ライフサイエンスコーパス: bioreactor

1 erogeneous at different scales (molecular to bioreactor).

2 100-ml shake flasks, 250-ml ambr(R), and 2-L bioreactors).

3 to produce 382 mg/L of longifolene in a 5 L bioreactor.

4 , or fibrotic rat liver, and cultured in our bioreactor.

5 mccartyi-containing consortium in an upflow bioreactor.

6 s but as components of an incompletely mixed bioreactor.

7 was observed as an important reaction in the bioreactor.

8 s using a magnetic resonance (MR) compatible bioreactor.

9 fter treatment in a laboratory-scale aerobic bioreactor.

10 ibution of biochemical substances inside the bioreactor.

11 mical changes caused by MICP in a laboratory bioreactor.

12 e phototrophic biofilm in a rotating annular bioreactor.

13 d endothelial cells, either on discs or in a bioreactor.

14 re analyzed in the gastight headspace of the bioreactor.

15 biotrickling filter combined with an anammox bioreactor.

16 hic bacteria from a laboratory-scale anammox bioreactor.

17 taminated soil after treatment in an aerobic bioreactor.

18 etc.) and results in their enrichment in the bioreactor.

19 (MF) membrane are operated in parallel in a bioreactor.

20 actone) 3D scaffolds within a flow perfusion bioreactor.

21 iscible extractant and aqueous phases of the bioreactor.

22 d by the FO membrane and enriched within the bioreactor.

23 t of the 10-m-long ( approximately 1.5 m(2)) bioreactor.

24 e from the process solution in the anaerobic bioreactor.

25 t under passive tension in a custom-designed bioreactor.

26 eering, clinical applications and the use of bioreactors.

27 pH, and other variables were similar across bioreactors.

28 conditions, as well as in turbulently mixed bioreactors.

29 gh-temperature processing, drop dynamics and bioreactors.

30 tridium, and Bacillus were dominating in the bioreactors.

31 tests in shake flasks and 1 L spinner-flask bioreactors.

32 ve and not easily integrable with low-volume bioreactors.

33 sewage transport, can also be considered as bioreactors.

34 without compromising the performances of the bioreactors.

35 freshwater ecosystems, and in the design of bioreactors.

36 are two main cell types used for large-scale bioreactors.

37 ld higher output than provided by industrial bioreactors.

38 when held in a steady metabolic state using bioreactors.

39 imits the tissue culturing potential of many bioreactors.

40 the control of co-cultures within continuous bioreactors.

41 t the global scale of aquatic ecosystems and bioreactors.

42 ogous bony tissue generated from the in vivo bioreactors.

43 (EcoFJ1) in the liquid phase and biofilms in bioreactors.

44 wastewater treatment using aerobic membrane bioreactors (1-2 kWh/m3).

45 ts such as the gut(6,7), solid tumours(8,9), bioreactors(10) or soil(11).

46 The inability to consistently develop such bioreactors affects the way growth approaches for Dehalo

47 fabricated and implanted 3D-printed in vivo bioreactors against rib periosteum and utilized biomater

48 nanovibrational stimulation provided by the bioreactor alone, and that other cell differentiating fa

49 nonpoint source pollution control practices, bioreactors also offer the ability to remove larger quan

50 A mainstream anaerobic fluidized-bed bioreactor and a partial nitritation-anammox fluidized-b

51 The distal colon functions as a bioreactor and harbors an enormous amount of bacteria in

52 namics for a continually operated mesophilic bioreactor and highlight the enormous potential of delta

53 eks of sequential culture in a rotating wall bioreactor and perfusion at 6.8 dynes/cm(2).

54 otential as advanced drug delivery vehicles, bioreactors and artificial cells.

55 ort, electronics, energy production, optics, bioreactors and catalysis.

56 proximately 3 mm beads that were packed into bioreactors and fed ad libitum.

57 ecosystems ranging from oceans and soils to bioreactors and humans.

58 te the rapid commissioning of iron-oxidizing bioreactors and illustrated how microbial communities wi

59 The results are not restricted to bubbles in bioreactors and may be relevant to a variety of applicat

60 creasing interest in developing microfluidic bioreactors and organs-on-a-chip platforms combined with

61 sments of cellular functions in microfluidic bioreactors and organs-on-chips.

