ライフサイエンスコーパス: carboxylation

1 ng for 57% of the variation in A vs. 22% for carboxylation).

2 ctor carboxylation but do not ameliorate MGP carboxylation.

3 ete against anaplerotic enzymes for pyruvate carboxylation.

4 in alkene hydrocarbon production or aryl (de)carboxylation.

5 ory metabolic activities including reductive carboxylation.

6 brum homolog increased the enzyme's kcat for carboxylation.

7 of quercetin do not involve induction of MGP carboxylation.

8 cture from alpha-helix to beta-sheet through carboxylation.

9 nd/or inhibition of matrix Gla protein (MGP) carboxylation.

10 s it critical to understand the mechanism of carboxylation.

11 e is posttranslationally modified by N(zeta)-carboxylation.

12 such a way as to ensure efficient, specific carboxylation.

13 levels of epoxidation but substantially less carboxylation.

14 to lipogenic acetyl-CoA occurs via reductive carboxylation.

15 ures the extent of intracellular VKD protein carboxylation.

16 on of eIF4A also induces glutamine reductive carboxylation.

17 tributes to lipid biosynthesis via reductive carboxylation.

18 d the effects of vitamin K deficiency on MGP carboxylation.

19 tamin K-dependent enzyme, which mediates MGP carboxylation.

20 roline is used to make citrate via reductive carboxylation.

21 alysis as an enabling strategy for promoting carboxylations.

22 atures that change as a function of backbone carboxylation (28, 40, 50, 60, 80, and 93 %) from other

23 an exceptionally high capacity for reductive carboxylation, a metabolic pathway that has recently gar

24 cleavage occurred independently of its gamma-carboxylation, a posttranslational modification that is

25 They identify pyruvate carboxylation, a reaction that enables glucose-derived c

26 P requires to be activated by gamma-glutamyl carboxylation, a vitamin K-dependent reaction, to serve

27 on could not reverse the defect in reductive carboxylation activity.

28 ses in situ generated (*)CBr(3) radical as a carboxylation agent with alcohol and is further extended

29 Cellular gamma-glutamyl carboxylation also exhibited differential VKOR inhibitio

30 t significantly decreased coagulation factor carboxylation and abolished MGP carboxylation at the phy

31 boxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) do not catalyze carboxylation and are designated RuBisCO-like proteins (

32 eries of urinary metabolites including omega-carboxylation and beta-oxidation products, as well as N-

33 tase (VKOR) reduces vitamin K to support the carboxylation and consequent activation of vitamin K-dep

34 olism, initiated by IDH1-dependent reductive carboxylation and culminating in suppression of mitochon

35 on a single serine (S8) independently of its carboxylation and endoproteolysis, two other PTMs regula

36 ns (i.e. low CO2 availability at the site of carboxylation and high temperature) inducing Rubisco-lim

37 ake, increased use of glutamine in reductive carboxylation and increased use of glutamine in generati

38 bles quantitative analysis of gamma-glutamyl carboxylation and its antagonism in live cells.

39 us deficient in their capacity for reductive carboxylation and may be compromised in their ability to

40 ulated to simultaneously enhance the rate of carboxylation and minimize oxygenation, a competitive re

41 lished temperature responses of both Rubisco carboxylation and oxygenation kinetics from a C4 plant,

42 measure the temperature responses of Rubisco carboxylation and oxygenation kinetics, PEPc carboxylati

43 BisCOs) are promiscuous, catalyzing not only carboxylation and oxygenation of d-ribulose 1,5-bisphosp

44 s at ambient and low oxygen showed that both carboxylation and oxygenation of Rubisco acted as the ma

45 target is Rubisco because it catalyses both carboxylation and oxygenation reactions and the majority

46 However, this resulted in incomplete gamma-carboxylation and propeptide cleavage where both process

47 while the oxygenation reaction competes with carboxylation and reduces photosynthetic productivity.

