ライフサイエンスコーパス: approved drug

1 on-label or off-label treatment with an FDA-approved drug.

2 rmacological intervention using a clinically approved drug.

3 ipates in the inhibition exerted by this FDA-approved drug.

4 ial drug candidates targeting RdRp from 1906 approved drugs.

5 K1/2 have been developed including three FDA-approved drugs.

6 n of new methods, and the development of FDA-approved drugs.

7 rpenoids are privileged, with >100 being FDA-approved drugs.

8 igated the synergetic effect of hYP7-DC with approved drugs.

9 to repurpose well-known and widely used FDA-approved drugs.

10 onses and prioritize new indications for 140 approved drugs.

11 volves finding novel indications for already approved drugs.

12 amily for Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs.

13 terations (24%) linked to sensitivity to FDA-approved drugs.

14 large-scale cell cycle profiling of 884 FDA-approved drugs.

15 al processes, are the major target class for approved drugs.

16 enhancing RAI therapy in patients using FDA-approved drugs.

17 in vitro alone and in combination with other approved drugs.

18 r previous studies screened a library of FDA-approved drugs.

19 upportive therapies and off-label use of FDA-approved drugs.

20 may affect the optimal response to currently approved drugs.

21 in both properties and of these, 67 are FDA-approved drugs.

22 in the range of Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs.

23 areas for drug discovery, and mechanisms of approved drugs.

24 n of biomolecules, including many clinically approved drugs.

25 mechanisms of action to those of previously approved drugs.

26 syltransferases (UGTs) metabolize 15% of FDA approved drugs.

27 rms) trials were pooled, yielding only three approved drugs.

28 molecule compounds including most of the FDA-approved drugs.

29 hanisms of action distinct from those of the approved drugs.

30 ion protease inhibitors beyond the currently approved drugs.

31 that encode proteins that are the targets of approved drugs.

32 ble by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs.

33 could be expedited by repurposing currently approved drugs.

34 aring aids and cochlear implants with no FDA-approved drugs.

35 sing the novel therapeutic properties of FDA-approved drugs.

36 g United States Food and Drug Administration approved drugs.

37 ocesses and are the most frequent targets of approved drugs.

38 super pathogens that do not respond to most approved drugs.

39 gh GSL synthesis inhibition using clinically approved drugs.

40 ts, and only few examples can be found among approved drugs.

41 utic targets, accounting for ~35% of all FDA-approved drugs.

42 of these, 54 are known to interact with FDA-approved drugs.

43 acks structural information corresponding to approved drugs.

44 turally similar Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs.

45 obtain genome-wide activity profiles of 1962 approved drugs (199 of which were classified as "anti-ca

46 the DrugBank (a database of experimental and approved drugs): 28% of the predicted hits were reported

47 erm increase of neuronal activity by the FDA-approved drug 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) rescues the number

48 Importantly, we identified two FDA-approved drugs able to ameliorate these phenotypes.

49 e important drivers of human cancers, yet no approved drugs act directly on this difficult target.

50 Additionally, two currently FDA approved drugs, afatinib and palbociclib (EGFR and CDK4/

51 r of CCR5 and a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug against HIV infection, in hemiparkinsonian

52 cinnamon and a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug against urea cycle disorders, upregulates

53 am combination treatments derived from eight approved drugs against Galleria mellonella larvae infect

54 a assessing the antiviral activity of 20 FDA-approved drugs against SARS-CoV-2 that also inhibit SARS

55 ent data on the antiviral activity of 20 FDA-approved drugs against SARS-CoV-2 that also inhibit SARS

56 In addition, a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug ameliorates the outcome of TBI in mouse, b

57 Here the FDA-approved drug amlexanox was tested for its ability to re

58 Repositioning approved drug and small molecules in novel therapeutic a

59 One thousand seven hundred and sixty-six FDA-approved drugs and 259 experimental drugs were screened

60 a training set which consist of targets with approved drugs and a negative set of non-drug targets.

