root aneurysm was found.

47 ssue disorder notable for the development of aortic root aneurysms and the subsequent life-threatenin

48 Young adults with aortic root aneurysms associated with genetic syndromes

49 ons for the timing of surgical repair of the aortic root aneurysms may be overly aggressive.

50 lve graft (CVG) procedures for patients with aortic root aneurysms, comparative long-term outcomes ar

51 generated from images of a C-arm rotational aortic root angiogram during breath-hold, rapid ventricu

52 nificantly larger atherosclerotic lesions in aortic roots, aortic arches, and abdominal aortas.

53 This was broadly observed in aortic root, arch, and total aorta of male mice, whereas

54 A ratio of aortic root area over height was calculated (cm(2)/m) on

55 root and trileaflet aortic valve, a ratio of aortic root area to height provides independent and impr

56 e atherosclerotic lesions in whole aorta and aortic root area, with markedly increased SRA expression

57 For longer-term mortality, the addition of aortic root area/height ratio >/=10 cm(2)/m to a clinica

58 tivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis, aortic root area/height ratio (hazard ratio, 4.04; 95% c

59 Aortic root area/height ratio was >/=10 cm(2)/m in 24%.

60 between 4.5 and 5.5 cm, 44% had an abnormal aortic root area/height ratio, of which 78% died.

61 mpared with controls, patients had increased aortic root areas (602.6+/-240.5 versus 356.8+/-113.4 mm

62 doxycycline on ultrastructural properties of aortic root as well as on skin elasticity and structural

63 ensibility, and beta-stiffness index) at the aortic root, ascending aorta, and descending aorta.

64 percent of patients initially presented with aortic root, ascending aortic or arch lesions, whereas 8

65 -deficient ApoE(-/-)Rag2(-/-) mice augmented aortic root atherosclerosis by approximately 75% that wa

66 nti-CD4 depletion has no additive effects on aortic root atherosclerosis.

67 ) and MKP-1(-/-) mice had significantly less aortic root atherosclerotic lesion formation than MKP-1(

68 On both diets, en face and aortic root atherosclerotic lesions in sIgM.Ldlr(-/-) mi

69 ck-out mice (Ldlr(-/-)), they develop larger aortic root atherosclerotic lesions than Ldlr(-/-) contr

70 ght graft most closely recapitulating native aortic root biomechanics.

71 herosclerotic plaques in the aortic arch and aortic roots, but showed little difference in plaque bur

72 G2A deficiency increased lesion size in the aortic root by 50%.

73 e in pulse pressure was related to a smaller aortic root (by 0.19 mm in men and 0.08 mm in women) aft

74 body mass index was associated with a larger aortic root (by 0.78 mm in men and 0.51 mm in women) aft

75 increase in age was associated with a larger aortic root (by 0.89 mm in men and 0.68 mm in women) aft

76 e stress, atherosclerotic lesion size in the aortic roots, cell proliferation, and adhesion molecule

77 reductions in lesion formation in aortas and aortic roots compared with controls.

78 l, 2.67-26.33; P<0.001) were associated with aortic root contained/noncontained rupture.

79 by Oil Red O staining of en face aortas and aortic root cross-sections, and changed plaque compositi

80 alysis of atherosclerotic lesion size in the aortic root demonstrated a significant 29% increase in p

81 ts with repaired tetralogy of Fallot have an aortic root diameter >/=40 mm, the prevalence of a dilat

82 oncentrations were associated with a smaller aortic root diameter (-0.24 mm [95% CI, -0.39 to -0.10])

83 quartile (the low-PlGF subset) had a larger aortic root diameter (0.40 mm [95% CI, 0.08-0.73]), left

84 root diameter were associated with childhood aortic root diameter (difference per additional average

85 Genetic risk scores based on SNPs for aortic root diameter and pulse pressure in adults are as

86 hletes have a small but significantly larger aortic root diameter at the sinuses of Valsalva and aort

87 Of the 327 patients with aortic root diameter between 4.5 and 5.5 cm, 44% had an

88 The maximal aortic root diameter in the cohort was 42 mm.

89 Aortic root diameter increased with age in both men and

90 On meta-regression, the weighted mean aortic root diameter measured at the sinuses of Valsalva

91 pants of the Framingham Heart Study to track aortic root diameter over 16 years in mid to late adulth

92 Additionally, aortic root diameter prior to or at the time of type A a

93 When aortic root diameter was <50 mm, risk for proven type A

94 Mean baseline aortic root diameter was 34.4 mm in the irbesartan group

95 Weighted and unweighted risk scores for aortic root diameter were associated with childhood aort

96 as calculated as change in echocardiographic aortic root diameter z score per year.

