ライフサイエンスコーパス: billions of

1 We aligned billions of 24- to 70-bp reads (32 bp average) to approx

2 ainst a protein reference database generates billions of alignments and the analysis of such data is

3 Because they are capable of searching billions of antibody variants in tailored combinatorial

4 phagocytes (such as epithelial cells) clear billions of apoptotic cells and particles on a daily bas

5 t in how dense matter behaves at millions to billions of atmospheres of pressure.

6 ehaviour of mesoscopic systems consisting of billions of atoms, represent the initial steps towards t

7 tified that work in space and time to ensure billions of axons to reach their targets.

8 ier represents a huge mucosal surface, where billions of bacteria face the largest immune system of o

9 onas aeruginosa swarming, a phenomenon where billions of bacteria move cooperatively across distances

10 These technologies typically produce billions of base calls per experiment, translating to mi

11 s find telomeric sequences among a genome of billions of base pairs and how they find protein partner

12 nome sequencing studies in which millions or billions of base pairs are recorded and grouped by genom

13 ch in tests using real data can align 10s of billions of base pairs from short reads to the human gen

14 The presence of billions of base pairs of genomic DNA in all nucleated c

15 real homology) and speed (to accommodate the billions of base pairs of vertebrate genomes).

16 sequencing (NGS) enables rapid production of billions of bases at a relatively low cost.

17 hnology have enabled the rapid generation of billions of bases at relatively low cost.

18 t of a whole human genome, where potentially billions of binding sites are possible.

19 Billions of birds migrate in the Western Hemisphere, but

20 a major source of protein in the world, with billions of birds used in meat and egg production each y

21 To have such an action proceed successfully, billions of bond formation processes have to be mastered

22 ze protein-protein interactions from amongst billions of candidates.

23 ents; each day under homeostatic conditions, billions of cells die and must be swiftly cleared by pha

24 As billions of cells die during mammalian embryogenesis and

25 Billions of cells die via apoptosis every day and are sw

26 tem cell library can be clonally expanded to billions of cells in a few weeks while maintaining genom

27 Bioreactors are typically composed of billions of cells, and available measurements only refle

28 agocytosis, mediates the natural disposal of billions of cells, but its mechanisms and consequences w

29 n nervous system that is tightly packed with billions of cells, we developed a new technique that use

30 and streaming motions involving millions to billions of cells.

31 entimetres in diameter, and composed of many billions of cells.

32 Everyday we turnover billions of cells.

33 ces (OLEDs)(4-7) have been incorporated into billions of commercial products because of their good co

34 the corresponding interaction energetics of billions of conformational poses were ranked by the prog

35 of microbial genomes and the construction of billions of customized genetic variants in a single day.

36 equencing technologies enable acquisition of billions of data points through which myriad biological

37 ng phage as nanoparticles and surrogates for billions of different peptides, screening noninvasively

38 libraries containing hundreds-of-millions to billions of diverse molecules have remained inaccessible

39 The replisome quickly and accurately copies billions of DNA bases each cell division cycle.

40 which allows the simultaneous sequencing of billions of DNA fragments simultaneously, has revolution

41 o interact, current docking methods evaluate billions of docked conformations by simple scoring funct

42 he biomedical research complex has allocated billions of dollars and scientists have initiated hundre

43 cies and foundations collectively distribute billions of dollars annually to support biomedical resea

44 nt source of calories and contribute tens of billions of dollars annually to the world economy.

45 ng ecosystem services valued in the range of billions of dollars annually.

46 emia on human capital results in the loss of billions of dollars annually.

47 in dairy cattle, costs the US dairy industry billions of dollars annually.

48 eople in the United States and costs society billions of dollars annually.

49 stantial morbidity and mortality and costing billions of dollars annually.

50 Billions of dollars are spent annually marketing alcohol

51 Billions of dollars are spent each year to alleviate mat

52 Billions of dollars are spent every year to support medi

53 Billions of dollars are spent on environmental dredging

54 strategies could reduce dengue appreciably, billions of dollars could be saved globally.

55 Invasive species cost the global economy billions of dollars each year, but ecologists have strug

56 uality of life and costs health care systems billions of dollars each year.

57 t challenge for the marine industry, costing billions of dollars every year in the transportation sec

58 Microcredit institutions spend billions of dollars fighting poverty by making small loa

59 e infections worldwide, which needs spending billions of dollars for inspection of bacterial contamin

60 g the greatest pests of agriculture, causing billions of dollars in crop losses each year.