62 Both the low animal cell density of bioreactors and their ability to post-translationally pr

63 Reactor), which enables remote monitoring of bioreactors and uses the data to inform decisions relate

64 ed AgNPs were characterized in the influent, bioreactor, and effluent of MBBRs using single particle

65 ineralization: zinc as ZnS in a sulfidogenic bioreactor, and iron as schwertmannite by microbial iron

66 ep in the design of cell-mimetic biosensors, bioreactors, and artificial cells.

67 thodes in anaerobic electrochemical membrane bioreactors (AnEMBRs) operated at different applied volt

68 was to evaluate emerging anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) technology in comparison with convent

69 utes a great challenge in anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR).

70 digestion or a mainstream anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR).

71 Anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) are an emerging technology with pot

72 Anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) are in use at the full-scale for en

73 Anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) can significantly reduce the releas

74 ted the implementation of anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) for domestic wastewater treatment.

75 n of dissolved methane in anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) treating a synthetic dilute wastewa

76 s-cast Mg-Zn-Mn, and extruded Mg-Zn-Mn) in a bioreactor applying cyclical loading and simulated body

77 In-field bioreactors are a powerful tool for capturing natural mi

78 Artificial bioreactors are desirable for in vitro biochemical studi

79 These bioreactors are implanted in an ectopic site in the body

80 Bioreactors are suitable for low-energy removal of inorg

81 plications including drug delivery, membrane bioreactors, artificial cells, and biosensors.

82 This is the first study to utilize perfusion bioreactors as a tool to demonstrate the intracellular m

83 est that denitrification in an aged woodchip bioreactor at constant temperature can effectively be mo

84 unds into a microfluidic human primary liver bioreactor at desired time points while monitoring their

85 e-treatment plant (sequencing batch membrane bioreactor) at two solids retention times (SRTs): 20 and

86 Perfusion bioreactors attenuated mitochondrial dysfunction and ER

87 ue-engineered cartilage as an alternative to bioreactor-based mechanical stimulation.

88 The bioreactors became rapidly colonized by this bacterium,

89 due to the lower MCCA concentrations in the bioreactor broth compared to the pertraction broth.

90 rate MCCA oil directly from chain-elongating bioreactor broth with just an abiotic electrochemical ce

91 is bleed stream can be treated in a separate bioreactor by reducing thiosulfate to sulfide and recycl

92 We evaluated tissues generated in bioreactors by radiographic, histological, mechanical, a

93 short duration dose of NO3(-) to an anammox bioreactor can rapidly restore the activity of NO2(-)-st

94 A cost analysis indicates bioreactors can be a cost-effective N removal strategy,

95 NMR bioreactors can greatly improve the cell sample stabilit

96 h(-1), and microbial communities within the bioreactors changed over time, with Atx. ferrooxidans be

97 is study, seven pilot-scale sulfate-reducing bioreactor columns containing varying ratios of alfalfa

98 A null model demonstrated that bioreactor communities were driven in part not only by e

99 ore the need for more detailed assessment of bioreactor community ecology and justify pilot- and full

100 ictions suggest that a large portion of each bioreactor community is autotrophic, relying not on mola

101 l correlations, which are only valid for the bioreactor configuration and range of operational condit

102 uced in W and WH in a further scale-up to 5L bioreactors, confirming the suitability of the low-cost

103 Laboratory-scale bioreactors containing bauxite residue (an alkaline, sal

104 al evidence toward the feasibility of upflow bioreactors containing D. mccartyi as high-density cultu

105 steps of unsaturated LCFA was studied in 10 bioreactors continuously operated with saturated or unsa

106 Ms during the manufacturing process for both bioreactor control or as a monitoring assay.

107 In the first stage, an anaerobic bioreactor converts mixtures of gases of CO2 and CO or H

108 crobial communities for wastewater treatment bioreactors, could inspire development of mechanistic ma

109 nterpreting acetate metabolite trends from a bioreactor cultivation of Chinese hamster ovary cells ex

110 up to 32 mm (9,700 mg L(-1)) salidroside in bioreactor cultivations (yield: 0.81 mol mol(-1)).