97 icular end-diastolic diameter and 5 SNPs for aortic root diameter) and blood pressure outcomes (29 SN

98 with low PlGF in midpregnancy have a greater aortic root diameter, left atrial diameter, and left ven

99 iastolic blood pressures, cardiac structure (aortic root diameter, left atrial diameter, left ventric

100 FBN1 mutation, BAV is associated with larger aortic root diameter, with no difference in evolution of

101 c variants in the FBN1 gene as a function of aortic root diameter.

102 tterns and function; left atrial volume; and aortic root diameter.

103 608766 in GOSR2, and rs17696696 in CFDP1 for aortic root diameter; and rs12440869 in IQCH for Doppler

104 The mean (+/-SD) rate of change in aortic-root diameter decreased significantly from 3.54+/

105 less than zero, indicating a decrease in the aortic-root diameter relative to body-surface area with

106 ment, expressed as the change in the maximum aortic-root-diameter z score indexed to body-surface are

107 ound imaging display significantly decreased aortic root diameters and lower pulse wave velocity in d

108 ved between circulating TGF-beta1 levels and aortic root diameters in Fbn1(C1039G/+) and wild-type mi

109 Aortic root diameters reached a plateau at the uppermost

110 In our study, longitudinal measurements of aortic root diameters using high-resolution ultrasound i

111 Maximum end-diastolic aortic root diameters were measured in the parasternal l

112 Aortic root diameters were measured, and the aortic valv

113 males were more likely than females to have aortic root dilatation (92% versus 84%), aortic regurgit

114 Reduced aortic bioelasticity and aortic root dilatation are present in transposition of t

115 o determine the prevalence and predictors of aortic root dilatation in adults with repaired tetralogy

116 evaluating athletes should know that marked aortic root dilatation likely represents a pathological

117 Overall, losartan significantly reduced aortic root dilatation rate (no losartan, 1.3+/-1.5 mm/3

118 onsive to losartan therapy for inhibition of aortic root dilatation rate compared with dominant negat

119 However, losartan reduced only aortic root dilatation rate in haploinsufficient patient

120 The mean rate of aortic root dilatation was 0.53 mm per year (95% CI 0.39

121 The primary endpoint was the rate of aortic root dilatation.

122 phenotypic features, including prevalence of aortic root dilatation.

123 und no significant difference in the rate of aortic-root dilatation between the two treatment groups

124 spectrum of severity and are associated with aortic root dilation across age groups.

125 ac manifestations of Marfan syndrome include aortic root dilation and mitral valve prolapse (MVP).

126 ies are common; 10) aortic regurgitation and aortic root dilation are well tolerated; and 11) the agi

127 ellae in the ascending aorta and progressive aortic root dilation as assessed by echocardiography tha

128 Rate of aortic root dilation before cardiac MRI was calculated a

129 cal armamentarium for treating patients with aortic root dilation caused by a variety of disorders.

130 , and ascending aorta in the BAV group, with aortic root dilation in 25% of subjects with BAV versus

131 her rates of surgical aortic replacement and aortic root dilation in children and young adults with C

132 MRI, surgical root replacement, and rates of aortic root dilation in children and young adults with C

133 ssion accelerates atherosclerosis and causes aortic root dilation in fat-fed Ldlr(-/-) mice (as we pr

134 dysfunction, mitral regurgitation (MR), and aortic root dilation occur early after diagnosis; their

135 nce remained significant in subjects without aortic root dilation or hypertension (p = 0.002 and p =

136 The prevalence of aortic root dilation was 32% in FDRs and 53% in BAV pati

137 nosis, MR was present in 27% of subjects and aortic root dilation was present in 8%; each was associa

138 ocedures, which preserve the aortic cusps in aortic root dilation with aortic insufficiency.

139 ionships among early LV dysfunction, MR, and aortic root dilation with coronary artery dilation and l

140 terial blood pressure, failed to inhibit MFS aortic root dilation, and exacerbated elastic fiber frag

141 P=0.02) was associated with a higher rate of aortic root dilation.

142 There was no progression of aortic root dilation.

143 uals with abnormal valvular structure and/or aortic root dilation.