48 ose) polymerase inhibitor protects reductive carboxylation and RPE viability from excessive oxidative

49 Apparent rubisco carboxylation and RuBP regeneration standardized to 25 d

50 -VKORC1 expression increased the rate of fIX carboxylation and the extent of secreted carboxylated fI

51 We estimate the ratio of cost factors for carboxylation and transpiration (beta) expected from the

52 and therefore overestimate CO2 available for carboxylation and underestimate photosynthetic responsiv

53 chemical coordination and co-optimization of carboxylation and water costs for photosynthesis, sugges

54 nation, arylation, alkylation, halogenation, carboxylation, and carbonylation), each representing a d

55 metformin via glutamine-dependent reductive carboxylation, and display reduced sensitivity to metfor

56 ancing redox cofactors, increasing reductive carboxylation, and promoting glycolysis.

57 lase uses vitamin K epoxidation to drive Glu carboxylation, and the two half-reactions are coupled in

58 We show that parameters associated with carboxylation are the most influential parameters but al

59 y for achieving alkene 1,2-amino-acylation, -carboxylation, -arylation, -vinylation, and -alkynylatio

60 ent cultures, providing evidence to indicate carboxylation as an activation mechanism for phenanthren

61 min K epoxide to support vitamin K-dependent carboxylation as efficiently as does VKORC1.

62 n for lipogenesis, in part through reductive carboxylation, as has been found previously in other cel

63 e phenolic substrate to drive its direct C-H carboxylation at ambient conditions.

64 This showed in vivo capacity for carboxylation at Rubisco (V(c,max) ), and not stomata, a

65 ation factor carboxylation and abolished MGP carboxylation at the physiological concentration of vita

66 t functionally critical substrates for gamma-carboxylation, at least in the developing embryo and neo

67 of oxaloacetate by phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylation became evident from the patterns in de nov

68 nt in mammalian cells, and to understand why carboxylation becomes saturated, we developed an approac

69 can restore up to 60% of coagulation factor carboxylation but do not ameliorate MGP carboxylation.

70 Reductive carboxylation by IDH1 was potently inhibited by NADP(+)

71 Supporting reductive carboxylation by supplementation with an NAD(+) precurso

72 mutant subunit did not inactivate reductive carboxylation by the wild-type subunit.

73 elationship for inhibition of gamma-glutamyl carboxylation by warfarin metabolites, observing toleran

74 unced seasonal and spatial variation in leaf carboxylation capacity (V(c,max) ) is critical for deter

75 wood density, leaf-mass-per-area (LMA), leaf carboxylation capacity (V(c,max) ), leaf water content,

76 d values of photosynthetic traits, including carboxylation capacity (V(cmax) ), derived from delta(13

77 ed to determine the effect of temperature on carboxylation capacity (Vc,max ) and the light- and CO2

78 t intensity of 600 mumol m(-2) sec(-1) , the carboxylation capacity, electron transport capacity and

79 small subunits, which can also influence the carboxylation catalytic efficiency and CO(2)/O(2) specif

80 Analysis in insect cells lacking endogenous carboxylation components showed that r-VKORC1 reduces KO

81 ycle, in which glutamine-dependent reductive carboxylation cooperates to the production of lipids and

82 the steric factor plays a major role in the carboxylation/decarboxylation process.

83 Loss of reductive carboxylation disrupts redox balance and increases RPE s

84 ic ether serves as an auxiliary for oxindole carboxylation (dr 5.2:1.0) that sets C10 configuration i

85 unit improved carboxylation rates by 13% and carboxylation efficiency (CE) by 17%, relative to potato

86 and more variable A(max) , maximum rates of carboxylation, electron transport, and Rubisco activity

87 ls represent three key biological processes: carboxylation, electron transport, triose phosphate use

88 from the active site of Rubisco, the central carboxylation enzyme of photosynthesis.

89 that control substrate availability for the carboxylation enzyme Rubisco.