61 States, costing a great number of lives and billions of dollars in damage.

62 Catastrophic landslides cause billions of dollars in damages and claim thousands of li

63 ur at an unacceptable rate, annually costing billions of dollars in economic loss caused by associate

64 care fraud since the early 1990s, leading to billions of dollars in financial recoveries.

65 s of people and burdens society with tens of billions of dollars in health care costs, is deterred by

66 l information about studies is inaccessible, billions of dollars in investment are wasted, bias is in

67 c importance, causing millions of deaths and billions of dollars in losses each year.

68 rtricid family of moths, whose members cause billions of dollars in losses to agricultural producers

69 idents, increased mortality, and hundreds of billions of dollars in lost productivity.

70 ce stroke and MI incidence, which would save billions of dollars in medical expenses.

71 The US federal government is spending billions of dollars in physician incentives to encourage

72 alysis maintenance interventions account for billions of dollars in U.S. Medicare spending and are pe

73 inspired world-wide enthusiasm resulting in billions of dollars invested in federal and industrial s

74 t impact on patient quality of life, creates billions of dollars of annual healthcare costs, and acco

75 or limiting factors of crop yields and cause billions of dollars of losses annually around the world.

76 Filth flies cause billions of dollars of losses annually to the animal pro

77 pproach would cost public and private payers billions of dollars over the next decade.

78 lers, resulting in estimated annual costs of billions of dollars to customers and the society as a wh

79 countries and private organizations provide billions of dollars to developing countries for health.

80 ld conceivably save health-care systems many billions of dollars with very little detrimental impact

81 This flawed process results in billions of dollars worth of viable drug loss during shi

82 cost of lead paint abatement is measured in billions of dollars, the monetized benefits of such a He

83 tes projected to cost the Federal government billions of dollars, the need for interprofessional nutr

84 As drug makers and payers battle over billions of dollars, the needs of patients have been cas

85 cost related to HAIs is still quantified in billions of dollars.

86 ile saving healthcare providers and patients billions of dollars.

87 btained clusters and scales to networks with billions of edges.

88 entiation into progenitors that give rise to billions of erythrocytes daily.

89 pean countries by 2009 and causing losses of billions of euros.

90 Consequently, billions of fish are released each year for enhancing ab

91 pulations consume 6 trillion aphids and make billions of flower visits.

92 elect fragments from a pre-calculated set of billions of fragments derived from structures deposited

93 ae strains responsible for the production of billions of gallons of fuel ethanol per year from sugarc

94 encing variants against a huge database with billions of genomic features.

95 Billions of hectares of natural ecosystems have been deg

96 The brain is made of billions of highly metabolically active neurons whose ac

97 tal food webs that underpin the nutrition of billions of humans around the world.

98 ed now than at any time in the past, placing billions of humans at risk of infection with one or more

99 ich plants make starch-a vital foodstuff for billions of humans-is poorly understood, with a clear ro

100 uge-scale testing problem, where millions to billions of hypotheses are tested together creating a co

101 d for lengths of time sufficient for imaging billions of individual protein molecules.

102 In the developing world, billions of individuals are chronically infected with en

103 with high morbidity and mortality, affecting billions of individuals worldwide.

104 obal pandemic that has affected the lives of billions of individuals.

105 We estimated a total cost of $977 billions of international dollars in low- and middle-inc

106 reatest achievements, responsible for saving billions of lives.

107 ch space ranges from hundreds of millions to billions of locus pairs.

108 d expression trait distribution, but testing billions of marker-trait combinations one-by-one can bec

109 These massive compendia comprise billions of measurements and provide a special opportuni

110 n sequences, questioning the requirement for billions of members in an antibody discovery library.

111 A typical sample contains billions of microbial organisms from thousands of genome

112 files in the morning peak hour obtained from billions of mobile phone traces to comprehensively analy

113 These rapid responses leverage billions of mobile phones, large online datasets, connec

114 ly sophisticated micro factory: in a pool of billions of molecules - metabolites, structural proteins

115 nerate virtual chemical libraries containing billions of molecules.

116 generations, although each population tested billions of mutations.

117 isks necessitate the characterization of the billions of nanoparticles contained in each puff of smok

118 efore evaluating posterior probabilities for billions of networks.