144 significantly slowed the rate of progressive aortic-root dilation.

145 The prevalence of an observed-to-expected aortic root dimension ratio >1.5 was 6.6% (95% confidenc

146 The aortic root dimension was >/=40 mm in 28.9% (95% confide

147 e of the aortic arch was not associated with aortic root dimension.

148 these studies met our criteria by reporting aortic root dimensions at the aortic valve annulus or si

149 mine whethere athletes demonstrate increased aortic root dimensions compared with nonathlete controls

150 We identified 71 studies reporting aortic root dimensions in 8564 unique athletes, but only

151 Aortic root dimensions in healthy elite athletes are wit

152 Aortic root dimensions were measured by MRI at baseline

153 re aortic root replacement in the absence of aortic root disease are associated with poorer outcomes.

154 Proximal aortic root disease seems to protect against arterioscle

155 ascular integrity has been implicated in MFS aortic root disease, yet their contribution to lung comp

156 Mice underwent euthanasia and aortic root dissection.

157 Aortic-root dissection is the leading cause of death in

158 rsus 41.1+/-6.0; P<0.01) and correlated with aortic root distensibility (P=0.004).

159 d to be positively associated with increased aortic root elastin disorganization and wall thickness.

160 developed early fatty streak lesions in the aortic root, elevated plasma levels of cholesterol and l

161 Surgical aortic root enlargement (ARE) during aortic valve replac

162 estations: a prolapsed mitral valve, myopia, aortic root enlargement, and skeletal and skin manifesta

163 ial, and several surgical strategies such as aortic root enlargement, supra-annular stented prostheti

164 The deviation of aortic-root enlargement from normal, as expressed by the

165 use models of Marfan's syndrome suggest that aortic-root enlargement is caused by excessive signaling

166 The primary outcome was the rate of aortic-root enlargement, expressed as the change in the

167 Studies suggest that with regard to slowing aortic-root enlargement, losartan may be more effective

168 tients with Marfan's syndrome who had severe aortic-root enlargement.

169 bjective three-dimensional assessment of the aortic root, evaluation of the iliofemoral access route,

170 on of the aortic valve and remodeling of the aortic root) expanded the surgical armamentarium for tre

171 Atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic root, fasting plasma glucose, and body weight wer

172 al angiographic reconstructions (3DA) of the aortic root for prediction of the optimal deployment ang

173 Automated quantitative 3D modeling of the aortic root from 3D TEE or CT data is technically feasib

174 nal (3D) algorithm to model and quantify the aortic root from 3D transesophageal echocardiography (TE

175 term treatment with doxycycline would reduce aortic root growth, improve aortic wall elasticity as me

176 studied consecutive patients with a dilated aortic root (>/=4 cm) that underwent echocardiography an

177 In the aortic root, HF-fed vitamin D-deficient mice had increas

178 Contained rupture of the aortic root in balloon-expandable TAVI is associated wit

179 potential cause of contained rupture of the aortic root in balloon-expandable transcatheter aortic v

180 dilation and abnormal elastic properties of aortic root in first-degree relatives (FDRs) of bicuspid

181 ogenic damage of different structures of the aortic root, in the region of the so-called "device land

182 ustained skin-specific inflammation promotes aortic root inflammation and thrombosis and suggest that

183 el of psoriasiform skin disease, spontaneous aortic root inflammation was observed in 33% of KC-Tie2

184 h morphological features had higher rates of aortic root injury (p < 0.001), moderate-to-severe parav

185 The aortic root is functionally abnormal and dilation is com

186 The aortic root is the predominant site for development of a

187 Progressive enlargement of the aortic root, leading to dissection, is the main cause of

188 etween the left ventricular outflow axis and aortic root (left ventricle/aorta angle) in both groups

189 oOS in lesional macrophages, correlates with aortic root lesion development.

190 had significantly decreased cross-sectional aortic root lesion fraction area and reduced lesion comp

191 inated skin inflammation and the presence of aortic root lesion in 1-year-old KC-Tie2 animals.

192 A significant QTL for aortic root lesion size was on chromosome 9 (61 Mb, LOD=

193 , and this led to a significant reduction in aortic root lesional area.