90 This unprecedented carboxylation event is characterized by its simplicity,

91 The reductive carboxylation flux accounted for 90% of all flux of glut

92 bitor studies were compatible with reductive carboxylation flux through mitochondrial isocitrate dehy

93 lustrate a potential application, we use C-H carboxylation followed by protonation to convert 2-furoi

94 pyruvate dehydrogenase rather than pyruvate carboxylation followed by subsequent decarboxylation rea

95 The crucial role of PEP carboxylation for growth of S. suis in the host was supp

96 coli strain engineered to depend on rubisco carboxylation for growth.

97 dification of the flanking 0CG, particularly carboxylation, has a strong positive impact on TCF4 bind

98 tion of free primary hydroxyls to carboxyls (carboxylation; HTT </= 500 degrees C), and their subsequ

99 onstrate that PRGP2 undergoes gamma-glutamyl carboxylation in a manner that is both dependent upon th

100 glycolysis and glutamine-dependent reductive carboxylation in cancer cells.

101 , suggesting an important role for reductive carboxylation in glutamine usage, perhaps for production

102 the presence of warfarin, vitamin K rescued carboxylation in HEK293 cells but not in AV12 cells.

103 n K epoxide reductase (VKOR-Y139F) supported carboxylation in HEK293 cells when fed KO in the presenc

104 te that entered mitochondrial metabolism via carboxylation in human islets was only 20-30% that in ra

105 These data support a role for glutamine carboxylation in maintaining citrate synthesis and cell

106 r show that VKORC1 is required for OCN gamma-carboxylation in osteoblasts, whereas its paralogue, VKO

107 water molecule may play an important role in carboxylation in OXA-24 (an analogous water molecule is

108 The capacity for reductive carboxylation in RPE exceeds that of all other cells tes

109 tantly, knocking down NNT inhibits reductive carboxylation in SkMel5 and 786-O renal carcinoma cells.

110 sing by soluble rFurin did not preempt gamma-carboxylation in the ER and therefore was compartmentali

111 steps featuring a palladium-catalyzed phenyl carboxylation in the last step.

112 llular air spaces (IAS) to the first site of carboxylation in the mesophyll cells.

113 ces below the stomata to the site of initial carboxylation in the mesophyll.

114 NHC-CO(2) adducts were obtained by carboxylation in THF of related free NHCs (2), while the

115 lting in decreased KO reduction in cells and carboxylation in vitro.

116 o distinct steps: (1) CO(3)(2-)-promoted C-H carboxylation, in which the hydrocarbon substrate is dep

117 hat r-VKORC1 reduces KO to efficiently drive carboxylation, indicating KH2 production.

118 We investigated how MGP carboxylation influences the risk of calciphylaxis in ad

119 The regiochemistry of the N2 carboxylation is controlled by the ansa-cyclopentadienyl

120 VKD protein carboxylation is inefficient in mammalian cells, and to

121 The first structural rationale for acetone carboxylation is presented here, focusing on the 360 kDa

122 d fIX approximately 2-fold, which shows that carboxylation is the rate-limiting step in fIX turnover

123 ron transport to the maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylation (J(max) /V(cmax) ) under higher temperatur

124 carboxylation and oxygenation kinetics, PEPc carboxylation kinetics, and the activity and first-order

125 orts have traditionally focused on nocturnal carboxylation, less information is known regarding the d

126 st, anaerobic activation of naphthalene by a carboxylation-like mechanism by strain NaphS6 was linked

127 n (aCO2 ), with leaf photosynthesis strongly carboxylation-limited.

128 e, suggesting that deficiencies of reductive carboxylation may contribute to RPE cell death.

129 circumstantial evidence suggests that gamma-carboxylation may inhibit OCN endocrine functions, genet

130 on from substomatal cavities to the sites of carboxylation) may increase photosynthetic and water use

131 than with the changes in hexanal and protein carboxylation measured in the lamb cuts kept under prote

132 segues the ER targeted enhancement of gamma-carboxylation needed to biomanufacture coagulation prote

133 reactions such as halogenation, formylation, carboxylation, nitration, sulfonation, and others are di

134 evolutionary emphasis on increased rates of carboxylation observed in bacterial homologues.