111 nuclear cells (PBMCs) were suppressed by MSC bioreactor culture confirmed by a durable change in thei

112 In bioreactor culture, when syngas flowrate increased from

113 Bioreactor-cultured PCLSs are viable, maintaining tissue

114 Bioreactor-cultured PCLSs can be successfully used to mo

115 Consistent with our bioreactor data, publicly available data sets and patien

116 e is to introduce the concept of the in vivo bioreactor, describe important preclinical models in the

117 The aim of this study was to develop a bioreactor design for continuous milk coagulation using

118 Here, we report an improved bioreactor design which maintains human cells alive and

119 00 mL gdcw(-1) h(-1)) were achieved in a new bioreactor designed and optimized for H2 production.

120 New aerobic bioreactor designs are needed, ideally employing passive

121 eriments in a novel high-temporal-resolution bioreactor, DOC concentration decreased by an average of

122 of biodevices (i.e. biosensors, microfluidic bioreactors, drug delivery systems and Lab-On-Chip).

123 cult to characterize samples pulled from the bioreactor due to the low levels of product during the e

124 d on a cross-flow continuous membrane enzyme bioreactor (EMR).

125 ltivation in a 5 L continuously stirred tank bioreactor enabled production of 0.8 g lactate/L, repres

126 is investigation, cyanobacteria in a wetland bioreactor enabled the precipitation of magnesite (MgCO(

127 % respectively) over a 7-day period in a CDC bioreactor environment.

128 Ex situ bioreactor experiments confirm that responses occur with

129 ined thermodynamic geochemical modeling with bioreactor experiments using Shewanella oneidensis MR-1.

130 anced cell culture and machining methods for bioreactor fabrication.

131 e established and operated a continuous-flow bioreactor fed increasing loadings of SCN(-).

132 extents of pH neutralization were higher in bioreactors fed with simpler organic carbon substrates (

133 achate using four laboratory-scale anaerobic bioreactors filled with municipal solid waste (MSW) and

134 nsates-might act as biological compartments, bioreactors, filters, and membraneless organelles in cel

135 Carbon sources from the bioreactor fluid promoted the growth of a surface biofil

136 -to-nitrogen ratio, C:N) on activated sludge bioreactors, focusing on the stability of nitrification

137 olumn for application as a biosensor or as a bioreactor for continuous destruction of DNAN.

138 ked environmental samples and samples from a bioreactor for sulfate reduction to sulfide were measure

139 ved the operating conditions of an anaerobic bioreactor for the conversion of complex yeast-fermentat

140 we operated replicated wastewater treatment bioreactors for 35 days and subjected them to eight diff

141 ignificance in the design of one-step, green bioreactors for stereoselective drug metabolite synthesi

142 ubstrates/inhibitors and fabrication of nano-bioreactors for synthesis of high value natural products

143 ficiency based on operational parameters and bioreactor geometry, and we verified it with experimenta

144 in such processes, although the influence of bioreactor habitat and ecology on HGT frequency is not w

145 ndependently of one another, which means the bioreactor has the potential to serve as a platform for

146 NMR experiments using advanced bioreactors have advantages with respect to having full

147 To address these problems, in vivo bioreactors have been explored as an approach to generat

148 Nine weeks after bioreactor implantation, the ovine mandibles were repair

149 an oxygenator module to our modular FABRICA bioreactor in order to provide stable oxygenation to bio

150 e body, where ossified tissue grows into the bioreactor in predefined geometries and local vessels ar

151 PHBV cell accumulation were observed in both bioreactors in excess of nitrogen.

152 twenty-four hour experiment by running five bioreactors in parallel.

153 ed values that would kill many cells used in bioreactors, including Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells

154 result, the GlcNAc titer in a 15-l fed-batch bioreactor increased from 59.9 g/l to 97.1 g/l with acet

155 oprecipitation of the phosphate added to the bioreactor influent.

156 inal mucus layer and gut microbiota, we used bioreactors inoculated with healthy human feces, treated

157 n the selectivity for sulfur production in a bioreactor integrated with a gas absorber.

158 e fraction of UGA that is extracted from the bioreactor is maximized.

159 t needed for the stimulations in a one-liter bioreactor is only one-tenth of a US penny.