194 flammation markers, including macrophages in aortic root lesions and chemokine expression in aortic t

195 lesions: at 20 weeks of age, the size of the aortic root lesions in Thbs4(-/-)/ApoE(-/-) mice was dec

196 Increased apoptosis was observed in aortic root lesions of both sIgM.Ldlr(-/-) and C1qa.Ldlr

197 sed lipid burden and neointimal thickness in aortic root lesions of hyperglycemic ApoE(-/-) mice; als

198 and increased smooth muscle cell content in aortic root lesions.

199 a, with markedly increased SRA expression in aortic root lesions.

200 r in males than in females (P<0.0001) at all aortic root levels.

201 Aortic root magnetic resonance imaging was performed aft

202 Both aortic root maximal diameter and normalized Z score were

203 stional-printed heart simulator with porcine aortic roots (n=5), the anticommissural plication, Stanf

204 and diminishes the macrophage content in the aortic root of ApoE(-/-) mice.

205 RI revealed high uptake of (89)Zr-DNP in the aortic root of apolipoprotein E knock out (ApoE(-/-)) mi

206 Neutrophil accumulation in the aortic root of Ldlr(-/-)( Casp1(-/-)) mice was enhanced

207 Hhipl1 increased with disease progression in aortic roots of Apoe(-/-) mice.

208 librated aortic flow probe placed around the aortic root on a beat-to-beat basis in seven anesthetize

209 Dilatation of the aortic root only (type 1) or involving the entire AAo an

210 eneral, most effectively approached from the aortic root or anteroseptal left ventricular endocardium

211 Failure to extend the primary surgery to aortic root or arch repair leads to a highly complex cli

212 with regard to the recommended threshold of aortic root or ascending aortic dilatation that would ju

213 nnulus can be treated with remodeling of the aortic root or with reimplantation of the aortic valve.

214 able correlation patterns between functional aortic root parameters and expression of aortopathy are

215 Although aortic root pathology has been described in patients wit

216 een the sexes; however, women underwent less aortic root reconstruction including aortic root replace

217 surgery, the replacement of multiple valves, aortic root reconstruction, or reconstruction of the asc

218 decreased atherosclerotic lesion size at the aortic root region, the entire aorta, and the innominate

219 inhibitor, sildenafil (SIL), could attenuate aortic root remodeling and emphysema in a mouse model of

220 Aortic root remodeling in adulthood is known to be assoc

221 longitudinal community-based data show that aortic root remodeling occurs over mid to late adulthood

222 nal data defining the clinical correlates of aortic root remodeling over the adult life course.

223 settings of MFS despite limited efficacy on aortic root remodeling.

224 Freedom from need for aortic root reoperation in patients who underwent primar

225 sus 36%), and to have undergone prophylactic aortic root replacement (47% versus 24%), all P<0.001.

226 fore compared these outcomes after autograft aortic root replacement (Ross procedure) versus homograf

227 Prophylactic aortic root replacement and mitral valve surgery were ra

228 deling system, clinically used valve-sparing aortic root replacement conduit configurations have comp

229 ts with Marfan syndrome who undergo elective aortic root replacement have MVP, only 20% have concomit

230 ve required replacement in 21 cases (38) and aortic root replacement in 21 (38), with ascending aorti

231 eplacement (Ross procedure) versus homograft aortic root replacement in adults.

232 ratio to receive an autograft or a homograft aortic root replacement in one centre in the UK.

233 Prosthetic heart valves (PHVs) that require aortic root replacement in the absence of aortic root di

234 m survival after stentless porcine xenograft aortic root replacement is equivalent to that after a me

235 Aortic root replacement or repair is highly recommended

236 ly a composite valved graft or valve-sparing aortic root replacement procedure was 95+/-3%, 88+/-5%,

237 nt less aortic root reconstruction including aortic root replacement, Ross, or valve-sparing root ope

238 ations are clinically used for valve-sparing aortic root replacement, some specifically focused on re

239 (P=0.01) were independently associated with aortic root replacement.

240 t 16 of 83 (19%) patients underwent surgical aortic root replacement.

241 in patients with Marfan syndrome undergoing aortic root replacement.

242 igned to receive an autograft or a homograft aortic root replacement.

243 to undergo homograft versus freestyle total aortic root replacement.

244 lcification is an important limitation after aortic root replacement.

245 ially in men and after previous prophylactic aortic root replacement.

246 rongly associated with previous prophylactic aortic root replacement.