135 t copper-catalyzed oxidative dehydrogenative carboxylation (ODC) of unactivated alkanes with various

136 nzymes, catalyzes the reductive cleavage and carboxylation of 2-ketopropyl-coenzyme M [2-(2-ketopropy

137 ethod was developed for the remote C5-H bond carboxylation of 8-aminoquinoline amide and sulfonamide

138 , the cytosol and mitochondria, and although carboxylation of acetyl-CoA is the known mechanism for g

139 ction in de novo synthesis of fatty acids is carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA, catalyz

140 cetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which catalyzes carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, the first an

141 acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, the first an

142 The mechanism of reductive carboxylation of alkyl halides has been proposed to proc

143 ed by the enzyme gamma-carboxylase for gamma-carboxylation of all vitamin K-dependent (VKD) proteins.

144 novel Ni-catalyzed regiodivergent reductive carboxylation of allyl esters with CO2 has been develope

145 ender units are biosynthesized via reductive carboxylation of alpha, beta-unsaturated thioesters cata

146 ios) accompanied by an increase in reductive carboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate (increased concentr

147 In addition, reductive carboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate by isocitrate dehyd

148 ate cancer cells, SRC-2 stimulated reductive carboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate to generate citrate

149 everse reaction of isocitrate dehydrogenase (carboxylation of alpha-KG to isocitrate).

150 aKG) and the NADPH/CO(2)-dependent reductive carboxylation of alphaKG to ICT.

151 nines were unable to carry out the reductive carboxylation of alphaKG.

152 toredox catalyst effects the selective alpha-carboxylation of amines that bear various functional gro

153 PAICS catalyzes the carboxylation of aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR) and

154 ably, we observe an unprecedented CO(2) meta-carboxylation of an arene that was previously deemed imp

155 A remote catalytic reductive sp(2) C-H carboxylation of arenes with CO(2) (1 bar) via 1,4-Ni mi

156 terocyclic carbene) catalytic system for the carboxylation of aromatic and heteroaromatic C-H bonds w

157 a significant progress has been made for the carboxylation of aryl and benzyl halides with CO2, becom

158 )-catalyzed reaction protocol for the direct carboxylation of benzoic and phenylacetic acid derivativ

159 A novel Ni-catalyzed carboxylation of benzyl halides with CO(2) has been deve

160 Herein, we report a visible-light-mediated carboxylation of benzylic C-H bonds with CO(2) into 2-ar

161 otin carboxylase catalyzes the ATP-dependent carboxylation of biotin and is one component of the mult

162 component, which catalyzes the ATP-dependent carboxylation of biotin using bicarbonate as the donor.

163 rboxylases and catalyzes the MgATP-dependent carboxylation of biotin, using bicarbonate as the CO(2)

164 xylase component catalyzes the ATP-dependent carboxylation of biotin.

165 Rapid and direct: the carboxylation of boronic acid esters with (11)CO(2) prov

166 rein, we report on the enzyme-catalyzed para-carboxylation of catechols, employing 3,4-dihydroxybenzo

167 oxylase utilizes four substrates to catalyze carboxylation of certain glutamic acid residues in vitam

168 The enzyme is only able to couple (de)carboxylation of cinnamic acid-type compounds to reversi

169 ality of this method was demonstrated by the carboxylation of estrone and by the synthesis of an unsy

170 Maximal gamma-glutamyl carboxylation of F9CH required vitamin K supplementation

171 ts with mutations in GGCX critical for gamma-carboxylation of gla-proteins.