160 An acoustofluidic bioreactor is used to assemble epithelial cells into a s

161 The capacity to serve as microscale bioreactors is established by demonstrating a ribozyme c

162 batches of organic-rich sediments in a novel bioreactor (IsoCaRB) that permitted continuous observati

163 a control experiment with the conventional 1-bioreactor line-up was 75.6 mol %.

164 nd S(2)O(3)(2-) formations compared to the 1-bioreactor line-up.

165 and waste stream formation compared to the 1-bioreactor line-up.

166 ty in the aqueous or solvent fraction of the bioreactor liquid phase (depending on the derivative and

167 e importance of the hyporheic zone (HZ) as a bioreactor, little is known about what, or who, mediates

168 lactate oxidase were immobilized in ABS flow bioreactors (manufactured through low-cost three-dimensi

169 yngas fermentation, and its implication with bioreactor mass transfer.

170 s applying oxidation ditch (OD) and membrane bioreactor (MBR) processes harbored a majority of shared

171 embranes in a bench-scale submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR).

172 s were investigated in a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR; nominal pore size 0.04 mum): (i) attach

173 gging probe to monitor MICP in a sand-filled bioreactor, measuring NMR signal amplitude and T2 relaxa

174 be mitigated by lowering the salinity of the bioreactor medium.

175 ged anaerobic fluidized-bed ceramic membrane bioreactor, metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses

176 rid microfiltration-forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (MF-FOMBR) for direct phosphorus recovery fro

177 ells and an anaerobic fluidized bed membrane bioreactor (MFC-AFMBR), was examined here to produce hig

178 ng microbial community in a laboratory-scale bioreactor model that closely mimicked estuary or bracki

179 We review the state of the art in bioreactor modeling and current efforts in modeling the

180 umn (BCR) and an internal loop airlift (ALR) bioreactors of 2.3 L for the abatement of N2O from a nit

181 The osmotic membrane bioreactor (OMBR) is an emerging technology that uses wa

182 In order to design a green microsomal bioreactor on suitably identified carbon electrodes, it

183 ulfate conversion to sulfide in a H2/CO2 fed bioreactor operated at haloalkaline conditions was inves

184 sludges as the inoculum for sulfur-reducing bioreactors operated at high temperature and low pH was

185 Continuous bioreactors operated at low hydraulic retention times ha

186 experiments in laboratory-scale chemostatic bioreactors operated through a series of pH values (2.1-

187 val efficiency, removal mechanisms, critical bioreactor operating conditions affecting antibiotics re

188 biomass, it was possible to achieve a stable bioreactor operation at which 80% of the supplied H2S (6

189 nuous growth setup (similar to an industrial bioreactor or gut microbiota) where external resources a

190 s has led to the concept of using plants as "bioreactors" or "biofactories" for the production of pha

191 We report bioreactor performance and dehalogenation kinetics of a

192 are taxa likely play an unrecognized role in bioreactor performance.

193 (MGP) site was treated in a laboratory scale bioreactor (postbioremediation) and extracted using pres

194 adsorption unit and a periphyton-based photo-bioreactor (PPBR), was built and applied for the first t

195 periments to optimize antibiotic efficacy or bioreactor productivity.

196 onstrated for a sequence of 2,520 nt using a bioreactor, purified with low endotoxin levels (<5 E.U./

197 Based on typical bioreactor removal efficiency (30-55%) and potentially t

198 etic groundwater at 11-3.6 h HRT, the upflow bioreactor removed >99.7% of the influent trichloroethen

199 biotechnology industry, as production scale bioreactors require continuous injection of oxygen bubbl

200 d-up production of these strains in benchtop bioreactors resulted in almost ten- and fivefold increas

201 wastewater, and its conversion in anaerobic bioreactors results in palmitate (C16:0) accumulation.

202 r performance in a trichloroethene-degrading bioreactor, revealing population structures as well as t

203 of each well for conformal attachment to the bioreactor's magnetic vibration plate.

204 of a lab-scale submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (SAnMBR), and their role in membrane fouling,

205 y, effluent from a sequencing batch membrane bioreactor (SBMBR) was treated by O(3)-BAF at three spec

206 heterologous host Pichia pastoris on the 5L bioreactor scale (reUmChlE; 45.9UL(-1)).