119 the coordinated production and migration of billions of neurons and the formation of axons and dendr

120 dividual neurons to the slow coordination of billions of neurons during resting state and sleep.

121 s systems, which are composed of millions to billions of neurons that appear in thousands of differen

122 aordinary developmental challenge, requiring billions of neurons to select their appropriate synaptic

123 Billions of nocturnally migrating birds move through inc

124 ce, our premier example, networks made up of billions of nodes dynamically interact to bring about th

125 s been suggested that the annual journeys of billions of nonhardy insects to exploit temperate zones

126 s used to isolate small numbers of CTCs from billions of normal blood cells.

127 However, given that there are billions of nucleotides in a human genome, even low expe

128 ogy has the capacity to generate hundreds of billions of nucleotides of DNA sequence in a single expe

129 ing sequencing is that its scale--sequencing billions of nucleotides per day is now routine--is a nat

130 ns of short sequences to a genome of several billions of nucleotides.

131 mmalian cells, which may eventually generate billions of paired-end reads with a high sequencing cost

132 matin contacts in 22 cell types to LD across billions of pairs of loci in the human genome.

133 Respiratory surfaces are exposed to billions of particulates and pathogens daily.

134 e to deliver personalized, effective care to billions of patients suffering from chronic non-communic

135 beta-adrenoceptor antagonists are used by billions of patients with neurological disorders, primar

136 Dental disease annually affects billions of patients, and while regenerative dentistry a

137 nd in general chronic disease management for billions of patients.

138 For billions of people across the globe, mobile phones enabl

139 orldwide because rice is the staple food for billions of people and arsenic is one of the most toxic

140 rates pollutants that endanger the health of billions of people and contribute to climate change.

141 Billions of people are without access to surgical care,

142 consequences for the health and wellbeing of billions of people around the world, remedying this prob

143 ds, and utterly disrupted the daily lives of billions of people around the world.

144 usal enhancer variant (rs6060369) present in billions of people at a risk locus (GDF5-UQCC1), showing

145 safe and reliable sanitation services to the billions of people currently lacking them will require a

146 Dengue endangers billions of people in the tropical world, yet no therape

147 summer monsoon (ISM) monsoon is critical to billions of people living in the region.

148 In addition to the billions of people not yet reached by sanitation infrast

149 nes will be broadly disseminated, connecting billions of people to the Internet and enabling lower co

150 The billions of people with latent tuberculosis infection se

151 Billions of people worldwide are without access to safe,

152 Billions of people worldwide lack access to surgical car

153 ts, thus improving the iron nutrition of the billions of people worldwide whose inadequate diet cause

154 Air pollution affects billions of people worldwide, yet ambient pollution meas

155 Parasitic worms infect billions of people worldwide.

156 mediated immunopathogenic infections, affect billions of people worldwide.

157 n stores and diminished hemoglobin), affects billions of people worldwide.

158 Ruminants provide essential nutrition for billions of people worldwide.

159 se facilities brought tremendous benefits to billions of people, but they also had serious and often

160 productive and recreational use of water by billions of people.

161 to drown worldwide, affecting ecosystems and billions of people.

162 can encode intensity changes from single to billions of photons, outperforming man-made light sensor

163 Every day, megakaryocytes produce billions of platelets that circulate for several days an

164 trogen [N] and phosphorus [P]) and transport billions of pollen grains between Britain and Europe, an

165 he membrane porosity to be tuned from one to billions of pores per square centimeter.

166 genotypes with known accuracy at millions or billions of positions across a genome.

167 FTMap samples billions of positions of small organic molecules used as

168 ied several experimental drug regimens among billions of possible drug-dose combinations that outperf

169 rious alterations on a protein may result in billions of possible proteoforms, making proteoform iden

170 sing only one set of ion channels out of the billions of potential channel combinations.

171 complex at mucosal sites that are exposed to billions of potentially antigenic particles daily.

172 (FFT) correlation approach which can sample billions of probe positions on dense translational and r

173 n approach, which allows for the sampling of billions of probe positions.

174 t Fourier transforms (FFTs) enables sampling billions of putative complex structures and hence revolu

175 The docking algorithms evaluate billions of putative complexes, retaining a preset numbe

176 gh-throughput sequencing (HT-SELEX), creates billions of random sequences capable of binding differen

177 ign and construction of libraries containing billions of rationally designed combinatorial mutations.