172 The carboxylation of glutamic acid residues to gamma-carboxy

173 The reductive carboxylation of glutamine is part of the metabolic repr

174 CoA is produced via another route, reductive carboxylation of glutamine-derived alpha-ketoglutarate (

175 xia rely almost exclusively on the reductive carboxylation of glutamine-derived alpha-ketoglutarate f

176 The increased IDH2-dependent carboxylation of glutamine-derived alpha-ketoglutarate i

177 eased glutaminolysis but decreased reductive carboxylation of glutamine-derived alpha-ketoglutarate.

178 extend beyond that of a cofactor for the VKD carboxylation of glutamyl residues (Glus) to carboxylate

179 We also demonstrated that gamma-carboxylation of ligands is essential for the full activ

180 ates vitamin K hydroquinone to sustain gamma-carboxylation of many blood coagulation factors.

181 an essential cofactor for the gamma-glutamyl carboxylation of many clotting factors.

182 lyketide antibiotics are assembled by direct carboxylation of medium chain acyl-CoA thioesters.

183 reaction conditions are also amenable to the carboxylation of N-phenyl pyrrolidinones.

184 )-catalyzed regioselective direct remote C-H carboxylation of naphthyl and quinoline amides was devel

185 mechanism of CO(2) storage via photochemical carboxylation of o-alkylphenyl ketones, originally propo

186 specific gene inactivation models that gamma-carboxylation of OCN by GGCX inhibits its endocrine func

187 A Pd(II)-catalyzed reaction protocol for the carboxylation of ortho-C-H bonds in anilides to form N-a

188 The catalytic mechanism proposed for the carboxylation of oxamate is similar to that proposed for

189 , with the canonical UbiD catalyzing the (de)carboxylation of para-hydroxybenzoic acid-type substrate

190 talyzes the bicarbonate- and MgATP-dependent carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate, an important

191 Increased carboxylation of pyruvate via cytosolic malic enzyme (ME

192 In addition, the reverse reaction (reductive carboxylation of pyruvate) is also modulated by fumarate

193 oxamate is similar to that proposed for the carboxylation of pyruvate, which occurs via the formatio

194 red photosynthetic capacity (maximal rate of carboxylation of Rubisco (Vcmax ), and the maximum rate

195 and provides vitamin K hydroquinone for the carboxylation of select glutamic acid residues of the vi

196 The carboxylation of sp(3)-hybridized C-H bonds with CO(2) i

197 A nickel-catalyzed reductive carboxylation of styrenes using CO2 has been developed.

198 The VKD gamma-carboxylation of the 5 essential VKD proteins in the liv

199 Carboxylation of the common substrate ribulose-1,5-bisph

200 ollowed by a second, slower nickel-catalyzed carboxylation of the in situ formed organozinc reagent.

201 tial for substrate recognition, that epsilon-carboxylation of the lysine of the stem peptide was not

202 ied into (PLGA)(n)-b-(carboxylated bPEI) via carboxylation of the primary amines.

203 plex, biotin carboxylase (BC), catalyzes the carboxylation of the protein-bound biotin moiety of anot

204 The bionanoconjugates were fabricated by carboxylation of the two-dimensional graphene oxide nano

205 Vitamin K is involved in the gamma-carboxylation of the vitamin K-dependent proteins, and v

206 Although the catalytic carboxylation of unactivated alkyl electrophiles has rea

207 -friendly Ni-catalyzed reductive cyclization/carboxylation of unactivated alkyl halides with CO2 is d

208 A Ni-catalyzed carboxylation of unactivated primary alkyl bromides and

209 A catalytic carboxylation of unactivated primary, secondary, and ter

210 ction conditions are also applicable for the carboxylation of vinyl C-H bonds.

211 Gamma-carboxylation of vitamin K-dependent proteins is depende

212 amma-carboxylase in post-translational gamma-carboxylation of vitamin K-dependent proteins.

213 l redox-dependent reactions of 2-KPCC (2-KPC carboxylation or protonation).

214 f organic acids, evolved to become the major carboxylation pathway for succinate production.

215 xylation and energy production away from the carboxylation pathway that leads to glucose production.

