ライフサイエンスコーパス: brain slice

1 from a neuron expressing paQuasAr3 in acute brain slice.

2 al images of sparsely expressed paQuasAr3 in brain slices.

3 ich cortical and GluN2B-deficient cerebellar brain slices.

4 drenergic axons in the mouse cortex in acute brain slices.

5 sistance, using rodent organotypic and acute brain slices.

6 oring the arteriolar diameter in mouse acute brain slices.

7 iring rate and enhanced firing regularity in brain slices.

8 female mice using patch-clamp recordings in brain slices.

9 were detected at the scalene waveform in rat-brain slices.

10 artments, such as single dendritic spines in brain slices.

11 l cell action potentials in rat (both sexes) brain slices.

12 anuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration brain slices.

13 ng depression in voltage-clamp recordings in brain slices.

14 ehensively profile single neurons from mouse brain slices.

15 copy to map nanoscale diffusivity in ex vivo brain slices.

16 oeruleus (LC) neurons contained in acute rat brain slices.

17 onal calcium signals in mouse acute cortical brain slices.

18 campal and dorsal root ganglion neurons, and brain slices.

19 areas using whole-cell electrophysiology in brain slices.

20 y on exposure to dietary doses of ethanol in brain slices.

21 rgic neurons using patch-clamp recordings in brain slices.

22 tect single mRNAs deep within thick (0.5 mm) brain slices.

23 ex (PFC), or basolateral amygdala from acute brain slices.

24 ramidal cells in the infralimbic mPFC in rat brain slices.

25 late individual presynaptic terminals in rat brain slices.

26 striatal population activity, as observed in brain slices.

27 th (3)H-MK-6240 binding patterns on adjacent brain slices.

28 ging of sub-neuronal structures in mammalian brain slices.

29 ll as in synthetic HA matrix and organotypic brain slices.

30 stribution of phosphorylated tau in human AD brain slices.

31 clamped neurons both in culture and in acute brain slices.

32 and halted U87 spheroid invasion in ex vivo brain slices.

33 ys using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in rat brain slices.

34 awake macaques, anesthetized mice, and acute brain slices.

35 were validated in cortical neurons of acute brain slices.

36 ectrophysiological responses, in acute mouse brain slices.

37 Adult male mice and hippocampal brain slices.

38 -resolution and EM in intact brain and acute brain slices.

39 sopressin (VP) from hypothalamic neurones in brain slices.

40 +) levels in arcuate NPY neurons from Tg2576 brain slices.

41 eral amygdala (BLa) pyramidal cells in mouse brain slices.

42 ated IPSPs in auditory cortical and thalamic brain slices.

43 and perform patch-clamp recordings from SCN brain slices across the projected day/night cycle.

44 We first conducted brain slice and in vivo experiments on monkey motor cort

45 aptic currents and long-term potentiation in brain slices and assessing the expression of synaptic po

46 using standardized patch-clamp recordings in brain slices and biocytin-based neuronal reconstructions

47 In mouse brain slices and cultured midbrain neurons, menthol redu

48 Endovascular perforation SAH rat model, brain slices and cultured pericytes were used, and inter

49 e electrophysiological recordings from mouse brain slices and found that AgRP neurons do not contribu

50 single-cell electrical excitability in acute brain slices and in somatosensory ganglia in vivo, openi

51 nding in the subcortical regions of human AD brain slices and in the hippocampus/entorhinal cortex of

52 optically evoked activity in vitro in acute brain slices and in vivo in somatosensory ganglia.

53 The cilia-beating deficit observed in brain slices and in vivo is caused by elevated levels of

54 ated glutamate in the subthalamic nucleus in brain slices and in vivo.

55 tric stimulation of afferent fibers in acute brain slices and produces readily detectable fluorescenc

56 hus, we used electrophysiological studies in brain slices and structural analysis of post-mortem tiss

57 vo autoradiography was performed on resected brain slices and subsequently stained with cresyl violet

58 ctrophysiological diversity of HA neurons in brain slices and the effect of their acute silencing in

59 egions by acute treatment of both tangential brain slices and the isolated guinea pig brain with the

60 be is biased by technical limitations of our brain-slicing and multipatching methods; and (iii) our c

61 cipal neurons and Purkinje neurons in vitro (brain slices) and in vivo.