178 nd with very low memory and time footprints (billions of reads can be analyzed with a standard deskto

179 Mapping billions of reads from next generation sequencing experi

180 provides a scalable solution for clustering billions of reads from next-generation sequencing experi

181 possible to build genomic sequences from the billions of reads within a minimal cost and time.

182 g genomics by making it possible to generate billions of relatively short (~100-base) sequence reads

183 al force, even in whole muscles that contain billions of sarcomere units.

184 Daily clearance of billions of self-apoptotic cells relies on homeostatic e

185 ges (RPMs) of the spleen mediate turnover of billions of senescent erythrocytes per day.

186 ate that our implementation easily scales to billions of sequenced fragments, while providing the exa

187 gy for parallel clustering, DACE can cluster billions of sequences within a couple of hours.

188 seed-and-extend based mappers, which compare billions of sequences.

189 projects may involve hundreds of samples and billions of sequencing reads.

190 one of these projects consist of millions or billions of short DNA sequences (reads) that range from

191 To analyze the entire genome, each of the billions of short reads must be mapped to a reference ge

192 (NGS) approaches rapidly produce millions to billions of short reads, which allow pathogen detection

193 on sequencing techniques produce millions to billions of short reads.

194 ssive black holes with masses of millions to billions of solar masses are commonly found in the cente

195 he 'supermassive' black holes of millions to billions of solar masses are the elusive 'intermediate-m

196 center, with a mass ranging from millions to billions of solar masses.

197 Each year, billions of songbirds cross large ecological barriers du

198 Billions of songbirds migrate several thousand kilometer

199 previously that the combined surface area of billions of spatulae maximizes van der Waals interaction

200 tes and northern Mexico included releases of billions of sterile pink bollworm moths from airplanes a

201 a set of disease outbreak scenarios, tracing billions of stochastic trajectories of fungal spores ove

202 ure neuromorphic architectures will comprise billions of such nanosynapses, which require a clear und

203 How the billions of synapses in the adult mammalian brain are pr

204 e brain travels from neuron to neuron across billions of synapses.

205 g requires the identification of millions to billions of synapses.

206 ing site (RBS) mutation libraries containing billions of targeted modifications.

207 in and directionality needed to interconnect billions of them into useful networks.

208 ities with on/off ratios of 10(4)-10(5), and billions of these three-terminal devices can be fabricat

209 terials science, biology, and chemistry, and billions of times faster than CCSD(T)/CBS calculations.

210 ck hole with a mass that is millions or even billions of times that of the Sun.

211 climate change, new technologies must remove billions of tonnes of CO(2) from the atmosphere every ye

212 technologies that can potentially sequester billions of tonnes of CO2 per year.

213 charge of photosynthesis using solar energy, billions of tons of living biomass were stored in forest

214 The billions of tons of mineral dust released into the atmos

215 cycling and contribute to the daily flux of billions of tons of organic matter.

216 sk as it involves testing for association of billions of transcript-SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphi

217 ponderosae Hopkins) have led to the death of billions of trees from Mexico to Alaska since 2000.

218 g unbiased docking methodologies, which test billions of trial rotations and translations of TnT1 ove

219 able success in the clinic and sales of many billions of U.S. dollars per year, not a single phosphat

220 ts and may provide services to farmers worth billions of U.S. dollars.

221 The human Ig repertoire is vast, producing billions of unique Abs from a limited number of germline

222 The biosensors industry is now worth billions of United States dollars, the topic attracts th

223 to global health and have caused hundreds of billions of US dollars of economic damage in the past 20

224 Each year, billions of US$ are spent globally on infectious disease

225 Here we show with billions of vehicle observations from more than 40 citie

226 Billions of vertebrates migrate to and from their breedi

227 Every year, billions of wild diurnal songbirds migrate at night.

228 predation by domestic pets, combine to kill billions of wildlife annually.

229 ine ecosystems with oxygen and nutrients for billions of years [3-7].

230 s about how small planets remain active many billions of years after formation.

231 nd chloroplasts abandoned their independence billions of years ago and became endosymbionts within th

232 y, which implies that polar wander initiated billions of years ago and that a large portion of the me

233 ution, ranging from core and crust formation billions of years ago to present-day volcanic activity.

234 that the systems destroyed to form the halo billions of years ago were not fundamentally different f

235 pecies from which we diverged millions, even billions of years ago.