216 the citric acid cycle, whereas the reductive carboxylation pathway travels in reverse of the citric a

217 e the summed unit costs of transpiration and carboxylation' predicts leaf-internal/ambient CO2 ratios

218 eported copper-, silver-, and gold-catalyzed carboxylation processes of terminal alkynes are studied

219 rate dehydrogenase (IDH)-dependent reductive carboxylation, producing the reductive power necessary t

220 dant metabolic pathways, including reductive carboxylation, proline synthesis, and cystine import.

221 The poor carboxylation properties of plant rubiscos have led to e

222 We also developed C-H olefination and carboxylation protocols, demonstrating the applicability

223 only used organic halides as counterparts in carboxylation protocols.

224 tion, reduction and oxidation, substitution, carboxylation, radical-mediated, and rearrangements, whi

225 s(-1)) and ribulose-1:5-bisphosphate limited carboxylation rate (Jmax 213 mumol CO2 m(-2) s(-1)) unde

226 tic capacity, indexed by the maximum Rubisco carboxylation rate (V(cmax) ), to simulate carbon assimi

227 The maximum photosynthetic carboxylation rate (Vcmax ) is an influential plant trai

228 t CO2 ratios (ci /ca ) and slopes of maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax ) or leaf nitrogen (Narea ) vs

229 ypically need a specification of the maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax ).

230 or can be corrected by adjusting the maximum carboxylation rate (Vmax ) specified for tropical forest

231 tion, the lowest g NIL had 27% lower maximum carboxylation rate and 23% lower photosynthetic electron

232 thesis, in particular the parameters maximum carboxylation rate and maximum electron transport rate a

233 higher energy of activation than the maximum carboxylation rate and the CO2 compensation point in the

234 ree leaf traits (specific leaf area, maximum carboxylation rate at 25 degrees C, and maximum electron

235 n of non-native forms of Rubisco with higher carboxylation rate constants in vascular plants and the

236 is positively correlated with the mass-based carboxylation rate of mature leaves.

237 ut accounting for CO2 effects on the maximum carboxylation rate of photosynthesis and specific leaf a

238 e found to vary with [CO2 ] were the maximum carboxylation rate of photosynthesis and specific leaf a

239 tic efficiency as represented by the maximum carboxylation rate of Rubisco (Vmax), the maximum electr

240 nd six small subunit mutations that improved carboxylation rate, efficiency, and specificity.

241 Despite a doubling in the carboxylation rate, the photorespiratory flux increased

242 nthesis through their higher maximum Rubisco carboxylation rate.

243 er substitutions in the pS3-subunit improved carboxylation rates by 13% and carboxylation efficiency

244 te number of Rubisco active sites to support carboxylation rates in planta.

245 ized, purified, and biochemically tested the carboxylation rates of 143 representatives, spanning all

246 To achieve high carboxylation rates, psychrophilic diatoms increased Rub

247 tochondria use glutamine-dependent reductive carboxylation rather than oxidative metabolism as the ma

248 enerate citrate and lipids through reductive carboxylation (RC) of alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG).

249 c framework (MOF) to activate an inert CO(2) carboxylation reaction and in situ monitor its unconvent

250 A silanol-directed, palladium-catalyzed C-H carboxylation reaction of phenols to give salicylic acid

251 The described carboxylation reaction proceeds under mild conditions (a

252 ith the source(s) of NADPH for the reductive carboxylation reaction remaining unexplored.

253 lizes the enolate biotin intermediate in the carboxylation reaction.

254 predominantly involved in night-time primary carboxylation reactions and malate movement across the t

255 the proposed overall mechanism reveals that carboxylation reactions in acidic solutions will proceed

256 ing CO2 for heterogeneous C-H activation and carboxylation reactions on MOFs, and opens a new avenue

257 hesis of biotin, a vitamin required for many carboxylation reactions, is a variable trait in Saccharo

258 ng-standing question related to Ni-catalyzed carboxylation reactions.

259 for the proposed mechanisms of Ni-catalyzed carboxylation reactions.