62 rats in vitro (rat brain proteome), ex vivo (brain slices), and in vivo (intracerebroventricular admi

63 ne viewer in which the experimental rig, the brain slice, and the recorded data are represented to sc

64 es of receptor localization and proximity in brain slices, and behavioral assays in mice to character

65 ability, neurotransmitter release from mouse brain slices, and brain activity in the mouse brain in v

66 new NIR GECIs in cultured cells, acute mouse brain slices, and Caenorhabditis elegans and Xenopus lae

67 e recorded from mouse Phox2b+ RTN neurons in brain slices, and found that their response to moderate

68 Experiments in cultured cells, brain slices, and in living mice demonstrate single-neur

69 th higher basal activities of LHb neurons in brain slices, and lower M-channel protein expression.

70 y specific cell types in dissociated cortex, brain slices, and the brains of live mice.

71 idirectional synaptic plasticity in striatal brain slices, and the first evaluation of striatal synap

72 s across the MOB and AOB, using an in vitro, brain slice approach in postnatal 15-30 day mice.

73 Furthermore, brain-slice autoradiography studies demonstrated the abs

74 We examined this issue in brain slices, awake mice, and a computational model.

75 cell class-specific Ca(2+) imaging in mouse brain slices bathed in 0 Mg(2+) medium to characterize t

76 In brain slices, both of the mutations changed the electric

77 lin-dependent protein kinase II in wild-type brain slices but not in Alzheimer disease transgenic bra

78 rated in cultured neurons and in organotypic brain slices, but not in acute brain slices or in vivo H

79 either in dissociated cultured neurons or in brain slices, but not in the intact living brain.

80 This issue is examined in the hippocampal brain slice by comparing GABAergic interneuron activity

81 e U251 human glioblastoma cell line in mouse brain slices by multimodal imaging.

82 cell bodies are captured from perfused mouse brain slices by patch clamping, and lipids are analyzed

83 volume transmission hypothesis in mouse DRN brain slices by recording 5-HT1A receptor-mediated inhib

84 ng patch-clamp and field recordings in mouse brain slices (C57Bl/6, male and female).

85 ppocampal CA1 neurons from male rat or mouse brain slices causes intermittent, seconds long increases

86 In mouse-brain slices, cavity CNPEs detected exogenously applied

87 lled with tdTomato and then imaged following brain slice clearing.

88 of quinpirole, a D2 receptor agonist, into a brain slice containing the dorsal striatum, a brain regi

89 ocking GABA transporters (GATs) in acute rat brain slices containing key parts of the thalamocortical

90 opy images of the perpendicular and parallel brain slices containing mesh electronics showed that the

91 Notably, images of sagittal brain slices containing nearly the entire mesh electroni

92 In rat brain slices containing the intercalated cells, we found

93 g this functional alteration was analyzed in brain slices containing the medial nucleus of the trapez

94 d from LepR-expressing neurons in horizontal brain slices containing the NTS from male and female Lep

95 ng in vitro patch-clamp electrophysiology in brain slices containing the OFC, we found that the mu-op

96 and optogenetic stimulation to determine if brain slices could "learn" temporal intervals.

97 , we developed and characterized the ex vivo brain slice culture model for CWD, using a transgenic mo

98 described a novel organotypic 3xTg-AD mouse brain slice culture model with key Alzheimer's disease-l

99 Organotypic brain slice culture models provide an alternative to ear

100 of signals in planar tissue including rodent brain slices, cultured cells, and brain regions with lam

101 rred following reovirus infection of ex vivo brain slice cultures (BSCs), demonstrating that factors

102 Using three-dimensional mouse brain slice cultures (BSCs), we have developed a paradig

103 exes following reovirus infection of ex vivo brain slice cultures and results in decreased apoptosis

104 se findings highlight the utility of 3xTg-AD brain slice cultures as a rapid and reliable in vitro me

105 Human brain slice cultures derived from neurosurgical resectio

106 ollowing in vivo treatment are replicated in brain slice cultures from 3xTg-AD mice.

107 ased assay, followed by secondary screens in brain slice cultures from transgenic mice expressing the

108 Using organotypic brain slice cultures generated from embryonic mice of va

109 In brain slice cultures, Treg accelerated developmental mye

110 Using primary neurons and brain slice cultures, we find that overexpression and kn

111 ties of human pyramidal neurons in long-term brain slice cultures.