236 Eukarya; Bacteria; and Archaea that diverged billions of years ago.

237 egrates spatial and temporal scales spanning billions of years and traversing catchment basins, conti

238 rs into the main belt, where they stayed for billions of years before escaping via a combination of c

239 rently remained stored in the deep Earth for billions of years before returning to the surface as Pit

240 y mechanisms probably evolved in prokaryotes billions of years before the emergence of modern eukaryo

241 numerous molecular architectural motifs over billions of years for particular functions.

242 bodies evolve in real time, as compared with billions of years for the natural ligand.

243 retical predictions that ice can survive for billions of years just beneath the surface.

244 ed fairly early in Earth's history and that, billions of years later, curious creatures noted this fa

245 Despite billions of years of bacterial evolution, the Z ring is

246 Billions of years of coevolution shaped the mutually ben

247 Despite billions of years of coexistence, far less is known abou

248 Despite billions of years of cooperative coevolution - in what i

249 and function are quantitatively stable over billions of years of divergence.

250 Through billions of years of evolution and natural selection, bi

251 tropism and to display proteins or peptides, billions of years of evolution have favoured efficiency

252 Billions of years of evolution have yielded today's comp

253 n leverages natural biological diversity and billions of years of evolution inherent in environmental

254 Despite billions of years of evolution separating eukaryotic vir

255 and templating approaches have been honed by billions of years of evolution to direct many complex bi

256 me is an ancient construct that has survived billions of years of evolution without major changes in

257 Nature has, through billions of years of evolution, assembled a multitude of

258 These data show that, although separated by billions of years of evolution, cytosolic ribosomes from

259 enase activity of RuBisCO has persisted over billions of years of evolution, despite its competition

260 Through billions of years of evolution, microorganisms mastered

261 Over billions of years of evolution, mutation of the Glu from

262 -enhancing functionality, which was tuned by billions of years of evolution, scientists and engineers

263 he overall folding pathway is conserved over billions of years of evolution.

264 ter wavelengths resolves disk structure over billions of years of evolution.

265 uggesting a fundamental conservation through billions of years of evolution.

266 This IRES RNA bridges billions of years of evolutionary divergence and provide

267 Moreover our experiments extend billions of years of natural evolution and demonstrate t

268 trapped as inclusions within minerals can be billions of years old and preserve a record of the fluid

269 our Galaxy cannot provide answers; they are billions of years old.

270 ms (that is, those that will coalesce within billions of years or less) has until now consisted only

271 The evolution of marine microbes over billions of years predicts that the composition of micro

272 As biological complexity increased in the billions of years that followed, the same genetic materi

273 that cold cratonic conditions persisted for billions of years to at least 200 km in the local lithos

274 ing mechanisms operating on time scales from billions of years to decades.

275 , the smallest of atoms, is expected to take billions of years to penetrate graphene's dense electron

276 that phages have been actively evolving for billions of years with active engagement of horizontal g

277 ted of nuclear energy sources that cool over billions of years(1).

278 ntly remain unequilibrated on a timescale of billions of years, effective equilibration seems to requ

279 formation and precede cardiac development by billions of years, suggesting that diastolic vortex ring

280 ter density indicate continued activity over billions of years, their formation rates are poorly unde

281 expanded into the current genetic code, over billions of years, through duplication and specializatio

282 etain high-fidelity magnetic recordings over billions of years.

283 d in the biogeochemical cycles of Earth over billions of years.

284 wing evidence that life has been on land for billions of years.

285 erties changing per unit time, continues for billions of years.

286 acturing process and remain in the crust for billions of years.

287 ectonic and surface processes operating over billions of years.

288 is after LUCA and remained in that state for billions of years.

289 eing entrained during mantle convection over billions of years.

290 of ocean crust that can possibly endure for billions of years.

291 heir evolutionary divergence times differ by billions of years.

292 ty involving molecules that had evolved over billions of years.

293 mal events and viscous acquisition over many billions of years.

294 ajor accretion epochs, probably separated by billions of years.

295 sistent with a diluted core, persisting over billions of years.

296 wing evidence that life has been on land for billions of years.

297 retain their primary magnetic recording over billions of years.

298 ms have been cooperating with each other for billions of years: by sharing resources, communicating w

299 into genomes that existed millions, and even billions, of years ago.

300 Upon activation, mammalian eggs release billions of zinc ions in an exocytotic event termed the