207 Exposure of bioreactor-seeded MSCs to inflammatory stimuli reproduci

208 econstructed from observed data, is that the bioreactor self-corrects in response to contamination sp

209 ation of these beads into a novel swirl flow bioreactor (SFB), of low capital and running costs and o

210 In a flow bioreactor simulating cancer cell dissemination, nanofor

211 The bioreactor simultaneously consumed sulfide, methane and

212 Here, we developed a miniaturized spinning bioreactor (SpinOmega) to generate forebrain-specific or

213 The in vivo bioreactor strategy facilitates the generation of large

214 alues 13-17 times greater than the other two bioreactors, suggesting that improved mass transfer coul

215 presenting the predominating microbes in the bioreactor: syntrophic propionate-oxidizing bacteria (SP

216 An integrated biotrickling filter-anammox bioreactor system for the complete treatment of ammonia

217 A novel bioreactor system is presented that consists of: a biore

218 esearchers and clinicians require a scalable bioreactor system that provides consistently reproducibl

219 The aim of this study was to develop a bioreactor system to increase the healthy life span of P

220 An in-field bioreactor system was developed to assess oxic versus an

221 ltured for up to 21 days in a flow perfusion bioreactor system wherein alpha-MEM (supplemented with 1

222 ltured for up to 21 days in a flow perfusion bioreactor system wherein alpha-MEM (supplemented with 1

223 e continuously perfused with nutrients via a bioreactor system.

224 ability of the synthetic circuits in a large bioreactor system.

225 ies, such as fecal microbiota transplant and bioreactor systems' optimization, suggest a promising ro

226 edia formulations, and potentially different bioreactor systems.

227 icacy, and will enable future development of bioreactor technologies at full field scale.

228 hicles to regenerative medicine, inexpensive bioreactor technology and tissue engineering therapies.

229 Conclusion: We describe a bioreactor technology that maintains functional PCLS cul

230 Now, advances in bioreactor technology, metabolic engineering, and analyt

231 cell line and the rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor technology.

232 A microfluidic bioreactor that contained 10(6) HepG2 cells was cultured

233 tention for a bench-scale (350 mL) perfusion bioreactor that continuously produces the culture supern

234 this degradation process, here we designed a bioreactor that is continuously fed with de-esterified p

235 have developed a microfluidic human platelet bioreactor that recapitulates bone marrow stiffness, ext

236 d paddy fields are efficient denitrification bioreactors that can achieve decontamination of nitrate-

237 rming make some aquatic ecosystems behave as bioreactors that trigger rapid and massive cyanobacteria

238 hod for controlling the oxygen supply to the bioreactor, that is, by maintaining a redox potential se

239 Compared to control bioreactors, those with 11-12 mM of toluene in the oil (

240 cellularize rat oesophagi inside a perfusion bioreactor to create biocompatible biological rat scaffo

241 rioallantoic membrane (CAM) can be used as a bioreactor to culture and study the regeneration of huma

242 eport the ability of a scalable hollow fiber bioreactor to effectively maintain ideal MSC function as

243 We developed microfluidic bioreactors to enable the investigation of the effects o

244 e of microbial systems for their response in bioreactors to fluctuations in nutrients, dissolved gase

245 mals have great potential to act as powerful bioreactors to produce human therapeutic proteins.

246 asibility of employing woodchip denitrifying bioreactors to treat legacy N derived from spring discha

247 flows (<6000 m(3)/d), widespread adoption of bioreactors to treat legacy N from 231 springs could con

248 dimensional organoids, using a fluidised bed bioreactor, together with single-use bioprocessing equip

249 om no-surfactant controls, incubation of the bioreactor-treated soil with all surfactants increased P

250 t genes (ARG) in anaerobic, aerobic, and AAS bioreactors treating domestic wastewater.

251 gues were shown to accumulate as a result of bioreactor treatment, and the C15H8O2 compound purified

252 A hybrid ultrafiltration-osmotic membrane bioreactor (UFO-MBR) was investigated for over 35 days f

253 Caco-2 cells were cultured in the TEEI bioreactor under both flow and static conditions.

254 One of the main problems associated with bioreactor use is sporadic spikes of chemical toxins, in

255 trafiltration permeate (UFP) from a membrane bioreactor used to treat municipal wastewater.