112 ce for vessel-to-neuron communication in the brain slice defined here as vasculo-neuronal coupling.

113 rophysiological experiments performed in BST brain slices demonstrated that IL-18 strongly reduces th

114 ) sensors resolve evoked DA release in mouse brain slices, detect evoked compartmental DA release fro

115 tic activation of the pathway in acute mouse brain slices drove IN activity despite small amplitude s

116 microglia in acutely isolated cortical mouse brain slices during an experimentally induced CSD.

117 ma of pyramidal neurons in mouse neocortical brain slices during whole-cell patch clamp recording.

118 toxicity was assessed in rat corticostriatal brain slices, either flanking region alone sufficed to g

119 Here, we used brain slice electrophysiology to construct a timeline of

120 ative approach of gene transfer, systems and brain slice electrophysiology, behavior, and immunohisto

121 Using ex vivo male rat brain slice electrophysiology, we show that the selectiv

122 al Asic5 knockout model was elaborated using brain slice electrophysiology.

123 Here, we explore mOP-LTD in DMS using mouse brain slice electrophysiology.

124 Using brain-slice electrophysiology and Ca(2+) imaging from ma

125 Through brain-slice electrophysiology, we show that subthreshold

126 ion and calcium imaging across wide areas of brain slice enables high-throughput mapping of neuronal

127 We found that in mouse brain slices evoked serotonin release produced a 5-HT1A

128 In brain slice explants, oxygen deprivation (OD) activated

129 Organotypic cortical brain slices exposed to ischemic injury by oxygen-glucos

130 or phosphorylated tau was performed on human brain slices for comparison with (3)H-MK-6240 binding pa

131 Fluorescence imaging of brain slices found that IN administration followed by FU

132 ng transgene-labeled markers in a 1-mm thick brain slice from adult mice, and 14 days were required f

133 cell lines, primary neurons, and organotypic brain slices from an AD mouse model, we found that pharm

134 connecting breast cancer cells in live acute brain slices from an experimental mouse model of breast

135 e cholinergic afferents in prefrontal cortex brain slices from compound-transgenic wild-type and Chrn

136 sorimotor cortex or intralaminar thalamus in brain slices from control and dopamine-depleted mice.

137 performed whole-cell patch clamp analysis of brain slices from control and Sf1Gck(-/-) mice.

138 ch kinases mediate desensitization of MOR in brain slices from drug-naive and morphine-treated animal

139 dendritic spine motility in acutely prepared brain slices from female and male mice following METH-as

140 Prior in vitro patch-clamp recordings in brain slices from genetic mouse models of Dravet syndrom

141 gagement in autoradiography (ARG) studies in brain slices from HD mouse models and postmortem human H

142 xamined its acute effects on GHRH neurons in brain slices from male and female GHRH-GFP mice.

143 ng single or dual optogenetic stimulation in brain slices from male and female mice, we compared the

144 gRP neurons and POMC neurons was examined in brain slices from male and female mice.

145 While microglia in brain slices from male mice lack C3aR1 receptors, both r

146 In each case, imaging in brain slices from male or female animals revealed electr

147 med electrophysiological recordings in acute brain slices from mice expressing enhanced yellow fluore

148 s we made wide-area functional maps in acute brain slices from mice of both sexes.

149 covery from SD, layer 5 pyramidal neurons in brain slices from mice of either sex appear surprisingly

150 Here we use GCaMP Ca(2+) imaging in brain slices from mice to address how nerve terminal Ca(

151 ion between midbrain dopaminergic neurons in brain slices from mice we have discovered that the modul

152 cordings from basal amygdala (BA) neurons in brain slices from mice with channelrhodopsin genetically

153 the firing rate of MC3R VTA neurons in acute brain slices from mice, although it did not affect the f

154 ell recordings from MSO principal neurons in brain slices from Mongolian gerbils.

155 current-clamp recordings from bushy cells in brain slices from mouse anteroventral cochlear nucleus.