61 tely 34%) Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs and account for a global sales volume of

62 in gene expression in response to 1,309 FDA-approved drugs and bioactives (CMap).

63 cycle is housed within a large number of FDA-approved drugs and biological probe compounds.

64 the literature in the past five years, from approved drugs and clinical candidates to examples under

65 gh screening US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs and clinical trial compounds; however, no

66 p between Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs and diseases.

67 cyclic scaffolds are incorporated in various approved drugs and drug candidates.

68 argets of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs and it too proves to be highly effective.

69 a moderate throughput chemical screen of FDA-approved drugs and natural compounds, and found that red

70 e have directly derivatized a broad range of approved drugs and natural products to generate valuable

71 e array of phenolic compounds, including FDA-approved drugs and natural products, such as terbutaline

72 screen of 1987 compounds, including many FDA-approved drugs and natural products.

73 ion, including late-stage azetidinylation of approved drugs and other compounds with pharmacological

74 e learning classifier to prioritize ADRs for approved drugs and pre-clinical small-molecule compounds

75 ate a drug combination strategy from already approved drugs and present our approach using published

76 mate group is a key structural motif in many approved drugs and prodrugs.

77 g components of this metabolic switch, using approved drugs and starvation approaches followed by cel

78 ces, and the overlap between DrugCentral FDA-approved drugs and their presence in four different chem

79 Because approved drugs and vaccines are limited or not available

80 ling assays, we assembled a library of 1,008 approved drugs and well-characterized tool compounds man

81 synthesis of approved drug scaffolds and two approved drugs, and even by polymer synthesis.

82 with oncological annotations, as well as FDA-approved drugs, and identified 155 that reduced the viab

83 nse to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)-approved drugs, and transplant-free survival of patients

84 eclinical stage to 8.2% among mechanisms for approved drugs, and varies dramatically among disease ar

85 KV prophylaxis and treatment, repurposing of approved drugs appears to be a viable and immediate solu

86 FDA approved drugs are computationally screened against this

87 ed on the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug aripiprazole.

88 mitoxantrone out of more than 600 clinically approved drugs as a direct selective inhibitor of human

89 s previously identified from a screen of FDA-approved drugs as a potent EBOV viral entry inhibitor, v

90 identified and validated decitabine, an FDA-approved drug, as a potent inhibitor of growth in pancre

91 We identified two approved drugs, ascorbic acid 6-palmitate and salmon spe

92 re are no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs available for preventing or treating AHF,

93 administer this combination by using two FDA-approved drugs: aztreonam and ceftazidime-avibactam.

94 very protocol facilitates the defined use of approved drugs beyond their labels in rare subgroups of

95 We discovered that an approved drug, Bithionol, inhibits host caspases and als

96 ed receptors (GPCRs) are targets for ~35% of approved drugs but only ~15% of the ~800 human GPCRs are

97 Adenosine is a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug, but very little is known about the effect

98 Prediction of new disease indications for approved drugs by computational methods has been based l

99 n vitro These data demonstrate that specific approved drugs can be characterized in vitro for their a

100 emical compound, we predicted that seven FDA-approved drugs can be repurposed as novel anti-cancer th

101 In this work, based on another FDA-approved drug, cariprazine, we conducted a structure-fun

102 tive analysis of known SA complexes with FDA-approved drugs clearly shows that multiple medications c

103 approximately 6,000 compounds that included approved drugs, clinical trial drug candidates and pharm

104 ts were randomly assigned to receive ART (an approved drug combination derived from US Department of

105 vely cover the disease module similar to FDA-approved drug combinations and could potentially suggest

106 Relying on approved drug combinations for hypertension and cancer,

107 cient to explain the superiority of many FDA-approved drug combinations in the absence of drug synerg

108 Currently approved drug combinations result largely from empirical

109 Although more than 20 FDA-approved drugs contain 1 H- or 2 H-tetrazole substituent

110 Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is a FDA-approved drug containing IgG.