256 nalysis of samples from two laboratory-scale bioreactors used to study SCN(-) and CN(-) degradation.

257 We have constructed a small intestinal bioreactor using 3-D printing and polymeric scaffolds th

258 ctor system is presented that consists of: a bioreactor vibration plate, calibrated and optimised for

259 on, and light delivery throughout the entire bioreactor volume by using light-directing waveguides.

260 The concentration of NCO in the bioreactor was 11 mug g(-1) dry soil, corresponding to 1

261 Stable co-culture in the same bioreactor was achieved by designing a mutualistic relat

262 Fluid from the bioreactor was allowed to overflow onto the artificial s

263 as defined and a technically-friendly enzyme bioreactor was developed in order to carry out a continu

264 An open-air bioreactor was inoculated with a mixed consortium of mic

265 For glucose consumption experiments, the bioreactor was removed from the incubator and connected

266 An anaerobic membrane bioreactor was retrofitted with polyvinylidene fluoride

267 ocal N2O emissions of a wastewater treatment bioreactor was sampled by a dedicated mobile sampling de

268 A laboratory-scale bioreactor was set up to monitor CH(4) and CO(2) generat

269 The anammox bioreactor was slightly undersized compared to the BTF a

270 ent in the effluent of an anaerobic membrane bioreactor was then carried out using these assay method

271 lis (rAvPAL) and their ability to perform as bioreactors was assessed in vivo in adult BTBR-Pah(enu2)

272 nization into an ecosystem (activated sludge bioreactor) was measured through a disturbance gradient

273 Woodchip bioreactors (WBRs) are increasingly being applied to rem

274 Woodchip bioreactors (WBRs) are low-cost, passive systems for non

275 concept study of an oxygenated and perfused bioreactor, we characterized the oxygenation of water, c

276 biotransformation experiments in controlled bioreactors, we demonstrate a nearly complete conversion

277 with sulfide produced in a sulfate-reducing bioreactor were studied at pH 3, 5, and 7.

278 ch human primary hepatocytes cultured in the bioreactor were treated with acetaminophen.

279 olved gas tracer experiments in a laboratory bioreactor were used to parameterize nonequilibrium adve

280 Continuous-flow bioreactors were commissioned and tested for their capac

281 Here, three replicate bioreactors were used to investigate microbial successio

282 extraluminal side of hollow fibers within a bioreactor where they indirectly interact with immune ce

283 id product is fed as a substrate to a second bioreactor, where it is converted aerobically into lipid

284 l nitritation-anammox fluidized-bed membrane bioreactor which can reduce all environmental impacts by

285 t option is anaerobic-aerobic sequence (AAS) bioreactors, which use an anaerobic pretreatment step (e

286 in the nutrient-rich upstream portion of the bioreactor, while the lower part of the system, which la

287 nd in situ biogas upgrading in high-pressure bioreactors will result in elevated CO(2) partial pressu

288 digestion (CAS+AD), and an aerobic membrane bioreactor with anaerobic digestion (AeMBR+AD).

289 Here, we report a cell-free system in a bioreactor with continuous product removal that produces

290 In an acetate-fed anaerobic-aerobic membrane bioreactor with deteriorated enhanced biological phospho

291 In the present study, a bioreactor with gas sparging was used, where we observed

292 t DIYBOT, a household-scale membrane aerated bioreactor with real-time water quality sensors was used

293 n low- and high-pressure, water-wet sandpack bioreactors with 0.5 pore volumes of residual oil in pla

294 We applied microfluidic bioreactors with a continuous medium flow to study the e

295 In this work, continuous experiments in bioreactors with anammox bacteria closely related to "Ca

296 We show that semipermeable, size-controlled bioreactors with aqueous, macromolecularly crowded inter

297 biological gas desulfurization, applying two bioreactors with different substrate conditions (i.e., s

298 in vitro experiments in computer-controlled bioreactors with mathematical modeling to investigate wh

299 s, we cultivated Saccharomyces cerevisiae in bioreactors with or without amino acid supplementation a

300 The miniaturized bioreactors, with maximized surface area-to-volume ratio