156 ng this deficit, striatal neurons in ex vivo brain slices from mouse genetic models of HD were studie

157 Using brain slices from mouse somatosensory thalamus and corte

158 recordings of arcuate kisspeptin neurons in brain slices from ovariectomized (OVX) and OVX+estradiol

159 s to stimuli, GFP-identified GnRH neurons in brain slices from OVX+E or OVX female mice were recorded

160 Previous experiments in brain slices from rodents have shown that several intrin

161 We recorded VIP-INs in brain slices from Scn1a(+/-)mice and wild-type littermat

162 ory transmission from BLA to CeA recorded in brain slices from SNL rats using whole-cell patch-clamp

163 recision and repeated firing up to 100 Hz in brain slices from Swiss male mice.

164 nge traffic of DAT in intact brain and acute brain slices from the knock-in mouse expressing epitope-

165 l stimulation and an optogenetic approach in brain slices from the mouse, we investigated the synapti

166 In brain slices from these animals, single-trial hybrid opt

167 logical and anatomical approaches in ex vivo brain slices from transgenic mice, it was found that 2 w

168 Rs and with synaptically activated NMDARs in brain slices from wild-type (WT), but not GluN2A knockou

169 n reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in hippocampal brain slices from wild-type rats and serotonin transport

170 Previous studies in brain slices have demonstrated considerable cell-type sp

171 Studies in brain slices have led to a model in which rhythmic synch

172 ynaptic physiology of auditory UBCs in mouse brain slices, identifying two response profiles, and cor

173 g assays, electrophysiological recordings in brain slices, in vivo electrophysiological recordings in

174 We found that, in rat brain slices, increasing the supply of the physiological

175 MP6f Ca(2+) imaging in POMC neurons in mouse brain slices indicate that maximal inhibition of cellula

176 knockout mice (TKO) were used in an ex vivo brain slice invasion assay.

177 release in the locus coeruleus (LC) of mouse brain slices, looming-evoked NE release in the midbrain

178 n in vivo and subsequent analysis in ex vivo brain slices made from male and female mice revealed a s

179 c process for seizure generation in both the brain slice model and the human neuropathological study.

180 Our results demonstrate that this integrated brain slice model of CWD enables the study of pathogenic

181 As a proof of concept, we developed a novel brain slice model of mitochondrial epilepsy by the appli

182 ultrasound parameters in a transgenic mouse brain slice model that enables calcium imaging as a quan

183 uronal culture, IL-34 expression in a rodent brain slice model with intact neuron-microglial networks

184 In brain slices, mu opioid agonists hyperpolarized a distin

185 Here we use brain slice multiphoton microscopy to show that substant

186 Using cyclic voltammetry in mouse brain slices, nAChR-dependent spontaneous dopamine trans

187 In brain slices obtained from mice, we examined synaptic re

188 ergic interneurons of layer 5 in neocortical brain slices obtained from rats of both sexes, and we st

189 and synaptic properties of the STN in acute brain slices obtained from rats of both sexes.

190 halamic afferent stimulation were studied in brain slices obtained from young and aged CBA/CAj mice (

191 s performed on non-fixed coronal hemispheric brain slices of 23 patients with progressive multiple sc

192 In brain slices of a mouse model of this neurological disor

193 ous dopamine secretion is abolished in acute brain slices of conditional knockout mice in which Synap

194 rizes medially located ITCs (mITCs) in acute brain slices of mice.

195 alian cells, in primary neuronal culture, in brain slices of mouse and monkey, and in mouse brain in

196 In acute brain slices of murine layer 2/3 cortical neurons, we de

197 two-photon Ca(2+) imaging in male rat acute brain slices of the somatosensory neocortex, we found th

198 rescent protein (EGFP) fluorescence from the brain slices of Thy-1 EGFP transgenic mice, we show that

199 We then directly interface an acute mouse brain slice onto the nickelate devices and demonstrate m

200 n organotypic brain slices, but not in acute brain slices or in vivo Here, we describe a transgenic m

201 ices but not in Alzheimer disease transgenic brain slices or wild-type slices incubated with Abetao.

202 rror their pattern of spread in disinhibited brain slices over millimeters.