247 ary ascending replacement, 15% valve-sparing aortic root replacement; 12% total arch replacement; 3%

248 We sought to identify predictors of aortic root rupture during balloon-expandable TAVR by us

249 ing are associated with an increased risk of aortic root rupture during TAVR with balloon-expandable

250 Aortic root rupture is a major concern with balloon-expa

251 ets were available in 65 patients; contained aortic root rupture was diagnosed in 3 patients.

252 Aortic root rupture was identified in 20 patients and pe

253 Atherosclerosis development was assessed in aortic root sections after 4 weeks of high-fat diet, whe

254 Histology of the aortic root showed progression of lesions to the fibroat

255 or mean aortic gradient and independently of aortic root size (all P<0.05).

256 es than in the nonathletic controls, whereas aortic root size at the aortic valve annulus was 1.6 mm

257 Aortic root size had little association with inflammator

258 , for English-language studies reporting the aortic root size in elite athletes.

259 rsely, in patients without previous surgery, aortic root size was greater in patients with subsequent

260 Aortic root size was measured by echocardiography.

261 erum uric acid levels, mean platelet volume, aortic root size, and heart failure.

262 ith variation in LV diastolic dimensions and aortic root size, but such findings explained a very sma

263 q23, 12p12, 12q14, and 17p13 associated with aortic root size, explaining 1%-3% of trait variance).

264 with LV mass and wall thickness, and 8 with aortic root size.

265 Aortic root specimens were collected for biochemical and

266 tabilization of growing aortic aneurysms and aortic root stabilization in Marfan syndrome, these clai

267 In multivariable analysis, lower aortic root strain (P=0.05) and higher vertebral tortuos

268 d without aortic stenosis underwent elective aortic root surgery (AVS, n = 253; CVG with a bioprosthe

269 We found a trend towards prophylactic aortic root surgery at younger ages but similar aortic d

270 ameter thresholds used to propose preventive aortic root surgery in the presence of BAV in patients w

271 Prophylactic aortic root surgery tended to be performed in younger pa

272 years), 142 patients underwent prophylactic aortic root surgery, 5 experienced type A aortic dissect

273 The 3-year rates of aortic-root surgery, aortic dissection, death, and a com

274 egurgitation; the time to aortic dissection, aortic-root surgery, or death; somatic growth; and the i

275 the long-term results of alternatives to the aortic root technique for implantation (i.e., subcoronar

276 neutral lipid and CD68+ infiltration in the aortic root than LDLr(-/-) mice.

277 In the aortic root, the mean MPO-Gd CNRs after agent injection

278 te of change in the absolute diameter of the aortic root; the rate of change in aortic regurgitation;

279 d (2) incremental prognostic use of indexing aortic root to patient height.

280 e incremental prognostic utility of indexing aortic root to patient height.

281 an affect any segment of the aorta, from the aortic root to the aortic bifurcation.

282 ion of homografts versus Medtronic freestyle aortic roots to determine the functional consequences an

283 type 1, dilation of the ascending aorta and aortic root; type 2, isolated dilation of the ascending

284 There is limited information regarding the aortic root upper physiological limits in all planes in

285 ic and electrophysiologic characteristics of aortic root ventricular arrhythmias (VAs).

286 The aortic root was measured in a parasternal long-axis view

287 e was performed in 121 and remodeling of the aortic root was performed in 25 patients.

288 In 1447 patients (69%), the aortic root was preserved and supracoronary replacement

289 Collagen content in plaques in the aortic root was reduced, suggesting an alteration of smo

290 Atherosclerotic lesion size at the aortic root was similar between all groups.

291 meters of advanced plaque progression in the aortic root were quantified.

292 and the development of lipid streaks in the aortic roots when fed a regular diet and at normal plasm

293 ameter >/=40 mm, the prevalence of a dilated aortic root, when defined by an indexed ratio of observe

294 prominent in the commissural regions of the aortic root which are highly susceptible to atherosclero

295 ncreased numbers of apoptotic cells in their aortic roots, which correlated with altered lipid profil

296 a connective tissue disorder that results in aortic root widening and aneurysm if unmanaged.

297 loproteinases (MMPs) inhibitor, to attenuate aortic root widening and improve aortic contractility an

298 -adjusted rate of change in the mean (+/-SE) aortic-root z score did not differ significantly between

299 6.2 years in the losartan group), who had an aortic-root z score greater than 3.0.

300 ore indexed to body-surface area (hereafter, aortic-root z score) over a 3-year period.