111 While several treatment-approved drugs could be ruled out as PrEP candidates bas

112 ective vaccine is available, repurposing FDA approved drugs could significantly shorten the time and

113 On average, an approved drug currently costs US$2-3 billion and takes m

114 ntify intracellular kinase engagement by the approved drug, dasatinib.

115 Inhibition of RANK using the approved drug denosumab may be a therapeutic drug candid

116 ribose) polymerase, are the first clinically approved drugs designed to exploit synthetic lethality,

117 study, an Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug, diflunisal, was found to competitively in

118 three lead compounds include the clinically approved drug, digoxin; the marine-derived natural produ

119 assayed more than 10,000 compounds-including approved drugs, drug candidates in clinical trials and o

120 hese results highlight the potential for FDA-approved drug enhancement of adeno-associated virus gene

121 mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) with the clinically approved drug everolimus (RAD001) or inhibition of mTORC

122 Modification of approved drugs, facile cleavage of the benzazole auxilia

123 ort of future clinical studies for the newly approved drug Farxiga or any combination therapy contain

124 ition of Rock activity, using the clinically approved drug fasudil, prevented dendritic network disor

125 ation of wild-type IL-4 or of the clinically approved drug fingolimod.

126 ed to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug fluoxetine-which also targets 2C-but has f

127 SPO) via a combination of disulfiram, an FDA approved drug for alcoholism, and (64)CuCl2 (termed (64)

128 e cells were treated with acamprosate-an FDA approved drug for AUD therapy.

129 There is an approved drug for biallelic knock-down of the APOB gene

130 and cis-diols (such as mannitol, a safe FDA approved drug for diuresis) through particle size measur

131 target one, we screened 1.280 off-patent FDA-approved drug for GraXRS inhibition.

132 umor growth in mice than sorafenib, the only approved drug for HCC.

133 nidone, a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, for its

134 nib, a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug for leukemia, indicates improvement in Alz

135 -inhibiting and Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for lymphocytic leukemia treatment, was ad

136 We report that delamanid (OPC-67683), an approved drug for multi-drug resistant tuberculosis, is

137 AZA is an approved drug for myelodysplastic syndromes and acute my

138 ACF, a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug for nononcological use in humans, as a nov

139 al function and identify TIG as a clinically approved drug for RB1-deficient TNBC.

140 Disulfiram, a potent ALDH2 inhibitor, is an approved drug for the treatment of AUD but has clinical

141 key structural elements of darunavir, an FDA-approved drug for the treatment of HIV/AIDS.

142 ogically active peptide exendin-4 that is an approved drug for the treatment of type II diabetes.

143 Apolipoprotein B (ApoB)-ASO is an FDA approved drug for treating familial hypercholesterolemia

144 Sorafenib remains the only approved drug for treating patients with advanced hepato

145 zalutamide is a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for treatment of patients with late-stage

146 zone (Pio) is a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for type-2 diabetes that binds and activat

147 ng, there is no Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for vitiligo.

148 MAO-A with phenelzine or clorgyline, the FDA-approved drugs for antidepression, resensitize the Enz r

149 ing FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) -approved drugs for development of anti-TB agents may dec

150 We previously screened a library of FDA-approved drugs for inhibitors of coronavirus replication

151 e is ample biological understanding and many approved drugs for prototypic GPCRs, most GPCRs still la

152 n poorly defined, and there are currently no approved drugs for the condition.

153 There are currently no approved drugs for the treatment of emerging viral infec

154 Delamanid is one of two recently approved drugs for the treatment of multidrug-resistant

155 omalidomide are Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs for the treatment of various ailments.

156 We interrogated a library of FDA-approved drugs for their ability to block infection of h

157 e metric learning technique can retrieve FDA-approved drugs for their approved indications.

158 lcium interaction and also repurpose already approved drugs for this use for a fast response to MERS-

159 dentify new targets rapidly and to repurpose approved drugs for treating heterogeneous diseases by th

160 y is an important step in the repurposing of approved drugs for treatment of emerging coronaviruses.