203 timulation of the entorhinal cortex in mouse brain slices paradoxically generates spiking of mature n

204 Schematic shows brain slice, patch pipette and microscope objective.

205 Schematic shows brain slice, patch pipette, field stimulation electrodes

206 Using the brain slice preparation for cellular recordings, superfu

207 Experiments were conducted in brain slice preparation of transgenic adult Sst-IRES-Cre

208 In the present study, we develop a novel brain slice preparation that preserves the geniculohypot

209 sent study, we established an in vitro mouse brain slice preparation that retains connectivity across

210 s of layer V pyramidal neurons in an ex vivo brain slice preparation, we found that operant self-admi

211 signaling in cultured cells and in an acute brain slice preparation.

212 mouse entorhinal cortex (EC) in an in vitro brain slice preparation.

213 proven problematic to identify and study in brain slice preparations because P2X4 expression is spar

214 hese synapses have been performed largely in brain slice preparations, without consideration of physi

215 orphine-mediated currents in locus coeruleus brain slice preparations.

216 acterization of neurons in the rostral Re of brain slices prepared from adult male mice.

217 crodrop excitation of ARC glutamate cells in brain slices rapidly increased excitatory synaptic activ

218 Here, using Fos staining, ex vivo brain slice recording, and in vivo multi-channel electro

219 ression system and intact rodent hippocampal brain slice recordings demonstrate a GABA(A)R-mediated m

220 In brain slice recordings, many NPY neurons fired spontaneo

221 n action potential firing of GnRH neurons in brain slices.RESULTSIn healthy women, the amplitude of l

222 ies and immunofluorescent staining of murine brain slices reveal that alphavbeta3 receptors and SERTs

223 ring in Scn8a(N1768D/+) pyramidal neurons in brain slices revealed early afterdepolarization (EAD)-li

224 th GluN2B S1413L in GluN2A/B-deficient mouse brain slices revealed only partial rescue of synaptic cu

225 Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in brain slices revealed that intrinsic excitability of DG

226 ectrophysiological recordings in hippocampal brain slices revealed that KA stimulated the activity of

227 Recordings from PFC brain slices revealed that MK-801 exposure during adoles

228 Optogenetics-assisted circuit mapping in brain slices revealed that POA(PAG) neurons directly inh

229 inally, live-cell imaging in early postnatal brain slices revealed that the migration and proliferati

230 In a brain slice, RhoVR-Halos provide exquisite labeling of d

231 clamp and multielectrode array recordings in brain slices showed that CTZ or light stimulation facili

232 mp recordings from mEC stellate cells in rat brain slices showed that GTx inhibited delayed-rectifier

233 e physiological properties of Lm128C cell in brain slices showed that Lm128C cells exhibit elevated m

234 ole-cell patch-clamp recordings from GrCs in brain slices showed that, despite high GoC bouton densit

235 ssfully grafted into organotypic hippocampal brain slices, showing an approximately 3.5-fold improvem

236 munohistochemical staining of mice and human brain slices shows DAM with intracellular/phagocytic Abe

237 ability and functional connectivity in acute brain slices.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A new technique for

238 g endogenous TRIO in organotypic hippocampal brain slices significantly increased synaptic strength b

239 Combining brain slice studies and site-directed mutagenesis in HEK

240 e induced by ischemia-like conditions in rat brain slices suggested neuroprotective properties for th

241 In brain slices, synaptically released dopamine increases a

242 urrents; no effect on current is observed on brain slices taken from CLC-2 knockout mice.

243 Furthermore, we show in mouse brain slices that a brief optogenetic stimulation of VTA

244 Here we report in brain slices that activation of nAChRs depolarizes LHb c

245 Here, we show in mouse brain slices that alpha1-A(R)-mediated excitatory synapt

246 e isolated deep layer prefrontal circuits in brain slices then used single-photon GCaMP imaging to re

247 y delivered onto neurons in acutely isolated brain slices, thereby enabling high-resolution two-photo

248 r recordings in rat (both sexes) neocortical brain slices to assess the ionic mechanisms supporting p

249 ogical systems, from cultured cells to acute brain slices to behaving mice.