260 between donor and acceptor molecules during carboxylation reactions.

261 ic cancer cells exhibited increased pyruvate carboxylation relative to fibroblasts, and this flux dep

262 In cells with defective OXPHOS, reductive carboxylation replaces oxidative metabolism to maintain

263 tases (MDR), i.e. enzymes that possess a low carboxylation side activity next to their original enzym

264 e of OXA-24 can lower the energy barrier for carboxylation significantly.

265 boxylate proteins, osteoclasts determine the carboxylation status and function of osteocalcin.

266 MGP carboxylation status was not determined.

267 acid-base, the oxidative half-reaction where carboxylation takes place was remarkably slow, limiting

268 uggests human islets depend less on pyruvate carboxylation than rodent models that were used to estab

269 ry of a mild, operationally simple alternate carboxylation that occurs with a wide substrate scope em

270 RuBisCO has homologues that do not catalyze carboxylation; these are designated RuBisCO-like protein

271 This cofactor is suggested to support (de)carboxylation through a reversible 1,3-dipolar cycloaddi

272 de from lignocellulose, CO3(2-)-promoted C-H carboxylation thus reveals a way to transform inedible b

273 results in a reduction of matrix gla protein carboxylation, thus allowing peripheral mineralization t

274 followed by nickel-mediated decarboxylative carboxylation to afford a range of complex compounds wit

275 provide carbon for anaplerosis and reductive carboxylation to citrate.

276 rgo dehydrogenation, reductive cleavage, and carboxylation to form acetoacetate in a three-step metab

277 dies, we show that biosynthesis occurs via N-carboxylation to form an initial N-carboxy-aminoacyl-S-P

278 dded to improve CO(2) capture and facilitate carboxylation to give the products in high yields.

279 KPC), which undergoes reductive cleavage and carboxylation to produce acetoacetate.

280 nderinvest in electron transport relative to carboxylation under elevated CO(2) , limiting potential

281 ity of wild type and mutant VKORs to support carboxylation, using intact membranes from cells coexpre

282 s greater CO(2)/O(2) specificity but a lower carboxylation V(max) than Chlamydomonas Rubisco, the hyb

283 These are the maximum rates of carboxylation (V(c,max)), whole-chain electron transport

284 nal/ambient CO(2) ratio (chi) and increasing carboxylation (V(cmax) ) and electron-transport (J(max)

285 The maximum rate of carboxylation (V(cmax) ) is an essential leaf trait dete

286 synthetic capacity (maximum rates of Rubisco carboxylation, V(cmax) , and of electron transport, J(ma

287 al rates of RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate) carboxylation (Vcmax ) and electron transport (Jmax ) at

288 e acclimation of the maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylation (Vcmax ), the maximum rate of electron tra

289 ynthetic properties, for example the maximum carboxylation velocity or V(c,max) , change with leaf ag

290 gher maximum velocity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylation, velocity of phosphoenolpyruvate regenerat

291 imum rate of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase carboxylation (Vpmax ), and foliar dark respiration (Rd

292 However, the k cat for H160A carboxylation was 8-9-fold lower than the wild-type enzy

293 mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism, pyruvate carboxylation was suppressed, and anaplerotic oxaloaceta

294 ending on the degree of substitution (DS) of carboxylation, where [CMA] is the concentration of polym

295 stimulate glutamine oxidation and reductive carboxylation, whereas it inhibits glucose catabolism in

296 VKD proteins are activated by Glu carboxylation, which depends upon the oxygenation of vit

297 acid cycle travels to citrate via reductive carboxylation while the remainder is oxidized through su

298 an essential enzyme for vitamin K-dependent carboxylation, while the physiological function of its p

299 The product of the initial acetyl-CoA carboxylation with CO2, malonyl-CoA, is further reduced

300 uctase from Nitrosopumilus maritimus possess carboxylation yields of 3 +/- 1 and 4.5 +/- 0.9%.