161 n-CDM approach will be used to repurpose FDA-approved drugs for various new therapeutic indications a

162 iational autoencoder to infer candidates for approved drugs for which they were not originally approv

163 Today there are four clinically approved drugs from the ADC paradigm, Mylotarg, Adcetris

164 termates to the Food and Drug Administration-approved drug FTY720 (fingolimod, Gilenya) or vehicle co

165 ibition of TRPM7 channel activity by the FDA-approved drug FTY720 increased the sensitivity of T cell

166 A PP2A-activating FDA-approved drug, FTY720, decreased the higher synaptosome

167 These findings suggest that 4PBA, an FDA-approved drug, has potential as a therapeutic interventi

168 , novel pathways of resistance to clinically approved drugs have been identified and validated.

169 m such that a disease and its associated FDA-approved drugs have smaller distance than the other dise

170 A FDA-approved drug high-throughput viability assay shows that

171 xpress >50 GPCRs, including many targets for approved drugs, hitherto largely unrecognized as targets

172 Here, we report that the FDA approved drug hydralazine is a bona fide activator of th

173 Clinically approved drugs identified as potential readthrough agent

174 S Food and Drug Administration-approved (FDA-approved) drugs identified the MPT antagonist tigecyclin

175 sted the efficacy of approximately 1,000 FDA-approved drugs in improving the aggregation phenotype of

176 hen screened the Prestwick library of mostly approved drugs in the cortical neuron assay, leading to

177 multiple pathophysiological features, and as approved drugs in wide human use could be considered for

178 icacy of auranofin (rheumatoid arthritis FDA-approved drug) in a CDI mouse model and establish an ade

179 including 1250 Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs, in a novel cell-based assay, followed by

180 three steps: computational screening of FDA-approved drugs; in vitro and/or in vivo assays; and clin

181 leukemia is effectively managed with several approved drugs, including ponatinib for BCR-ABL1(T315I)-

182 Several FDA-approved drugs, including selective estrogen receptor mo

183 ar target for DMF and show that a clinically approved drug inhibits M1 and K63 chain formation in TLR

184 tor of Pho84, a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug, inhibits TORC1 signaling and potentiates

185 diarrhea in children, and the only currently approved drug is ineffective in malnourished children an

186 of 8- to 12-membered rings among clinically approved drugs is indicative of the difficulties associa

187 We found that Ponatinib, an FDA-approved drug, is an effective inhibitor of BRAF monomer

188 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug ivacaftor at 3.3-angstrom resolution and t

189 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug ivacaftor at 3.3-angstrom resolution and t

190 Ribavirin, the only clinically approved drug known to target eIF4E, is an anti-viral mo

191 FDA-approved drug labeling summarizes ADRs of a drug product

192 Screening of an NCI library of FDA approved drugs led to the identification of Mit-A as a p

193 In this study, we screened the FDA-approved drug library for agents that share significant

194 HIF-1alpha/VEGF-A signaling with Bex, an FDA-approved drug, may increase the DTX chemo-sensitivity to

195 iloprost, both Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs, may be useful in treating allergic disea

196 AR antagonist NitroSynapsin, but not the FDA-approved drug memantine, abrogated this hyperactivity.

197 new dual-action compound related to the FDA-approved drug memantine, representing an uncompetitive/f

198 rmore, we showed that treatment with the FDA-approved drug metformin also rescued memory.

199 6R or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug metformin, decreases RAN proteins, and imp

200 we show how GSCs can be targeted by the FDA-approved drug mibefradil, which inhibits the T-type calc

201 The most potent FDA-approved drugs (mitomycin C and mithramycin A) and a pro

202 ed in 13 patients utilising on/off label FDA approved drugs (n = 9), clinical trials (n = 3) and sing

203 lly modulated in vitro using an existing FDA-approved drug, Nitazoxanide, suggesting a possible avenu

204 ia interactome are targeted by 548 currently approved drugs, of which 103 are used to treat various d

205 Repurposing/repositioning of approved drugs offers a relatively low-cost and high-eff

206 Miriplatin is a clinically approved drug only being locally-used for treating liver

207 off-target explanations for side effects of approved drugs or candidates, as well as de-orphans phen

208 Here, we screen a library of 2024 FDA-approved drugs or drug candidates, revealing UMI-77 as a

209 een to identify Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs or other bioactive compounds that could e

210 Currently, no FDA approved drugs or vaccines are available for the treatme

211 ith the US Food and Drug Administation (FDA)-approved drugs Orkambi (lumacaftor/ivacaftor) and Trikaf

212 profile analogous to that of the clinically approved drug oxybutynin.