250 cordings and optogenetic approaches in mouse brain slices to determine the cellular organization of t

251 structure and multielectrode recordings from brain slices to explore intrinsic excitatory connectivit

252 Exposing brain slices to Glut and D-aspartate (D-Asp) before reco

253 corded multicolor SIM images in 20-mum thick brain slices to identify synapses in the dendritic syste

254 cker Guangxitoxin-1E (GTx; 10-100 nm) in rat brain slices to investigate Kv2 channel functions in mEC

255 synaptically evoked NMDAR responses in acute brain slices to investigate mechanisms by which channel

256 nducted whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in brain slices to reveal how nanomolar concentrations of K

257 rn separation by DG circuitry, we used mouse brain slices to stimulate DG afferents and simultaneousl

258 in hippocampal neurons in culture and intact brain slices, to discover relationships between the spee

259 omewhat surprisingly, we found that in mouse brain slices, U251 glioma cells do not follow white matt

260 al voltage changes in acutely prepared mouse brain slices using 2P illumination.

261 ion were examined in mouse (male and female) brain slices using molecular, electrophysiological, and

262 GECI up to a depth of almost 400 um in acute brain slices using one-photon light-sheet imaging.

263 aptic currents in E18.5 hypoglossal MNs from brain slices using whole-cell patch-clamp recording, fol

264 vivo with microelectrode arrays and ex vivo brain slices, using whole-cell voltage clamp.

265 on whole-cell recording electrophysiology in brain slices, vGluT2 neurons were spontaneously active w

266 ha-SMA expressions in cultured pericytes and brain slices via inhibiting NO/cGMP pathway.

267 f IgG to specific neurons in human and mouse brain slices was evaluated ex vivo after incubation with

268 rate and the excitability of LHb neurons in brain slices was higher, whereas the amplitude of medium

269 The pH response of RTN neurons in brain slices was markedly reduced by the same antagonist

270 ide-induced inhibition of PV interneurons in brain slices was reversed by activation of alpha4beta2 n

271 Fluorescence imaging of ex vivo mouse brain slices was used to quantify the delivery outcomes

272 striatal cell model and HD mouse organotypic brain slices we found that D(1)R-induced cell death sign

273 Recording from adult zebra finch brain slices we show that within each bird basal ganglia

274 ecordings and biocytin cell filling in acute brain slices, we assessed the physiology and morphology

275 tidisciplinary approach in both rat and mice brain slices, we determined whether flow/pressure-evoked

276 nd electrophysiological recordings in rodent brain slices, we find that increasing or decreasing the

277 electrophysiology and optogenetics in mouse brain slices, we found that 5-HT directly enhances the e

278 electrophysiology and optogenetics in mouse brain slices, we found that ACh generated nicotinic ACh

279 Using whole-cell recordings in brain slices, we found that dynorphin-A directly inhibit

280 In this study, using rat brain slices, we found that isradipine, a general LTCC a

281 Studying microglial cells in acute brain slices, we found that TLQP21 impaired metabotropic

282 However, using mouse brain slices, we now demonstrate that the number of vesi

283 ing time-lapse superresolution microscopy in brain slices, we report that axons grow wider after high

284 In cultured neurons and brain slices, we show that Cal-Light drives expression o

285 lamp in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in brain slices, we showed that the effects of INaP on Rin

286 cence (P35-P45) or adulthood (P60-P70), when brain slices were prepared for whole-cell and perforated

287 Subsequently, nucleus accumbens brain slices were prepared, and we tested for changes in

288 We found that RTN neurons in brain slices were stimulated by exogenous 5-HT and by he

289 apparent thalamic discolorations in cm-thick brain slices were T2/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery

290 sion in DKO neurons and GODZ or SERZ-beta KO brain slices were unaltered, indicating that GODZ-mediat

291 functional circuit mapping in ex vivo acute brain slices, which preserve in vivo-like connectivity o

292 ase of endogenous dynorphin from D1R-SPNs in brain slice while using whole-cell patch recording to me

293 s during working memory processing, in vitro brain slice whole-cell patching recordings and in vivo s

294 that the mass fragments observed for the fly brain slices with different surface modifications are si

295 We combined two-photon imaging microscopy in brain slices with in vivo work in rats and C57BL/6J mice

296 lation of individual cells in mouse cortical brain slices with single-cell resolution and <1-ms tempo

297 urrently based on immunochemical analysis of brain slices with the AT8 antibody.

298 ial memory in young mice, while treatment of brain slices with TIMP2 antibody prevents long-term pote

299 inothalamic synapse in the visual pathway in brain slices, with cortical and inhibitory input to the

300 tials from labeled cortical neurons in a rat brain slice, without the need for trial averaging.