213 Through screening, two FDA-approved drugs, Oxytetracycline and Sunitinib, were iden

214 el inhibitor, senicapoc, compared to the FDA-approved drug pirfenidone.

215 To repurpose FDA-approved drugs potentially toxic for CSCs, we focused on

216 at dasatinib, a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug, potently binds Hck with high selectivity.

217 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug prevents sigma(S) induction, specifically

218 Book (Truven Health Analytics); Orange Book: Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Eval

219 e, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug pyrvinium delays and/or inhibits disease i

220 Here, we explore the FDA-approved drug quinidine as a P-gp inhibitor.

221 virus intasome have shown that all three FDA-approved drugs, raltegravir (RAL), elvitegravir and dolu

222 The FDA approved drug rapamycin can prolong lifespan in diverse

223 The FDA approved drug rapamycin increases lifespan in rodents an

224 The FDA-approved drug rapamycin slows aging and extends lifespan

225 ptimization campaigns and clinical stage and approved drugs, reflecting their increasingly important

226 These data reveal that lumefantrine, an FDA-approved drug, represents a potential GBM therapeutic th

227 one, a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug, rescues synaptic defects and normalizes d

228 of polyamine pools in cells treated with FDA-approved drugs restricts replication of diverse RNA viru

229 CNQ-type K(+) channel openers, including FDA-approved drug retigabine (ezogabine), show antidepressan

230 halomyelitis virus were treated with the FDA-approved drug ritonavir using a dosing regimen that resu

231 ansformations, by including the synthesis of approved drug scaffolds and two approved drugs, and even

232 Screening FDA-approved drugs streamlines the pipeline for this process

233 prenatally, and are enriched for targets of approved drugs, suggesting opportunities to reposition e

234 vo-Clinical Data Mining), to identify an FDA-approved drug suitable for use as an effective analgesic

235 At least 30% of all approved drugs target GPCRs; thus, Gpr126 represents an

236 Here, we identify neratinib, an FDA-approved drug targeting HER2/EGFR dual kinases, as a pot

237 Yet to date, FDA-approved drugs targeting NRF2 activity in cancer have no

238 All clinically approved drugs targeting the plasmalemmal transporters f

239 t outcomes of trials on novel indications of approved drug targets.

240 ze proteins according to their similarity to approved drug targets.

241 investigated, but currently there is no FDA-approved drug that can alleviate disease symptoms or slo

242 s of EVD and, therefore, holds promise as an approved drug that could be repurposed for treating EBOV

243 Moreover, since fenofibrate is an FDA-approved drug that has an excellent safety profile, our

244 Disulfiram (DSF) is an FDA-approved drug that has been repurposed for cancer treatm

245 t that can be rescued by tigecycline, an FDA-approved drug that specifically suppresses mitochondrial

246 cs target the lipid II pathway, there are no approved drugs that act on its C55-P precursor.

247 RAS-directed therapeutics, there are no FDA-approved drugs that are broadly effective against RAS-dr

248 Repurposing of FDA-approved drugs that can eradicate the CSC subcompartment

249 created a murine adaptation to identify FDA-approved drugs that can rescue affected pathways.

250 gh-throughput drug screen, we identified FDA-approved drugs that can suppress HIV-1 reactivation in b

251 of YAP/TAZ are still under development, FDA-approved drugs that indirectly block YAP/TAZ activation

252 ilarity clustering identified unexpected FDA-approved drugs that induced DNA damage, including clinic

253 Currently, there are only three FDA-approved drugs that inhibit human immunodeficiency virus

254 posing existing Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs that inhibit viral entry, endocytosis, ge

255 inhibitor, in a small molecule screen of FDA-approved drugs that rescued neuronal dysfunction and red

256 identified four Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs that selectively affect viability of TSC-

257 d to the initiation of clinical trials using approved drugs that target the generation (ACEIs) and ac

258 As Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs, the tetracyclines could be quickly trans

259 slate promising biological findings to novel approved drug therapies and discuss the attendant challe

260 luate how far away we are from the first FDA-approved drug therapy for mitochondrial disease.

261 ects a quarter of the population, and has no approved drug therapy.

262 including alterations for which there is an approved drug, there are therapies in clinical or precli

263 ax releases this antagonism and is the first approved drug to target a protein-protein interaction.

264 , Kalbitor(R) (ecallantide), which is an FDA-approved drug to treat acute attacks of hereditary angio

265 tisense oligonucleotide (ASO), was the first approved drug to treat SMA.

266 We screened a 1280-compound library of approved drugs to completion against late larval/adult s

267 ins a challenging therapeutic target with no approved drugs to date.

268 medicinally relevant compounds, ranging from approved drugs to recent medicinal chemistry development

269 ncourage the development of a combination of approved drugs to treat both Lassa and Ebola virus disea

270 hway that can be targeted by new and already approved drugs to treat fragile X patients.

271 rposed US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs to treat hydrocephalus.

272 Drug repurposing is the application of approved drugs to treat new indications.

273 rs of the AVP-V2R pathway, including the FDA-approved drug Tolvaptan, could be utilized as novel ccRC

274 When treated with the FDA-approved drugs tramadol and escitalopram oxalate, they r

275 wth factor kinases MEK1/2, including the FDA-approved drug trametinib.

276 with cyclosporin A or FK506, both clinically approved drugs, triggers potent cytotoxicity specificall

277 membrane by treatment with the nontoxic FDA approved drug, trimethoprim.

278 linear combinations of ring systems from FDA approved drugs, up to three rings in length and up to fo

279 inhibits hyaluronan (HA) synthesis and is an approved drug used for managing biliary spasm.

280 rmore, we discovered that telaprevir, an FDA-approved drug used for the treatment of hepatitis C viru

281 lated epilepsy patients, or riluzole, an FDA-approved drug used in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and

282 Hydralazine is an FDA-approved drug used in the treatment of hypertension, hea

283 We propose that 4-MU, already an approved drug used to treat biliary spasm, could be repu

284 the 2A(pro), and identify telaprevir-an FDA-approved drug used to treat hepatitis C virus (HCV) infe

285 The screening of an NCI library of FDA-approved drugs using tumoroid cultures led to identifica

286 ther drugs, we conducted a screen of 446 FDA approved drugs using two Dck-defective BXH-2 derived mur

287 also show that the application of clinically-approved drugs (VX-770 and VX-809) can greatly enhance t

288 creening the NIH clinical collections of FDA-approved drugs, we identified tacrolimus (FK-506) as the

289 To do this, a comprehensive panel of FDA-approved drugs were tested in human cells and in animal

290 Since the 2016 release, 103 new approved drugs were updated.

291 The identification of a clinically approved drug with agonist activity on TRPM8 channels co

292 Forty patients received PAH-approved drugs with a significant improvement in functio

293 re several clinical trials in which recently approved drugs with known activity in AITL are paired wi

294 lue in identifying promising combinations of approved drugs with potent anticancer activity for furth

295 tioning approach to screen for candidate FDA-approved drugs with potential to enhance endogenous FGF2

296 be used as an approach for prioritizing FDA-approved drugs with repurposing potential, which could a

297 ue molecular signatures for prioritizing FDA-approved drugs with repurposing potential.

298 Repurposing already-approved drugs with well-characterized toxicology and ph

299 atocellular carcinoma, sorafenib is the only approved drug worldwide, and outcomes remain poor.

300 matory leukotrienes were in the range of the approved drug zileuton, which further underlines the bio